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    A Study on the International Implementation System for Port State Control

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    ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญํ†ต์ œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ดํ–‰์ œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์•ˆ์ •ํ˜ธ ํ•ด์–‘์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ ํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์ „๊ณต ํ•œ๊ตญํ•ด์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ํ•ด์ƒ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ค์—ผ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜‘์•ฝ, ์ฝ”๋“œ, ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์šด๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ด์ „์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์š”์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ๋“ค์ด IMO ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ดํ–‰์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  IMO ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดํ–‰์ œ๋„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญํ†ต์ œ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตญ์ด IMO ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์‹คํžˆ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์™„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญ์— ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์„ ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ IMO ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์ดํ–‰์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์„ ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ทผ์ ˆ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญํ†ต์ œ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— New Inspection Regime์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ๊ฒ€ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ IMO ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์ดํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํ•ด์šดํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ด์šดํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋งˆ๋ จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ด์šดํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” New Inspection Regime์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ์ œ์ ์ธ ์„ ๋ฐ•์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ MOU์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ๊ฒ€๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ํ•ด๋‹น์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ธฐํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญํ†ต์ œ ์ ๊ฒ€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋œ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ž‘๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ •๋น„์—๋„ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•๋ณ„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญํ†ต์ œ ์ œ๋„์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ, ๊ธฐ๊ตญ, ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ, ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ IMO ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ดํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•ด์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ๊ณ„ํš ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‘๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋งž๋Š” 7๋…„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ด๋‹น ๋ถ€์„œ๊ฐ€ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—…๋ฌด ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณต๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋‹น๋ถ€์„œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ฒฉ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ดํ–‰์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์™€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ œ ๊ฐœํŽธ ๋ฐ ํ–‰์ •์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ A๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ด์‚ฌ๊ตญ์ด์ž ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ด์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•œ ์„ ์ง„ ํ•ด์šด๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญํ†ต์ œ๋‚˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ œ์ •๋น„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ IMO ํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ, ๊ธฐ๊ตญ, ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ, ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ „์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. |A Study on the International Implementation System for Port State Control An, Jeong-Ho Department of Maritime Law and Policy Graduate School of Korea Maritime and Ocean University Abstract The international maritime regulation and standard for physical and personnel criteria has reached a very high level through an adoption and implementation of various conventions, codes and resolutions by IMO. However, critical marine accidents has been continued to occur until recently and the main cause has realized that some states have failed to achieve the full and effective implementation of the IMO conventions. Therefore, IMO member states agreed the need for implementation system to improve those issues. In this regard, the port state control scheme have played a decisive role in eliminating the sub-standard vessels and improving the implementation performance of IMO conventions by carrying out the inspection and the control to voluntarily calling vessels in complementary with flag state's responsibility. The port state control scheme aiming at completely eliminating the sub-standard vessel has recently been introduced to the New Inspection Regime including the responsibility of vessel safety management of shipping company so that shipping company require appropriate measures for coping with NIR. Therefore, I here suggest that the shipping company should execute a reasonable investment for an establishment of vessel safety management system and education and provide sufficient up-to-date information of port state control under regional MOU to prepare PSC for next calling vessels. Also, shipping company should continue to give an efforts reducing ship's risk by replacing old machinery and ensuring proper maintenance for safe operation. Meanwhile, Korea government and related authorities should implement appropriate measures to response a IMO's decision enforcing IMO Member-state Audit Scheme which is systematic inspection to member state, flag state, coastal state and port state. As a response of IMO Member-state Audit Scheme, our government is planning to revise the Maritime Safety Act. I suggest to strengthen its response based on the government's plan by ensuring the responsible department and enhancing task connectivity through 7 year period of response plan according to IMO Member-state Audit Scheme cycle, and by clearly identifying task discretion and responsibilities to the department for task continuity. Also, the government should enhance its professionality by appointing qualified personnel and continuously training even after assignment and practically revise a law and administrative action through the cooperation between the maritime industry which are actual actor of conventions and related authorities. Lastly, as one of member of Council A group and Secretary General's country, Korea should improve and legislation maritime safety system and vessel inspection system not only for port state control or IMO Member-state Audit Scheme but for full and effective implementation of IMO conventions and responsibility as a member state, flag state, coastal state and port state.็›ฎ ๆฌก ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ณ Abstract โ…ถ ็ฌฌ1็ซ  ๅบ่ซ– 1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ็ฌฌ2็ซ  PSC ๆงชๅฟต ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ็พๆณ 5 ์ œ1์ ˆ PSC์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐœ๋… 5 โ… . PSC์˜ ์˜์˜ 5 โ…ก. PSC ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ 6 โ…ข. PSC์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 9 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ PSC ์šด์˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 12 โ… . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ PSC์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 12 โ…ก. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ PSC ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 15 ็ฌฌ3็ซ  PSC ้ฉ็”จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๆณ•็š„ ๆ นๆ“š 21 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 21 โ… . ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 21 โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 25 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 38 ์ œ3์ ˆ IMO ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ–‰์ •๊ทœ์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 42 โ… . IMO ๊ฒฐ์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 42 โ…ก. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ–‰์ •๊ทœ์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 46 ็ฌฌ4็ซ  PSC ๅผบๅŒ–๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ NIR ๅˆถๅบฆ์˜ ๅฐŽๅ…ฅ๊ณผ ๆ”นๅ–„ๆ–นๆกˆ 48 ์ œ1์ ˆ NIR ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 48 โ… . NIR ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„์ž… 48 โ…ก. NIR ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 49 ์ œ2์ ˆ NIR ์ œ๋„์˜ ์‹œํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 51 โ… . NIR ์ œ๋„์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 51 โ…ก. NIR ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ดํ–‰ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 62 ็ฌฌ5็ซ  IMO ๆœƒๅ“กๅœ‹ ็›ฃๆŸปๅˆถๅบฆ์˜ ๅฐŽๅ…ฅ๊ณผ ๆ”นๅ–„ๆ–นๆกˆ 69 ์ œ1์ ˆ IMO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„์ž… 69 โ… . IMO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 69 โ…ก. IMO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 74 โ…ข. IMO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์˜๋ฌด 78 ์ œ2์ ˆ IMO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 83 โ… . IMO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 83 โ…ก. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 85 โ…ข. IMO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ดํ–‰ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 88 ็ฌฌ6็ซ  ็ต่ซ– 91 ๅƒ่€ƒๆ–‡็ป 95Maste

    A Study on Limitation on the Application of Jurisdiction and its Improvement Measures fo Responding to International Maritime Crimes

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    Department of Maritime Law and Policy Graduate School of Korea Maritime and Ocean University Abstract The maritime order was divided into high seas and territorial seas, maintained by flag states nationalism and coastal states nationalism. In the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), which was adopted as a codification effort of International customary law, the concept of EEZ and deep seabed was newly introduced, but flag states nationalism and coastal states nationalism are evaluated as the basic principles of the order of the ocean. However, due to the imbalance in maritime management capabilities of the flag states and coastal states, it shows the limitation not only in implementation substantive rules in the sea but also in responding to International maritime crimes, which is a common International threat. The flag states primarily responsible for suppressing and cracking down on international maritime crimes does not exercise effective jurisdiction over its ships, so there are difficulties in preventing and punishing international maritime crimes. Also, most of the piracy cases occur in the Gulf of Aden due to the limitations of the management ability by coastal states. UNCLOS, which regulates the basic order on maritime issues, focuses on how to allocate the jurisdiction of the flag states and coastal states for efficient use of ocean space. In other words, those regulations are established that flag states or coastal states does not consider causing damage to other states in violation of International law. However, depending on whether the nature of the crime violates the interests of the International community, third countries that are not related to the crime also recognize the exercise of universal jurisdiction. In UNCLOS, piracy, slave trading, and unauthorized broadcasting are recognized as infringing on the International common interests due to the nature of the crime, allowing the exercise of jurisdiction even to states not related to the crime. This is based on the perception that it is difficult to efficiently crackdown and suppress the crime only by exercising jurisdiction of the relevant states. However, the International common interests are limited to moral interests. The exercise of universal jurisdiction is based on the notion that the crime is exceptionally recognized if it violates the moral interests of the International common interests. Accordingly, the International community is reaching an agreement based on the efficiency of exercising jurisdiction over International maritime crimes, not on the nature of International maritime crimes. For example, to effectively respond to the piracy issue occurring in the waters of the Gulf of Aden, the UN Security Council resolution allowing the third state to exercise jurisdiction in Somalia's territorial waters and even territories was adopted. This perception of the International community is also found in the International Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation(SUA Convention). SUA Convention broadly recognizes criminal acts under the Convention to curb and prevent violent and terrorist acts at sea and recognizes that third state exercise jurisdiction if ships sailing in the territorial waters of certain states for efficient crackdown and suppression of International marine crimes. This can be understood in the same context as the International community adopting the UN Security Council resolution to cope with the piracy of Somalia and acknowledging police activities within Somaliaโ€™s territorial waters as well as Somaliaโ€™s territories to all states. However, criminal activity under the SUA Convention are not recognized as infringing on common International interests, such as crimes subject to universal jurisdiction. This is because the International community limits the International common interests to the moral interests violated by serious and brutal crimes. Nevertheless, maritime violence that freely threatens navigation in high seas and marine pollution to marine spaces where all pollutants in the global environment are finally accumulated can be evaluated as infringing on the practical interests of the International community. In light of the trend of emphasizing the efficiency of exercising jurisdiction, the nature of crime is no longer useful as a theory to prevent abuse of universal jurisdiction and limit expansion in the sea, and its significance is expected to be further reduced in the future. Moreover, it is urgent to come up with countermeasures for the exercise of jurisdiction in the International community in order to efficiently block and prevent maritime cyberattacks and fraudulent registries of ships, which are new concepts of International maritime crimes. Because cyberattacks transcend anonymity, temporal and spatial constraints, so cooperation between states are very important to block and suppress them, and can seriously affect the security of the individual state as well as the collective security of the International community. Nevertheless, due to differences in opinions between states, timely countermeasures have not been prepared. In addition, fraudulent registries of ships mass-produce sub-standard vessels but there is no flag state to take relevant measures in the event of an International maritime crimes in relation to such ships. Despite the infringement of the practical interests of the International community, fraudulent registries of a ship are not recognized as a crime of universal jurisdiction, and also the exercise of jurisdiction by a third state over fraudulent registries of ships is recognized as a serious violation of flag state nationalism. Therefore any jurisdiction over those issues has not been permitted to a third state. As discussed above, not only marine violence and marine pollution, but also a new concept of International maritime crimes are rapidly diversifying and hindering the practical interests of the International community. As stated in the preamble of UNCLOS, various maritime problems are closely related to each other and should be considered as a whole, and measures to cope with International maritime crimes that violate the practical interests of the International community are needed. Firstly, it is an improvement plan at the current legal system under UNCLOS and IMO Convention. In order to efficiently exercise jurisdiction recognized by UNCLOS, it is necessary to clearly understand the scope of enforcement jurisdiction and jurisdiction permitted by regulations related to International maritime crimes, and to legislation domestic laws necessary for the exercise of jurisdiction within a reasonable range. In addition, through the establishment and amendment of the IMO Convention, it is necessary to expand the scope of International maritime crimes and jurisdiction without substantial amendment to UNCLOS. In addition, it is necessary to preemptively set substantive rules to cope with new concepts of International maritime crimes and to supplement insufficient rules for existing crimes. Secondly, in order to identify the ocean as a common heritage of mankind and manage it in an integrated manner, International agencies such as the International Maritime Court and the International Maritime Police Agency should be established to set a new legal system that allows one agency to apply rules consistently. The order of the ocean is changing from freedom of the ocean to the era of management. However, the effectiveness of related agreements has not been secured due to the limitations of the flag states nationalism and coastal states nationalism, which comply with and implement substantive rules in the sea, and there are also limitations in responding to International maritime crimes that threaten the interests of the international community. Under the current maritime legal system and the International community's notion of moral interests, measures to respond to International maritime crimes have been proposed. But, in the near future, it is looking forward to that an International consensus is formed that the concept of common International interests includes practical interests as well as moral interests, and those crimes causing International practical interest is admitted to exercise universal jurisdiction. Keywords : UNCLOS, International Maritime Crimes, Universal Jurisdiction, Common interest of mankind, Integrated Management.ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ด์™€ ์˜ํ•ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ด€์Šต๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ™” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์—์„œ๋„ EEZ์™€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ € ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์น™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์–‘์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด์  ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ธ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋Œ€์‘์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ์†ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตญ์ด ์ž๊ตญ์  ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž๊ตญ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•ด์ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋ด๋งŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ตญ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ œ3๊ตญ๋„ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ ํ–‰์œ„, ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋งค๋งค, ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์†ก์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์™€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๋‹จ์†๊ณผ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต์€ ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์— ํ•œ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ด๋งŒ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ† ์—์„œ ์ œ3๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ธ์‹์€ SUA ํ˜‘์•ฝ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. SUA ํ˜‘์•ฝ์€ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์†๊ณผ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์ •๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ณตํ•ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ3๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ•ด์ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ํ•ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ํ†  ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐํ™œ๋™๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ SUA ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž”ํ•™ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์นจํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ์ด์ต์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณตํ•ด์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ํญ๋ ฅํ–‰์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ํ•ด์–‘์—์„œ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ธ ํ•ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์œ„์žฅ๊ตญ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์•ˆ๋ณด์—๋„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ๋กœ ์‹œ์˜์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ„์žฅ๊ตญ์ ์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์„ ์„ ์–‘์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตญ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์  ์ด์ต์ด ์นจํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„์žฅ๊ตญ์ ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„์žฅ๊ตญ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ3๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋„ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ํ•ด์–‘ ํญ๋ ฅํ–‰์œ„์™€ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ „๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ ๋ฐ IMO ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, IMO ํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์ œยท๊ฐœ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ • ์—†์ด ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด์  ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•ด์–‘์„ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์›์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์ž์œ ์—์„œ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์–‘์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด์  ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€์‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋… ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์  ์ด์ต์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ œ์–ด : ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ, ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„, ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ด์ต, ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ด€๋ฆฌ.็›ฎ ๆฌก Abstract iii ็ฌฌ1็ซ  ๅบ่ซ– 1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  11 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 12 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 ็ฌฌ2็ซ  ๅœ‹้š›ๆตทๆด‹็Šฏ็ฝช์™€ ็ฎก่ฝ„ๆฌŠ์˜ ๆงชๅฟต 16 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜• 16 โ… . ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 16 โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 17 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 22 โ… . ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 22 โ…ก. ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 24 โ…ข. ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 28 ็ฌฌ3็ซ  ๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅ”็ด„ไธŠ ๅ…ฌๆตท ๏งถๆชขๆฌŠ ้ฉ็”จ ๅœ‹้š›ๆตทๆด‹็Šฏ็ฝช์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ็ฎก่ฝ„ๆฌŠ 40 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•ด์ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 40 โ… . ํ•ด์ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์งˆ 40 โ…ก. ํ•ด์ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜ 47 โ…ข. ํ•ด์ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 52 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋งค๋งค, ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์†ก, ํ–ฅ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ, ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 68 โ… . ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋งค๋งค 68 โ…ก. ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์†ก 70 โ…ข. ํ–ฅ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ 71 โ…ฃ. ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ ์„  74 ็ฌฌ4็ซ  ๆตทๆด‹ๆณ•ๅ”็ด„ไธŠ ๅ…ฌๆตท ๏งถๆชขๆฌŠ ๆœช้ฉ็”จ ๅœ‹้š›ๆตทๆด‹็Šฏ็ฝช์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ็ฎก่ฝ„ๆฌŠ 79 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•ด์–‘ ํญ๋ ฅํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 79 โ… . ํ•ด์–‘ ํญ๋ ฅํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์งˆ 79 โ…ก. SUA ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 84 โ…ข. SUA ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 95 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 101 โ… . ํ•ด์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์งˆ 101 โ…ก. ํ•ด์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 104 โ…ข. ํ•ด์–‘์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 119 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ 129 โ… . ํ•ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์งˆ 129 โ…ก. ํ•ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 130 โ…ข. ์œ„์žฅ๊ตญ์ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์งˆ 135 โ…ฃ. ์œ„์žฅ๊ตญ์ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 136 ็ฌฌ5็ซ  ๅœ‹้š›ๆตทๆด‹็Šฏ็ฝช ๅฐๆ‡‰์˜ ็ฎก่ฝ„ๆฌŠ ้ฉ็”จไธŠ ้™็•Œ์™€ ๆ”นๅ–„ๆ–นๆกˆ 140 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ์ ์šฉ์ƒ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 140 โ… . ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 140 โ…ก. ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ฒด์ œ์ƒ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 143 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 145 โ… . ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ ๋ฐ IMO ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 145 โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์„ค์น˜ 156 ็ฌฌ6็ซ  ็ต่ซ– 162 ๅƒ่€ƒๆ–‡็ป 169 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 187Docto
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