문화적 중재활동을 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 외국어교육과(불어전공), 2021. 2. 심봉섭.문화는 시대, 환경, 지리 등 사회·역사적인 요인에 따라 다양한 형태를 보인다. 세계화의 급속한 전개로 인해 상이한 형태를 띤 문화 간의 접촉이 빈번해졌다. 이런 상황에서 학습자들은 상호문화교육을 통해 자문화와는 다른 사회·역사적인 배경을 지닌 타문화에 대해 올바르게 이해하고, 이를 통해 다양한 문화적 배경을 지닌 사람들과 함께 살아가는 능력을 함양해야 한다. 학습자의 상호문화능력 함양에 있어 일종의 소(小)사회라고 할 수 있는 학교에서 이루어지는 외국어 교육은 매우 중요한 위상을 지닌다. 교수자는 외국어 교육에 있어 외국어 능력의 함양이라는 언어적 목표와 해당 외국어에 기반을 둔 타문화에 대한 상호문화교육이라는 문화적 목표를 동시에 추구할 필요가 있고, 이를 통해 학습자는 실제 사회에서 발생할 수 있는 문화 간의 갈등 상황을 중재할 수 있는 훌륭한 사회적 행위자로 성장할 수 있게 된다. 무엇보다도 미래 사회가 필요로 하는 사회적 행위자는 다양한 문화 간의 충돌 상황을 합리적으로 중재할 수 있는 능력을 갖출 것이 요구된다. 본고는 학습자의 상호문화능력의 함양이라는 목적의식 하에 문화적 중재 활동을 내적중재, 연결중재, 외적중재로 구분하였고, 궁극적으로 학습자로 하여금 문화 간의 갈등 상황을 중재하면서 갈등이 발생하기 이전의 상황보다 더 나은 공동문화를 창출한다는 의미의 ‘창조적 문화 융합’이라는 개념을 고안하였다. 창조적 문화 융합은 문화 간의 갈등이 반드시 부정적인 상황이 아니며, 상호문화능력을 갖춘 사회적 행위자에 의한 중재활동을 통해 공동체의 발전에 기여하는 공동문화를 창출하는 일련의 선순환 과정을 의미한다. 본고의 문화적 중재 활동이 교육과정 내 프랑스어 교육에 도입되어 학습자의 언어적 능력 향상과 더불어 상호문화능력의 함양에 기여할 수 있게 되기를 희망한다.La société du XXIᵉ siècle peut se décrire par le terme ‘diversité’. La société sud-coréenne se diversifie de plus en plus. L’accroissement soudain de la diversité culturelle s’accompagne inévitablement de nombreux conflits entre différents membres d’une même société. Dans un tel contexte, il paraît alors primordial que les apprenants puissent comprendre la culture de tout individu possédant un autre cadre historique et social, à travers, notamment, un enseignement interculturel, et ainsi développer une compétence basée sur la compréhension d’autrui et le vivre-ensemble. Par-dessus tout, tout futur acteur social en devenir demande de s’adapter, d’acquérir une certaine compétence qui permet l’émergence d’une co-culture servant de passerelle entre diverses cultures. C’est pourquoi, de nos jours, de nombreux didacticiens mettent en avant l’importance d’un enseignement culturel dans la didactique des langues étrangères, et plus spécifiquement un enseignement interculturel. Ainsi, cette recherche a pour objectif d’apporter des solutions dans le développement de la compétence interculturelle des apprenants afin qu’ils puissent gérer les futurs conflits culturels que ceci rencontreront en tant qu’acteur social et donc favoriser un développement individuel et social. Pour ce faire, dans un deuxième chapitre, nous avons défini la notion de ‘compétence interculturelle’. Puis, nous avons proposer un nouveau terme : ‘association créative culturelle’. Une ‘association créative culturelle’ renvoie à un cercle vertueux de serie qui génère une co-culture contribuant à un développement d’une diversité culturelle, via une activité de médiation d’après un acteur social adaptant sa compétence interculturelle. Les conflits culturels ne sont également plus considérés comme négative. Dans un troisième chapitre consacré à l'analyse des aspects de l’enseignement culturel de la méthodologie traditionnelle à la perspective actionnelle, nous avons pu découvrir les limites de chaque méthodologie sur un point de vue interculturel. Ensuite, nous avons fait l’analyse des manuels de FLE utilisés dans les lycées sud-coréens pour identifier les différents éléments enseignés renvoyant à un enseignement interculturel. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous nous sommes interrogés sur les stratégies pour développer la compétence interculturelle chez les apprenants. Nous sommes avons pu analyser que la médiation culturelle, une des quatre activités langagières indiquées par le CECR, était la plus adéquate pour un enrichissement de la compétence interculturelle des apprenants. Dans cette partie, nous avons recherché les besoins et l’importance des activités de médiations culturelles, et nous avons subdivisé le processus de médiations culturelles en trois aspects : la médiation interne, la médiation connective et la médiation externe. Dans le cinquième chapitre, nous avons proposé plusieurs exemples d’ activités sur la médiation culturelle qui permettent à la fois le développement de la compétence interculturelle et le maintient d’une certaine progression en français. Puis, en nous basant sur la perspective actionnelle, nous avons presenté des activités qui encouragent le travail en équipe ainsi que les interactions actives et continues entre les apprenants. Pour finir, nous avons conclu et effectué des suggestions concernant l’enseignement culturel en faisant la synthèse des différents débats sur le sujet. Nous espèrons que cette recherche permettra à la fois aux apprenants d’améliorer leur compétence linguistique et aidera à la formation d’une compétence interculturelle en intégrant ces activités de médiations culturelles dans le programme d’enseignement du français langue étrangère en Corée du Sud.제 1 장 서론 1 제 2 장 이론적 접근 5 2.1 상호문화 교육과 상호문화 개념 5 2.1.1 유럽의 상호문화교육 7 2.1.2 국내 상호문화교육 9 2.2 문화교육과 상호문화능력 10 2.2.1 상호문화능력 개념 11 2.2.1.1 기존 정의 11 2.2.1.2 상호문화능력의 정의 16 2.2.2 문화능력으로서의 상호문화능력 18 제 3 장 문화교육의 역사 21 3.1 FLE교수법에서의 문화교육 변화 양상 21 3.1.1 FLE교수법에서의 문화교육 변천과 한계 22 3.1.2 행위중심접근법 기반 교재들의 상호문화교육 26 3.2 국내 교육과정에서의 문화교육 변화 30 3.2.1 프랑스어Ⅰ 교육과정에서의 문화내용 변천과 한계 31 3.2.2 프랑스어Ⅰ 교과서에 나타난 문화내용 분석 35 3.2.2.1 분석대상 교과서 36 3.2.2.2 문화내용 및 평가 37 제 4 장 문화적 중재활동 41 4.1 문화적 중재 개념의 탄생 배경과 정의 41 4.2 기존 중재활동의 한계 45 4.3 문화적 중재활동의 유형 : 내적중재활동, 연결중재활동, 외적중재활동 48 4.3.1 세 가지 중재활동의 순환성 49 4.3.2 창조적 문화 융합과 문화적 중재 52 제 5 장 문화적 중재활동 제시 58 5.1 문화적 중재활동의 전제 58 5.2 활동 1 : 내적중재활동 62 5.2.1 활동 1-1 : 문화 뉴스 보도 활동 63 5.2.2 활동 1-2 : 문화 포스터 제작 활동 69 5.3 활동 2 : 연결중재활동 75 5.3.1 활동 2-1 : 타문화 체험 연극 활동 76 5.3.2 활동 2-2 : 타문화 직접 체험 활동 81 5.4 활동 3 : 외적중재활동 86 5.4.1 활동 3-1 : 오픈 채팅방에서의 익명 중재 활동 87 5.4.2 활동 3-2 : 새로운 정책 고안 활동 92 5.5 정리 97 제 6 장 결론 99 Bibliographe 103 Résumé 109Maste

Development of Total Lymphoid Irradiation (TLI)-Dedicated Shielding and Image-Guided System and Dose Evaluation Using 3D-Printed Rat Phantom

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a technique for delivering accurate doses in an image-guided system by developing an experimental setup optimized for total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) in rat lung transplantation. Materials and methods: In this study, a position-controlled shielding system was developed, and the dose was quantitatively evaluated using a 3D rat phantom and Gafchromic EBT3 film. In addition, we made our own image-guided system that allows the position of the rat and the shielding system to be confirmed during TLI. Results: As a result of using the position-controlled shielding system, it was found that the doses to the head and lungs were reduced by 93.1 and 87.4%, respectively, of the prescribed doses. In addition, it was shown that the position of the shielding system can be easily confirmed by using the image guidance system. Conclusion: A shielding apparatus that can control dose delivery according to the size of the rat can optimize the dose for TLI in rat lung transplantation.ope

Effects of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on joint pain and degenerative osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women

This study aimed to identify the prevalence of sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity and examine their association with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and knee pain in Korean postmenopausal women. This cross-sectional study utilized the data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009-2011. The participants were categorized into 4 groups based on body composition: either sarcopenic (appendicular skeletal muscle < 23%) or not, either obese (body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) or not. The prevalence of radiographic knee OA and knee pain was calculated. The effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was also evaluated. The prevalence of radiographic knee OA, knee pain, and both were all highest in the sarcopenic obese group and lowest in the control group (61.49% vs. 41.54%, 39.11% vs. 27.55%, 32.04% vs. 17.82%, all p < 0.001). Without sarcopenia, obese women showed significantly higher ratio of radiographic knee OA only (57.64% vs. 41.54%, p < 0.001). With sarcopenia, the coexistence of obesity presented higher ratio of radiographic knee OA, knee pain, and both compared to sarcopenia without obesity (61.49% vs. 41.82%, 39.11% vs. 27.61%, 32.04% vs. 17.60%, all p < 0.001). The use of HRT for more than 1 year was not associated with radiographic knee OA, knee pain, or both (p = 0.147, 0.689 and 0.649, respectively). Obesity with sarcopenia had greater effect on knee OA compared to obesity without sarcopenia. Moreover, HRT use for more than 1 year was not associated with the prevalence of knee OA. Therefore, more efforts should focus on reducing body fat and increasing muscle in postmenopausal women with knee OA.ope

Impact of the Respiratory Motion and Longitudinal Profile on Helical Tomotherapy

The TomoTherapy® beam-delivery method creates helical beam-junctioning patterns in the dose distribution within the target. In addition, the dose discrepancy results in the particular region where the resonance by pattern of dose delivery occurs owing to the change in the position and shape of internal organs with a patient's respiration during long treatment times. In this study, we evaluated the dose pattern of the longitudinal profile with the change in respiration. The superiorinferior motion signal of the programmable respiratory motion phantom was obtained using AbChes as a four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) original moving signal. We delineated virtual targets in the phantom and planned to deliver the prescription dose of 300 cGy using field widths of 1.0 cm, 2.5 cm, and 5.0 cm. An original moving signal was fitted to reflecting the beam delivery time of the TomoTherapy®. The EBT3 film was inserted into the phantom movement cassette, and static, without the movement and with the original movement, was measured with signal changes of 2.0 s, 4.0 s, and 5.0 s periods, and 2.0 mm and 4.0 mm amplitudes. It was found that a dose fluctuation within ±4.0% occurred in all longitudinal profiles. Compared with the original movement, the region of the gamma index above 1 partially appeared within the target and the border of the target when the period and amplitude were changed. Gamma passing rates were 95.00% or more. However, cases for a 5.0 s period and 4.0 mm amplitude at a field width of 2.5 cm and for 2.0 s and 5.0 s periods at a field width of 5.0 cm have gamma passing rates of 92.73%, 90.31%, 90.31%, and 93.60%. TomoTherapy® s hows a s mall d ifference i n d ose d istribution according to the changes of period and amplitude of respiration. Therefore, to treat a variable respiratory motion region, a margin reflecting the degree of change of respiration signal is required.ope

An Empirical Approach to Dosimetric Effect of Carbon Fiber Couch for Flattening Filter Free Beam of Elekta LINAC

Generally, it is recommended that the dosimetric effect of carbon fiber couch should be considered especially for an intensity-modulated therapy with a large portion of monitor units from posterior angles. Even a flattening filter free (FFF) beam has been used for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), the effect of carbon fiber couch for FFF beam is not well known. This work is an effort to evaluate the dosimetric　effect of carbon fiber couch for flattened and FFF beam of Elekta linac empirically. The absorbed doses were measured with Farmer type chamber and water-equivalent phantoms with and without couch. And differences of the absorbed doses between with and without couch defined as “couch effect”. By comparing calculated dose in treatment planning system (TPS) with measured dose, the optimal density of couch was evaluated. Finally, differences on patient's skin dose and target dose by couch were evaluated in TPS. As a result, the couch effect for 6 and 10 MV flattened beam were ”2.71% and −2.32%, respectively. These values were agreed with provided data by vendor within 0.5%. The couch effect for 6 and 10 MV FFF beam were ”3.75% and ”2.80%, respectively. The patient's skin dose was increased as 18.6% and target dose was decreased as 0.87%, respectively. It was realized that the couch effect of FFF beam was more severe than that of flattened beam. Patient's skin dose and target dose were changed by the couch effect.ope

Robotic single-site versus multi-port myomectomy: a case-control study

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the compatibility of robotic single-site (RSS) myomectomy in comparison with the conventional robotic multi-port (RMP) myomectomy to achieve successful surgical outcomes with reliability and reproducibility. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was performed on 236 robotic myomectomies at a university medical center. After 1:1 propensity score matching for the total myoma number, total myoma diameter, and patient age, 90 patients in each group (RSS: n = 90; RMP: n = 90) were evaluated. Patient demographics, preoperative parameters, intraoperative characteristics, and postoperative outcome measures were analyzed. Results: The body mass index, parity, preoperative hemoglobin levels, mean maximal myoma diameter, and anatomical type of myoma showed no mean differences between RSS and RMP myomectomies. The RSS group was younger, had lesser number of myomas removed, and had a smaller sum of the maximal diameter of total myomas removed than the RMP group. After propensity score matching, the total operative time (RSS: 150.9 ± 57.1 min vs. RMP: 170 ± 74.5 min, p = 0.0296) was significantly shorter in the RSS group. The RSS group tended to have a longer docking time (RSS: 9.8 ± 6.5 min vs. RMP: 8 ± 6.2 min, p = 0.0527), shorter console time (RSS: 111.1 ± 52.3 min vs. RMP: 125.8 ± 65.1 min, p = 0.0665), and shorter time required for in-bag morcellation (RSS: 30.1 ± 17.2 min vs. RMP: 36.2 ± 25.7 min, p = 0.0684). The visual analog scale pain score 1 day postoperatively was significantly lower in the RSS group (RSS: 2.4 ± 0.8 days vs. RMP: 2.7 ± 0.8 days, p = 0.0149), with similar consumption of analgesic drugs. The rate of transfusion, estimated blood loss during the operation, and length of hospital stay were not different between the two modalities. No other noticeable complications were observed in either group. Conclusions: Da Vinci RSS myomectomy is a compatible option with regard to reproducibility and safety, without significantly compromising the number and sum of the maximal diameter of myomas removed. The advantage of shorter total operative time and less pain with the same amount of analgesic drugs in RSS myomectomy will contribute to improving patient satisfaction.ope

MicroRNA-139-5p Regulates Fibrotic Potentials via Modulation of Collagen Type 1 and Phosphorylated p38 MAPK in Uterine Leiomyoma

Purpose: This study aimed to elucidate whether microRNA-139-5p is involved in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma. Materials and methods: Human leiomyoma and matched human smooth muscle samples were obtained from 10 women who underwent hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. To assess the effects of miR-139-5p on cultured leiomyoma cells, cell migration, collagen gel contraction, wound healing, and the expression levels of hallmark proteins were evaluated in cells transfected with a miR-139-5p mimic. Results: The expression of miR-139-5p was significantly lower in leiomyoma tissues than in matched smooth muscle tissues. Restored miR-139-5p expression in miR-139-5p mimic-transfected human leiomyoma cells resulted in decreased contractility of the ECM and cell migration. In addition, upregulation of miR-139-5p decreased the protein expression of collagen type 1 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Conclusion: Expression of miR-139-5p is downregulated in leiomyoma cells and modulation of miR-139-5p may be involved inthe pathogenesis of leiomyomas through the regulation of collagen type 1 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Therefore, miR-139-5p is a potential therapeutic target for leiomyoma.ope

Feasibility Study of a Custom-made Film for End-to-End Quality Assurance Test of Robotic Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy System

This paper aims to verify the clinical feasibility of a custom-made film created by a laser cutting tool for End-to-End (E2E) quality assurance in robotic intensity modulated radiation therapy system. The custom-made film was fabricated from the Gafchromic EBT3 film with the size of 8"×10" using a drawing that is identical to the shape and scale of the original E2E film. The drawing was created by using a computer aided design program with the image file, which is obtained by scanning original E2E film. Beam delivery and evaluations were respectively performed with the original film and the custom-made film using fixed-cone collimator on three tracking modes: 6D skull (6DS), Xsight spine (XS), and Xsight lung (XL). The differences between total targeting errors of the original and custom-made films were recorded as 0.17 mm, 0.3 mm, and 0.17 mm at 6DS, XS, and XL tracking modes, respectively. This indicates that the custom-made film could yield nearly equivalent results to those of the original E2E film, given the uncertainties caused by distortions during film scanning and vibrations associated with film cutting. By confirming the clinical feasibility of a custom-made film for E2E testing, it can be expected that economic efficiency of the testing will increase accordingly.ope

Predictive Factors of Conception and the Cumulative Pregnancy Rate in Subfertile Couples Undergoing Timed Intercourse With Ultrasound

The aim of this study was to determine predictive factors for pregnancy and assess the cumulative pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rate (CLBR) in subfertile couples undergoing timed intercourse (TI) using ultrasound. This retrospective cohort study included 285 women (854 cycles) who started TI with ultrasound between January 2017 and October 2019. The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 28.1% (80/285) per couple and 9.4% (80/854) per cycle. Pregnant women had a higher body mass index (BMI), higher percentage of irregular menstrual cycles, a shorter duration of subfertility, lower serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels, and higher anti-Müllerian hormone levels than non-pregnant women. A longer duration of subfertility (≥24 months vs. 25 kg/m2; odds ratio: 3.202; 95% confidence interval: 1.020-10.046) in couples with ovulatory factor and a longer duration of infertility ≥24 months (vs. <24 months; odds ratio: 0.185; 95% confidence interval: 0.042-0.819) in couples with non-ovulatory factors were significant independent predictive factors for pregnancy. No significant differences were found in the cycle characteristics between pregnant and non-pregnant women. The CPR substantially increased during the first three cycles and significantly increased until the sixth cycle. No significant increase was observed in the CPR after the sixth cycle. The CLBRs substantially increased during the first three cycles and significantly increased until the fourth cycle. No significant increase was observed in the CLBRs after the fifth cycle. When comparing CPRs and CLBRs according to subfertile causes, CRPs was significantly different and CLBRs was different with borderline significance. Our findings may indicate that women with a longer duration of subfertility or subfertility due to endometriosis have poor outcomes during TI with ultrasound. Women who failed to achieve conception by the fourth or fifth cycle of TI with ultrasound may be encouraged to consider advancing to the next treatment strategy.ope

Hormone autocrination by vascularized hydrogel delivery of ovary spheroids to rescue ovarian dysfunctions

The regeneration potential of implantable organ model hydrogels is applied to treat a loss of ovarian endocrine function in women experiencing menopause and/or cancer therapy. A rat ovariectomy model is used to harvest autologous ovary cells while subsequently producing a layer-by-layer form of follicle spheroids. Implantation of a microchannel network hydrogel with cell spheroids [vascularized hydrogel with ovarian spheroids (VHOS)] into an ischemic hindlimb of ovariectomized rats significantly aids the recovery of endocrine function with hormone release, leading to full endometrium regeneration. The VHOS implantation effectively suppresses the side effects observed with synthetic hormone treatment (i.e., tissue overgrowth, hyperplasia, cancer progression, deep vein thrombosis) to the normal levels, while effectively preventing the representative aftereffects of menopause (i.e., gaining fatty weight, inducing osteoporosis). These results highlight the unprecedented therapeutic potential of an implantable VHOS against menopause and suggest that it may be used as an alternative approach to standard hormone therapy.ope