The investigation of dyeing effects on change of extraction conditions for dyestuffs in Caesalpinia sappan, and on treatment of chitosan on cotton & silk fabrics

The purpose of this study is to investigate various phenomena quantitatively occurring during the course of changing dyeing conditions of cotton and silk fibers in natural dyeing using Caesalpinia sappan. Paying attention to the fact that the color may be varied according to the extraction conditions of dyestuffs in Caesalpinia sappan dyeing, the color changes were investigated after dyeing using dyestuffs extracted at elevated temperature and dyestuffs extracted at room temperature. According to the extraction methods, the degree of color development for the category of red color and the category of yellow color has changed. By introducing chitosan treatment prior to dyeing, examination was given to the effect of chitosan coated on the surface of fabrics on the color change of dyed fabric based on the change of △E, a＊, and b＊ values. At the same time, the dyeing mechanism of Caesalpinia sappan dyestuff was predicted by the investigation of the change of air-permeability according to the chitosan treatment. The change of elution was investigated by the examination of the elution of metallic ions employed as mordants after soaking dyed fabrics in the solution of alkaline perspiration based upon the fact that chitosan carries excellent adsorption ability toward metalic ions.;다색성 천연염료는 매염제에 따라서 색상이 광범위하게 변화되므로 매염제의 선택은 매우 중요한 요소이다. 특히 천연 매염제가 사용되었던 고전적 염색방법은 고유한 색상의 재현이라는 측면에서 매우 바람직한 염색법이라고 할 수 있다. 현재는 천연 매염제 보다는 정제된 금속류의 합성 매염제들이 흔히 사용되고 있는데 물론 장점과 단점이 동시에 제시될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 면섬유와 견섬유의 소목 천연염색에서 염색조건을 변화시킴으로써 나타나는 여러 현상을 정량적으로 조사하고자 하였다. 소목의 염색에서는 염료의 추출 조건에 따라서 색상이 변화될 수 있다는 점에 착안하여 가열하여 추출된 염료와 상온에서 추출된 염료를 사용하여 염색 후 색상의 변화를 조사하였다. 염료가 추출되는 방법에 따라서 붉은 계열의 색상과 노랑 계열의 색상이 표출되는 정도가 변화되었다. 염색 전 사전 키토산 처리를 도입함으로써 직물 표면에 도포 되어있는 키토산이 염색물의 색상변화에 미치는 영향을 △E값과 a＊값, b＊값의 변화를 통하여 검토하였다. 또한 키토산 처리에 따른 염색물의 공기투과도 변화를 조사하여 소목 염료의 염착기구를 예측하였다. 키토산이 금속 이온에 대하여 우수한 흡착능을 갖는다는 사실에 의거하여 염색물을 알칼리 땀액에 침지시켜 매염제로 사용된 금속이온의 용출 정도의 변화를 조사하였다.I . 서론 = 1 II. 실험 = 6 A. 시료 및 시약 = 6 1. 직물 시료 = 6 2. 염료 및 매염제 = 6 3. Chitosan = 7 4. 땀 견뢰도 시험 = 7 B. 실험방법 = 7 1. 소목 염액 추출 = 7 2. 매염 = 7 3. 염색 = 7 4. 키토산 초산 수용액의 제조 = 8 5. 직물의 키토산 처리 = 8 6. 알칼리 땀액에 의한 매염제의 용출 실험 = 8 7. 땀액에 용출 된 금속 이온의 농도 측정 = 8 C. 측정 및 분석 = 9 1. 색상의 측정 = 9 2. 염착농도 측정 = 9 3. 공기투과도 측정 = 9 III. 실험결과 및 고찰 = 10 A. 염색조건 변화에 따른 염색물의 색상변화 = 10 1. 키토산 미처리 염색물 = 11 2. 키토산 처리 염색물 = 13 3. 키토산 미처리 염색물과 키토산 처리 염색물의 비교 = 14 B. 소목 염색물의 λmax 비교 = 16 C. 소목 염색물의 K/S 비교 = 17 D. 소목 염색물의 공기투과도 변화 = 18 E. 소목 염색물의 땀견뢰도 = 21 IV. 결론 = 22 V. 참고문헌 = 25 Appendix = 27 Abstract = 2

Public participation in decision-making on the coverage of new antivirals for hepatitis C

Purpose – New hepatitis C medicines such as sofosbuvir underline the need to balance considerations of innovation, clinical evidence, budget impact and equity in health priority-setting. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of public participation in addressing these considerations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a comparative case study approach. It explores the experience of four countries – Brazil, England, South Korea and the USA – in making coverage decisions about the antiviral sofosbuvir and involving the public and patients in these decision-making processes. Findings – Issues emerging from public participation ac tivities include the role of the universal right to health in Brazil, the balance between innovation and budget impact in England, the effect of unethical medical practices on public perception in South Korea and the legitimacy of priority-setting processes in the USA. Providing policymakers are receptive to these issues, public participation activities may be re-conceptualized as processes that illuminate policy problems relevant to a particular context, thereby promoting an agenda-setting role for the public. Originality/value – The paper offers an empirical analysis of public involvement in the case of sofosbuvir, where the relevant considerations that bear on priority-setting decisions have been particularly stark. The perspectives that emerge suggest that public participation contributes to raising attention to issues that need to be addressed by policymakers. Public participation activities can thus contribute to setting policy agendas, even if that is not their explicit purpose. However, the actualization of this contribution is contingent on the receptiveness of policymakers. © 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited

The Development of Health Technology Assessment in Asia: Current Status and Future Trends

Health technology assessment (HTA) has long been employed by many countries around the world, but its adoption in Asia has been slower. Only recently have a growing number of Asian countries started to implement HTA for pricing and reimbursement decisions. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of how HTA has been or is being implemented in Asia within the context of a country's existing—and often complex—coverage, reimbursement, and pricing schemes. Three countries at different stages of HTA implementation were selected as case studies: South Korea, where there is a young yet established HTA program; Japan, where a 3-year HTA pilot program has just concluded; and China, where HTA efforts are underway but have not been formally implemented. Not only do the experiences of these 3 countries well exemplify how the organization and scope of HTA can be customized to meet a country's unique healthcare needs, but they also provide the opportunity to outline some common key challenges that must be overcome to implement and develop HTA competencies and capabilities. © 2019 ISPOR–The professional society for health economics and outcomes researc

탄소성압입응력장 및 계면접합특성 분석을 통한 박막소재의 기계적 성질 평가

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :금속공학과,1997.Maste

Analysis and development of continuous indentation technique for evaluating standard tensile flow properties of micromaterials

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :재료공학부,2001.Docto

Determining the cut-off score for the Modified Barthel Index and the Modified Rankin Scale for assessment of functional independence and residual disability after stroke

Assessment of functional independence and residual disability is very important for measuring treatment outcome after stroke. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the modified Barthel Index (MBI) are commonly used scales to measure disability or dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) of stroke survivors. Lack of consensus regarding MBI score categories has caused confusion in interpreting stroke outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal corresponding MBI and modified Rankin scale (mRS) grades for categorization of MBI. The Korean versions of the MBI (K-MBI) and mRS were collected from 5,759 stroke patients at 3 months after onset of stroke. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated at K-MBI score cutoffs for each mRS grade to obtain optimally corresponding K-MBI scores and mRS grades. We also plotted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of sensitivity and specificity and determined the area under the curve (AUC). The K-MBI cutoff points with the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity were 100 (sensitivity 0.940; specificity 0.612), 98 (sensitivity 0.904; specificity 0.838), 94 (sensitivity 0.885; specificity 0.937), 78 (sensitivity 0.946; specificity, 0.973), and 55 (sensitivity 937; specificity 0.986) for mRS grades 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. From this result, the K-MBI cutoff score range for each mRS grade can be obtained. For mRS grade 0, the K-MBI cutoff score is 100, indicating no associated score range. For mRS grades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the K-MBI score ranges is from 99 to 98, 97 to 94, 93 to 78, 77 to 55, and under 54, respectively.The AUC for the ROC curve was 0.791 for mRS grade 0, 0.919 for mRS grade 1, 0.970 for mRS grade 2, 0.0 for mRS grade 3, and 0.991 for mRS grade 4. The K-MBI cutoff score ranges for representing mRS grades were variable; mRS grades 0, 1, and 2 had narrow K-MBI score ranges, while mRS grades 3, 4, and 5 exhibited broad K-MBI score ranges. mRS grade seemed to sensitively differentiate mild residual disability of stroke survivors, whereas K-MBI provided more specific information of the functional status of stroke survivors with moderate to severe residual impairment

lCost-effectiveness of coronary CT angiography in patients with chest pain: Comparison with myocardial single photon emission tomography

Background: Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has been proven accurate and is incorporated in clinical recommendations for coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis workup, but costeffectiveness data, especially in comparison to other methods such as myocardial single photon emission CT (SPECT) are insufficient. Objective: To compare the cost-effectiveness of CCTA and myocardial SPECT in a real-world setting. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on consecutive patients with suspected CAD and a pretest probabili between 10% and 90%. Test accuracy was compared by correcting referral bias to coronary angiography depending on noninvasive' test results based on the Bayes' theorem and also by incorporating 1-year follow-up results. Costeffectiveness was analyzed using test accuracy and quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The model using diagnostic accuracy used the number of patients accurately diagnosed among 1000 persons as the effect and contained only expenses for diagnostic testing as the cost. In the model using QALY, a decision tree was developed, and the time horizon was 1 year. Results: CCTA was performed in 635 patients and SPECT in 997 patients. An accurate diagnosis per 1000 patients was achieved in 725 patients by CCTA vs 661 patients by SPECT. In the model using diagnostic accuracy, CCTA was more effective and less expensive than SPECT ($725.38 for CCTA vs$661.46 for SPECT). In the model using QALY, CCTA was generally more effective in terms of life quality (0.00221 QALY) and cost ($513) than SPECT. However, cost utility varied among subgroups, with SPECT outperforming CCTA in patients with a pretest probability of 30$113). Conclusion: These results suggest that CCTA may be more cost-effective than myocardial SPECT. (C) 2015 Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. All rights reserved

Development and validation of a prediction model for home discharge in patients with moderate stroke: The Korean stroke cohort for functioning and rehabilitation study

Background: Previous studies have investigated the predictors for home discharge without considering stroke severity. Objectives: To develop a practical assessment tool that predicts home discharge for moderate stroke patients after subacute rehabilitation therapy in the tertiary hospitals. Methods: Stroke patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores of 6 to 13 were included in this prospective cohort study. Various demographic, clinical, and functional factors were analyzed as potential predictive factors. A weighted scoring model was developed through the following three-step process: 1) selection of the factors by logistic regression analyses, 2) development of a weighted scoring model, and 3) validation of the generalizability of the model. Results: The home discharge rate was 51% (n = 372), and the overall mean length of stay of hospitalization was 32.5 days. 1) The Cognitive Functional Independence Measure, 2) the Functional Ambulation Categories, 3) the modified Charlson Comorbidity Index, and 4) marital status were independent predictors of home discharge. The coefficient value for marital status was adjusted to 1 in the scoring system, and the values of the other parameters were proportionally converted to the nearest integer. Possible total scores ranged from 0 to 13 in the model, with a higher score indicating a higher probability of home discharge. With a cutoff point of 7, this model showed 87.0% sensitivity and 86.2% specificity (area under the curve = 0.90). Conclusions: This novel assessment tool can be useful in predicting home discharge after subacute rehabilitation of moderate stroke patients