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    λΆˆλž‘μ œ 사건 : ν”„λž‘μŠ€ μ •μΉ˜μ‚¬μ˜ μ „ν™˜κΈ° (1886-1889)

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ„œμ–‘μ‚¬ν•™κ³Ό,2004.Maste

    μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ™€ 경제의 탄생, 1756~1776

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ„œμ–‘μ‚¬ν•™κ³Ό, 2017. 2. μ΅œκ°‘μˆ˜.μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λŠ” 18μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ—μ„œ λ“±μž₯ν•œ 개혁적 κ²½μ œμ‚¬μƒμ΄λ‹€. 톡상, 루이 14μ„Έ 사후 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ—μ„œ μ „κ°œλœ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ κ°œν˜μ‚¬μƒμ„ 계λͺ½μ‚¬μƒμ΄λΌκ³  ν†΅μΉ­ν•˜λŠ”λ°, μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λŠ” 경제 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ λ“±μž₯ν•œ κ°œν˜μ‚¬μƒ κ°€μš΄λ° ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 계λͺ½μ‚¬μƒμ˜ ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ ν•œμ •λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 무엇보닀도 λ‹ΉλŒ€μΈλ“€μ΄ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ—¬λŠ 계λͺ½μ‚¬μƒκ³Ό κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ μƒκ°ν–ˆκ³ , μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” 그것에 λ°˜ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ λŒ€μ μΈ μ‚¬μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ΅­ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λŠ” 그것이 λ“±μž₯ν•  λ•Œμ˜ λͺ©μ κ³ΌλŠ” λ³„κ°œλ‘œ 계λͺ½μ‚¬μƒμ˜ λ³Έλ₯˜λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ κ°‘μž‘μŠ€λ ˆ μ†Œλ©Έν•˜λŠ” 운λͺ…을 κ²ͺ게 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ 논문은 무엇 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜κ°€ 이처럼 λ…νŠΉν•œ 역사적 경둜λ₯Ό 밟게 λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ˜ 역사가 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ‚¬μ— 남긴 μžμ·¨λŠ” 무엇인지 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” 것을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•œλ‹€. μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„ μ—¬μ „νžˆ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό λ†μ—…μ€‘μ‹¬μ£Όμ˜μ˜ ν•œ λ³€μ£Όλ‘œ νŒŒμ•…ν•œλ‹€. κ·Έ ꡬ체적인 λ‚΄μš©μ΄ 무엇이든 μ–΄μ¨Œλ“  농업이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 사상이 μ•„λ‹ˆλƒλŠ” 것이닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŽΈκ²¬μ€ 이미 λ‹ΉλŒ€μ—λ„ κ°•κ³ ν–ˆλ‹€. λ¬Όλ‘  μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ 경제 이둠 μžμ²΄μ— μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŽΈκ²¬μ„ μ‘°μž₯ν• λ§Œν•œ κ·Όκ±°κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은 사싀이닀. μˆœμƒμ‚°μ€ 였직 λ†μ—…μ—μ„œλ§Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ£Όμž₯이 λ°”λ‘œ 그것이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λŠ” λ†μ—…μ€‘μ‹¬μ£Όμ˜λ‘œ ν™˜μ›λ  수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 λ‹¨μˆœν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ΄ μƒμ‚°ν•œ λ¬Έν—Œλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν›ˆκ³ ν•™μ  λ…ν•΄λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ©°, μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜κ°€ ν˜•μ„±λ˜κ³  μ†ŒλΉ„λ˜λ©° λ…ΌμŸλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 역사적 λ§₯락에 λŒ€ν•œ λ©΄λ°€ν•œ 고찰이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 역사적 λ§₯락을 톡해 μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 크게 두 가지 λ°©ν–₯μ—μ„œ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ— μ ‘κ·Όν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 첫째, μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μΌ€λ„€μ˜ κ²½μ œμ‚¬μƒκ³Ό λ™μΌμ‹œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ , μΌ€λ„€, νŠ€λ₯΄κ³ , 미라보가 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ 볡합적인 κ΅¬μ„±λ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” 관점이닀. 이 μ„Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ§€μ μœΌλ‘œλ‚˜ μ΄λ°μ˜¬λ‘œκΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œλ‚˜ ꡬ체제 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ λ³Ό λ•Œ 맀우 이질적인 μœ ν˜•μ˜ μΈλ¬Όλ“€μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  이듀이 μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μΌν•œ λ²”μ£Όλ‘œ 묢일 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은, μ—­μœΌλ‘œ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ— 이듀을 μ—°κ²°μ‹œμΌœμ€„λ§Œν•œ 기쑴의 μ‚¬μƒμ˜ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œλŠ” μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 핡심적 이념이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•œλ‹€. λ°”λ‘œ 이 핡심적 이념을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 두 번째 μ ‘κ·Ό 방법이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ— λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 사상가듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 뢄석을 톡해 μ ‘κ·Όν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. 이λ₯Έλ°” λ°˜μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ λ…ΌμŸμ΄ λ°€κ°€λ£¨μ „μŸμ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λŒ€λŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ²Œμ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€. λ°˜μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ 곑가 μƒμŠΉμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ μ‹λŸ‰ 폭동이 λ‹Ήμ‹œ μž¬λ¬΄μ΄κ°μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ νŠ€λ₯΄κ³ μ˜ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ μ •μ±…κ³Ό μ—°κ΄€λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλƒκ³  κ³΅κ²©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 즉, νŠ€λ₯΄κ³ μ˜ κ³‘λ¬Όκ±°λž˜μžμœ ν™” 정책이 λͺ‡λͺ‡ 곑물 상인듀과 λŒ€μ§€μ£Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ μœ λ¦¬ν•œ μ‹œμž₯ 상황을 μ‘°μ„±ν•˜μ—¬ μΈμœ„μ μΈ 곑가 μƒμŠΉμ„ λ‚³μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것이닀. 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ νŠ€λ₯΄κ³  λ“±μ˜ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ κ³‘λ¬Όκ±°λž˜μžμœ ν™”κ°€ 곑가 μƒμŠΉμ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜¨ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μ •λΆ€κ°€ 곑물 μ‹œμž₯에 μΈμœ„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°œμž…ν•΄μ˜€λ˜ κ΄€ν–‰μ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ 곑물 μœ ν†΅ μ§ˆμ„œμ— μ™œκ³‘μ„ λ‚³μ•„ 곑가 μƒμŠΉμ„ λΆˆλŸ¬μ˜€λŠ” 주범이라고 λ°˜λ°•ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν‘œλ©΄μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‹œμž₯의 μžμœ¨μ„±μ„ μ–΄λŠ μ„ κΉŒμ§€ 보μž₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠλƒλ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό λ…ΌμŸμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, λ°˜μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ΄ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λŠ” μ§„μ§œ 핡심 λ…Όκ±°λŠ” μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜κ°€ 경제λ₯Ό λ…μžμ μΈ 체계λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” λ…λ¦½λœ μ˜μ—­μœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‹€μ‹œ 말해 μ •μΉ˜κ°€ 경제의 μ˜μ—­μ— κ°œμž…ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ›μ²œλ΄‰μ‡„ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ˜ λ°˜μ •μΉ˜μ„±μ„ κ³΅κ²©ν•˜μ˜€λ˜ 것이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—­μ„€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ λ…ΌμŸμ€ λ…μžμ  μ˜μ—­μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 경제λ₯Ό 본격적으둜 곡둠의 μž₯에 κ°μΈμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 결정적 계기가 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ³‘λ¬Όκ±°λž˜μžμœ ν™”λ₯Ό λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ νŠ€λ₯΄κ³ μ˜ κ°œν˜μ •μ±…μ€ λ‹Ήμž₯μ—λŠ” μ‹€νŒ¨λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°”μ§€λ§Œ, ν›—λ‚  ν”„λž‘μŠ€ν˜λͺ…μ˜ 개혁 의제둜 λ˜μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¬κ³  κ²°κ΅­ κ΄€μ² λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μš”μ»¨λŒ€ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λŠ” 농업 μ€‘μ‹¬μ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 경제주의λ₯Ό 본질둜 ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ²½μ œμ‚¬μƒμ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, 이λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό λ…ΌμŸμ€ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ κ²½μ œκ°€ νƒ„μƒν•˜λŠ” 결정적인 계기가 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.Physiocracy is a reformist economic thought that emerged in France in the mid-18th century. Generally, various forms of reformist thought developed in France after the death of Louis XIV are called Enlightenment ideologies, and Physiocracy can be seen as one of the Enlightenment ideas emerging in the economic field. However, it was not just a part of the Enlightenment. Above all, contemporaries thought of Physiocracy as separating from other Enlightenment ideas, and even considered it as antagonistic or hostile. In the end, Physiocracy was separated from the mainstream of the Enlightenment, apart from the purpose of its emergence, and was suddenly destined to perish. The purpose of this thesis is to examine what makes Physiocracy take such a peculiar historical path, and what its legacy has left in French history. Today, the vast majority of people still view Physiocracy as a variation of agricultural centrism. Whatever the specifics, it is the idea that agriculture is important anyway. These prejudices were already strong at that time. Of course, it is true that there is a basis for promoting this prejudice in the theory of the economics of Physiocracy. That is the claim that produit net is possible only in agriculture. However, Physiocracy is not simple enough to be reduced to agricultural centrism. In order to gain a good understanding of Physiocracy, it is not enough to simply read the textbooks produced by Physiocrats, and it is necessary to scrutinize the historical context in which Physiocracy was formed, consumed, and debated. In this thesis, to understand the essence of Physiocracy through the historical context, it has been approached in two major directions. First, it is a viewpoint that Physiocracy should not be identical with Quesnays economic ideas, but should be considered a composite composition of Quesnay, Turgot, and Mirabeau in its interaction. These three men were very heterogeneous figures, intellectually and ideologically, in the context of the ancien rΓ©gime France. Nonetheless, the fact that they could be tied to a single category of Physiocracy means that there is a new core idea that would connect them to Physiocracy and can not be found in the context of existing ideas. A second approach is needed to find this very core idea. This approach to Physiocracy is based on analysis of philosophe who oppose it. The so-called anti-physiocracy debate has been widespread during the guerre du blΓ©. The anti-physiocracy philosophe attacked if the food riots caused by the rise of grain price were related to the physiocratic policy of the then-current contrΓ΄leur gΓ©nΓ©ral, Turgot. In other words, the liberalization policy of grain trade in Turgot has created a favorable market situation for some grain merchants and large landlords, resulting in an artificial rise of grain price. On the other hand, Turgot and other Physiocrats respond that liberalization of grain trade did not lead to a rise in the price of grain, but that the governments artificial involvement in the grain market interfered with grain circulation, leading to a rise in grain price. On the surface, it seems to be a controversy over the extent to which market autonomy should be guaranteed, but the real key argument of anti-physiocratic aggression against Physiocracy is that it sees the economy as an independent territory with its own system. In other words, it attacked the anti-politics of Physiocracy that block the intervention of politics in the sphere of the economy. However, paradoxically, the anti-physiocratic debate became a decisive opportunity to imprint the economy as an independent domain in the field of public opinion in earnest. The liberalization of grain trade, as well as the other reform policy of Turgot, failed immediately, but later revived and realized as a reform agenda of the French Revolution. In short, Physiocracy was a new economic idea based on economism rather than agrarianism, and the controversy over it became a decisive momentum for the economy to be born in French history.I. μ„œλ‘ : μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λž€ 무엇인가? 1 II. : μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ κ²½μ œμ‚¬μƒ 20 1. 경제 λΆ„μ„μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λ³Έ μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ 20 2. μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ κ²½μ œμ‚¬μƒμ˜ μŸμ λ“€ 33 1) κ°œμš” 33 2) κ²½μ œν‘œ 36 3) μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜: μžμ—°λ²•μ  체계? 43 4) μžμ—°κ°€μΉ˜μ„€ 48 5) κ°€μΉ˜λ‘  53 6) μ†Œμœ κΆŒ 56 7) μ‘°μ„Έλ‘  60 8) κ²½μ œμ„±μž₯λ‘  63 9) μ†ŒλΉ„λ‘  67 III. μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜μ˜ μ„Έ μ£Όμ—­ 72 1. λ°°κ²½ 72 2. μ€‘λ†ν•™νŒŒμ˜ 삼거두 82 1) μΌ€λ„€: 계λͺ½λœ μ€‘μƒμ£Όμ˜μž 82 2) νŠ€λ₯΄κ³ : 경제주의적 자유주의자 101 3) 미라보: 유기체적 κ³΅ν™”μ£Όμ˜μž 127 IV. λ°˜μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ λ…ΌμŸ 155 1. λ°€κ°€λ£¨μ „μŸ 155 1) λ°€κ°€λ£¨μ „μŸμ˜ μ „κ°œ 155 2) μ‹λŸ‰ν­λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ 역사적 해석 167 3) νŠ€λ₯΄κ³ μ˜ 자유주의 172 2. λ°˜μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜λ‘  182 1) λ°˜μ€‘λ†μ£Όμ˜ λ‹΄λ‘ μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ μœ ν˜•λ“€ 183 2) λ§ˆλΈ”λ¦¬ 188 3) κ°ˆλ¦¬μ•„λ‹ˆμ™€ λ„€μΌ€λ₯΄ 194 4) 그라슬랭 198 5) 포λ₯΄λ³΄λ„€ 202 6) λ£¨μ†Œ 205 V. κ²°λ‘  209 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 219 Abstract 254Docto
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