53 research outputs found

    Diagnosis and Clinical Features of Children with Language Delay

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    OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnosis and investigate the clinical features of children with language delay. METHOD: One hundred seventy-eight children who were referred to the Developmental Delay Clinic for the evaluation of suspected language delay were prospectively enrolled. Multidisciplinary assessment was done by a physiatrist, pediatric neurologist and pediatric psychiatrist. All patients took speech evaluation, full battery of cognitive assessment and hearing test. RESULTS: The common diagnoses of children with language delay were mental retardation (MR), specific language impairment (SLI) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the order of frequency. The early developmental history showed delay of acquisition of motor milestone in MR group. The brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) findings couldn't help to distinguish the brain pathology in SLI, MR and ASD. The result of speech evaluation showed more severely involved in ASD and MR rather than SLI. CONCLUSION: In the clinical assesment and management of the children with language delay, the comprehensive assessment which includes cognition and personal-social area as well as language itself would be helpful for the understanding and setting up the therapeutic plan of these children.ope

    Stroke in a Man with Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy -A case report-

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    Myotonic dystrophy is the most common autosomal dominant myopathy in adults. It is a disorder with multisystemic clinical features affecting the skeletal muscle, the heart, the eye, and the endocrine system. We experienced a 45-yearold myotonic muscular dystrophy male patient who developed cerebral infarction without well-known risk factors. He had typical haRchet face and ptosis with atrophy of gastrocnemius muscles. Typical myotonic discharge and severe affected myotonic dystrophin gene were shown. Right side motor weakness, sensory change and aphasia were developed after attack. We investigated all the possible risk factors of cerebral infarction. However, we could not find any well-known risk factors. Only abnormal left ventricular relaxation, one of cardiac problems in myotonic muscular dystrophy was shown. We think that his cerebral infarction may be related with the cardiac problem related with myotonic muscular dystrophy.ope

    Simulated Stiff-knee Gait in Healthy Adults

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    Objective: To investigate the effect of simulated stiff knee on the gait parameters. Method: Twenty healthy male adults were recruited. The temporospatial, kinematic & kinetic parameters and energy consumption were analyzed under three different conditions which were free gait, fixed knee flexion in neutral position and limited knee flexion to 30 degrees using knee orthosis. Results: When knee flexion was fixed in neutral position, the cadence and walking speed significantly decreased, and the step time, step width, O2 cost significantly increased compared to free gait. When knee flexion was limited or fixed in neutral position, the kinematic and kinetic parameters in pelvis, hip, knee and ankle joints significantly changed compared with free gait. Conclusion: Simulated stiff-knee may affect not only knee joint but also pelvis, hip and ankle joints with increased energy consumption. These findings help us to understand the compensatory mechanism and energy conservation of stiff-knee gait.ope

    Displacement of hip in children with cerebral palsy

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    ์žฌํ™œ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์•„ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๊ตด๊ณก๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ง์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ทผ์œก๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ์ž„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์ž 40๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ ˆ๊ตฌ์ง€์ˆ˜, Neck-shaft angle์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„์™€ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ GMFCS๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ์œ ํ˜•, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์ด, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์— ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ํ†ก์‹  ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.1. ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์‚ฌ์ง€๋งˆ๋น„์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ GMFCS ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ปธ๋‹ค.2. ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์— ๋ณดํ†จ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜์— ํ˜ธ์ „์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ GMFCS์ด 3๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๋„(์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜ 30%์ด์ƒ 60%๋ฏธ๋งŒ)๋กœ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.3. ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ์ˆ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ (ฮฒ=-0.230, p=0.048), GMFCS ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰(ฮฒ=0.219, p=0.038), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด(ฮฒ=-0.224, p=0.054)๋กœ ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.4. ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‚˜์ด(ฮฒ=1.671, p=0.034)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜ธ์ „์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง€๋งˆ๋น„์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ GMFCS ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ ๊ฑด์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Spastic hip subluxation or dislocation is a common problem in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Progressive hip subluxation or dislocation is believed to result from the imbalance of muscles which causes abnormal hip positioning in flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.There have been many trials to find an effective intervention to prevent or delay the lateral migration of the femoral head in children with cerebral palsy such as injection of botulism toxin type A and adductor tenotomy.The aims of the present study were to assess the rate of progression of hip dysplasia in children with spastic cerebral palsy and to evaluate the factors that influence the development of the hip dysplasia.Forty children with spastic cerebral palsy were included in the study. The following parameters were measured in each subject: migration percentage, acetabular indexes, and neck-shaft angle. The mean MP progression per year was obtained by comparing the initial and the last radiograph. Linear multiple regression analysis was done to identify the variables which were associated with the progression of MP.The results were as the followings;1. The initial migration percentage was significantly higher in the spastic quadriplegia group than the spastic diplegia group. And higher initial migration percentage was also significantly correlated with higher level of GMFCS.2. The progression of MP was significantly decreased in the botox group or the adductor tenotomy group compared to the control group. Every improved case was shown to have GMFCS higher than level 3 and was among the mildly dislocated group (MP 30%-60%)3. Factors found to be associated with the rate of MP progression were the intervention into spastic adductor muscles(ฮฒ=-0.230, p=0.048), GMFCS level(ฮฒ=0.219, p=0.038), and age(ฮฒ=-0.224, p=0.054).4. The age at the time of intervention such as hip adductor temotomy or botox injection was the only variable with significant influence. The earlier the intervention was done, the less the progression of MP was((ฮฒ=1.671, p=0.034).The results suggest that progressing hip displacement was significantly associated with quadriplegia and higher level of GMFCS. As well, early intervention of adductor tenotomy or BTX-A injection into spastic adductor muscles might be helpful for the prevention of hip dislocation.ope

    Inhibition of pro-inflammatory and eosinophil related Th2 cytokine production by ke

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    ์ž„์ƒ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์ข…๋ณ„๋กœ ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ…์Šค๊ทน๊ตฌํก์ถฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์กฐ์ง์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์ฒดํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” BALB/c(H-2d)์™€ C3H/HeN (H-2k)๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ…์Šค๊ทน๊ตฌํก์ถฉ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” cytokine ์ค‘ IL-1ฮฒ์™€ TNF-ฮฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” Th2 cytokine ์ค‘ IL-4์™€ IL-5์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋น„์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ RT-PCR์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ถ€์œ„์ธ ์†Œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถฉ์ฒดํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒŒ๋ผํ•€ ์ ˆํŽธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ carbol-chromotrope stain์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ Wright stain์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ…์Šค๊ทน๊ตฌํก์ถฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ketotifen์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํกํ•˜์—ฌ ketotifen์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ถฉ์ฒดํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ์†Œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ, cytokine์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ…์Šค๊ทน๊ตฌํก์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ pro-inflammatory cytokine์ธ TNF-ฮฑ์™€ IL-1ฮฒ ๋ฐ Th2 cytokine ์ธ IL-4์™€ IL-5๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋„๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ…์Šค๊ทน๊ตฌํก์ถฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์งํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ cytokine์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ BALB/c ๋ฐ C3H/HeN ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ฒดํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์ฃผ์กฐ์ง์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ญ์›์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠนํžˆ Th2 type cytokine์ธ IL-4์™€ IL-5๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์ธ BALB/c ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ C3H/HeN ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถฉ์ฒดํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ Th 2 cytokine๊ณผ ์ถฉ์ฒด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์— ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ฒด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Ketotifen์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Th2 type cytokine์ด BALB/c ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ C3H/HeN ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, pro-inflammatory cytokine์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— IL-1ฮฒ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์ข…์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, TNF-ฮฑ๋Š” C3H/HeN ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ์†Œ์žฅ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ ์นจ์œค์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์–ต์ œ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The immune response in host depends on the species of the host and the kind of infecting parasite. The aim of this study was to investigate various susceptibilities in two different strains of mice including BALB/c (H-2d) and C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice and to determine the effects of ketotifen on immune response against Echinostoma hortense (E. hortense) infection. Worm recovery rate(WRR), the expression of Th2(IL-4, IL-5) and pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1ฮฒ, TNF-ฮฑ), and the number of eosinophils were observed from week 0 to week 6 post infection(PI) after infection with 30 metacercariae per each mouse. The mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-5 in BALB/c mice was higher than that of C3H/HeN mice. The other hand, the mRNA expressions of IL-1ฮฒ and TNF-ฮฑ in C3H/HeN mice was higher than those of BALB/c mice. The WRR of C3H/HeN mice was higher than BALB/c mice. And it indicates that the BALB/c mice are more resistant against E. hortense infection than C3H/HeN mice. The number of eosinophils in the blood and the small intestine increased after E. hortense infection, both BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice. These data indicate that the WRR is associated with the Th2 immune and the eosinophil response. The result of ketotifen administration, WRR was higher and maintained longer in ketotifen-treated mice than in untreated mice. Ketotifen suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-5 in BALB/c mice, but not C3H/HeN mice. The IL-1ฮฒ expression was inhibited by ketotifen in both strains of mice, but the expression of TNF-ฮฑ in C3H/HeH mice was inhibited by ketotifen. Also, ketotifen inhibited both the increase of eosinophil in blood and eosinophil infiltration to the infected area.In conclusion, the immune response against E. hortense depends on the species of the host. And the effects of ketotifen to E. hortense-infected mice partially interfered with both the inflammatory and the immune response to the parasite.ope

    ์ฒœ์‹์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „

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    Dept. of Biomedical Laboratory Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌAsthma is an inflammatory airway disease and is characterized by the releases of inflammatory mediators including chemokines. Chemokines are mainly associated with the recruitment, activation and dysregulation of specific inflammatory cells, especially mast cells, monocytes, T cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils in asthma. In various inflammatory cells, neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. In this study, the effects of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) on constitutive apoptosis of neutrophils isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy subjects were investigated. CCL2 blocked the constitutive apoptosis of neutrophils through CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). CCL2 also induced elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, but had no effect on normal neutrophil chemotaxis. Anti-apoptotic signaling mediated by CCL2 was found to be associated with the PI3K/Akt/ERK/NF-B cascade in neutrophils. The supernatant collected from CCL2-treated normal neutrophils inhibited the constitutive apoptosis of neutrophils. Both the cleavage of procaspase 3 and procaspase 9, and the decrease in Mcl-1 expression were delayed by CCL2 stimulation. For confirmation of the anti-apoptotic effect induced by CCL2 on asthma pathogenesis, these effects of CCL2 on normal neutrophils were compared to the effect of CCL2 on neutrophils of asthmatic patients. Although asthmatic neutrophils were not affected by constitutive apoptosis, calcium influx or cell migration following CCL2 stimulation, and the inhibition of NF-B blocked constitutive apoptosis of neutrophils from asthmatic patients via inhibition of the cleavage of procaspase 3 and procaspase 9. The anti-apoptotic effect of BAY 11-7985 on neutrophils of severe asthma was stronger than that on neutrophils of mild or moderate asthma. NF-B was involved in CCL2-induced anti-apoptotic signaling in normal neutrophils, whereas it functioned as a basal pro-apoptotic factor in asthmatic neutrophils. A better understanding of the difference in the regulation of neutrophil apoptosis mediated by CCL2 between normal subjects and asthmatics will enable to elucidate the role of CC chemokine in neutrophils and build a framework for understanding the pathogenesis of asthma.ope

    ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์žฌํ˜„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ธ์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์„œ์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ ์„œ์–‘ํ™” ์ „๊ณต,2006.Maste

    Expanding physical stores of online-based fashion retail

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๊น€๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ.์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ๋งค์žฅ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ์ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ฃผ์ถคํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์€ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์ด ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์›์ธ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์œ  ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‡ผํ•‘์—์„œ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ง„์ถœ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ผฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฅ˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๊ตฌ๋งค ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์žฅ ๊ฐœ์„ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜จ-์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ฑ„๋„ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์€ ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์žฅ์€ 2005๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ํŒ์—… ์Šคํ† ์–ด, ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์ผ“ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž„์‹œ ๋งค์žฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ 2010๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œ ํ†ต์—…์ฒด์˜ ์ž…์  ์ œ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋กœ ์ƒ์„ค ์ž„๋Œ€ ๋งค์žฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์žฅ์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹ญ ์Šคํ† ์–ด๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋…๋งค์žฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œ ํ†ต์—…์ฒด ๋‚ด ์ƒ์„ค ์ž„๋Œ€๋งค์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘์ƒต์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์‹œ ๋งค์žฅ์ธ ํŒ์—… ์Šคํ† ์–ด๋„ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์œ ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œ ํ†ต์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ž„๋Œ€๋งค์žฅ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ํŒ์—… ์Šคํ† ์–ด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธˆ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œ ํ†ต์—…์ฒด ๋‚ด ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๋งค์žฅ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹ญ ์Šคํ† ์–ด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๋…๋งค์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์„ค ์ž„๋Œ€๋งค์žฅ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ํŒ์—… ์Šคํ† ์–ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œ ํ†ต์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค, ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํŒ์—… ์Šคํ† ์–ด์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ ์ด์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํŒ๋งค ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ž„๋Œ€๋งค์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ž„๋Œ€๋งค์žฅ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์—์„œ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์„ ๋งž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์žฅ์€ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํŽธ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Retail real estate is undergoing a period of change due to online retailing, which is growing faster than offline. Offline-based fashion retail is entering the online mall through digitalization. It also reduces the offline area and shrinks and closes the store. On the other hand, fashion retail, which started its business on an online basis, is continuing to expand its offline market with sales growth. While offline-based retail growth has been sluggish, online-based fashion retail has become a notable phenomenon, opening stores and entering the offline market. The purpose of this study is to investigate the background and causes of online-based fashion retail to enter the offline market. In addition, We will investigate the change of space occupancy in fashion retail through the current status and type of expansion of offline market. Due to the nature of online, it is not limited to the spatial extent, but it limits the industrial scope to the fashion field which occupies a large portion in online shopping. Based on the interviews with the online fashion shopping mall and the literature survey, the conclusion was drawn. One of the reasons for the online-based fashion retailers' entry into the offline market is the change in the consumer purchasing and experience environment. Still high offline shopping preference in clothing items and changed buying behavior and responding to changes in the consumption environment through on-offline integrated channel strategies such as the establishment of differentiated offline stores that reflect consumer needs. In addition, online retailing responds to the structural problems of existing offline-based retail space with strategic space occupancy. Since 2005, online retail stores have been in the form of temporary stores such as pop-up stores and flea market, since 2010, it has become a permanent rental store due to the accelerated proposal of large retailers. Nowadays, there are many kinds of offline stores, and the number of permanent rental stores in large retailers as well as independent stores represented by flagship stores has increased greatly. In addition, a variety of editing shops have appeared, and pop-up stores, which are temporary stores, are also expanding. This space occupancy tends to be divided into rental stores led by large retailers and pop-up stores operating in the short term. In the case of online fashion retailers, which have a strong financial base, they have established distinctive stores such as in-store shops in large retailers and flagship stores that maximize brand image. In addition to such a permanent rental shop, the temporary pop-up store is also led by a large retailer. Recently, however, the use of pop-up stores has also been extended to offices and arcades. The preference for short-term rental stores is likely to increase as retail space is operated as a strategic space rather than simply for sale. Due to the expansion of these short-term rental stores, it is at the turning point of using offline space in retail. Thus, retail stores will be reorganized into a space for experience rather than a purchase-oriented space.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 5 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 1. ์˜จ-์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ฑ„๋„ ์šด์˜ ์ „๋žต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2. ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์ „๋žต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 3. ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค์™€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 15 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์„ ์ • 15 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ ˆ์ฐจ 15 1) ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ ์ • 16 2) ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 17 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 18 1) ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ๋น„๊ต 19 2) ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ • 20 4. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™” 22 1. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 22 1) ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 22 2) ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ 24 3) ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ง„์ถœ 29 2. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ง„์ถœ ์›์ธ 30 1) ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๊ตฌ๋งค์™€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™” 30 2) ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ 37 3. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋ณ€ํ™” 42 1) ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ง„์ถœ ์ „๋žต 42 2) ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™” 44 5. ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 47 1. ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 47 2. ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ ์œ ํ˜• 49 1) ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์žฅ ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜• 49 2) ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์œ  ํ˜•ํƒœ 50 3. ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 56 1) ์ฑ„๋„ ํ™•๋Œ€๋กœ์จ์˜ ์šด์˜ 57 2) ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜์—ญ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ 58 4. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์œ ์˜ ํŠน์ง• ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 60 1) ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์œ  ํŠน์ง• 60 2) ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ 62 6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  67 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 67 2. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  70 โ–  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 72 ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ 76 ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œ ํ†ต์—…์ฒด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ 78 ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ค‘๊ฐœ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ 80 โ–  Abstract 82Maste

    Accuracy of manual needle placement for gastrocnemius muscle in children with cerebral palsy checked against ultrasonography

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    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accuracy of manual needle placement into gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) for botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: University-affiliated hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 272 injections in GCMs of 39 children with spastic CP who were scheduled to receive BTX-A injections in GCMs. INTERVENTION: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The accuracy of manual needle placement was checked against ultrasonography. RESULTS: The needle was accurately inserted into GCM muscles in 78.7% of cases. Accuracy was 92.6% into gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and 64.7% into gastrocnemuis lateralis (GL). Muscle thickness at the needle insertion site was significantly thinner in GL than GM. Accuracy of GL in the younger age group ( or =4y, 78.1%). For GM, accuracy in both younger and older age groups was good (>90%). CONCLUSIONS: Injection of the toxin into GCMs through the use of anatomic landmark was acceptable in GM, but not acceptable in GL, especially in young children.ope
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