Comparative Study on Pro-drop: Pedagogical Approach

the purpose of this paper is to examine the so called "pro-drop phenomenon" in Korean and Spanish. These languages are very different in many respects, but they seem to be similar with respect to this phenomenon: both of them allow the subject position to be empty. Firstly, we wonder why Korean students tend to use explicit personal pronoun in the subject position when they speak in Spanish. We argue that this is due to the fact that the pro-drop mechanism does not apply uniformly in these languages and that Korean affects :negatively" in Spanish learning. Secondly, we try to answer why Spanish shows subject-object contrast with respect to licensing an empty category. To answer the question, firstly we assume that two elements participate "compositionally" in licensing an empty category in Spnish: (i) antecedent in the discourse and (ii) identification feature of Agr(AgrS, AgrO). Given this assumption, we conclude that object-drop is not allowed because one of these two conditions is not satisfied: (ii), whereas subject-drop is permitted because both of them are satisfied

On the Grammatical Category of excepto

본 연구는 2014년 한국스페인어문학회 겨울 학술대회(서울대)에서 발표된 논문을 수정 보완한 것이다.본 연구의 목표는 excepto의 문법범주를 규명하는 것이다. 대다수의 스페인어 학습자들은 excepto 뒤에 명사가 출현할 수 있다는 사실에 근거하여 이 요소를 전치사로 간주하고 있다. 또한, 대다수의 사전과 문법책에서도 excepto를 전치사로 분류하고 있다. 그러나 excepto는 자신의 뒤에 1, 2인칭 단수 대명사가 출현할 경우 사격형이 아닌 주격형으로 실현된다는 점에서 전형적인 전치사들과 큰 차이점을 보여준다. 이런 이유 때문에 본고에서는 excepto는 전치사가 아니라고 주장한다. 한편, excepto를 등위접속사로 보는 분석은 excepto 뒤에 주격형이 출현하는 현상을 설명할 수 있다는 장점이 있지만 이 분석 역시 여러 가지 경험적 문제점에 직면한다고 지적한다. 끝으로 본고에서는 excepto가 부가어절을 이끄는 보문소라고 주장하고 그럴 경우 전치사 분석과 등위접속사 분석에서 설명치 못하는 문제점들을 해결할 수 있음을 보여준다

A Study on the Korean Subjunctive Complementizer -ki

In this paper, based on the semantic and syntactic parallelism between Korean and Spanish, we propose that Korean also has a mechanism to distinguish the subjunctive mood from the indicative one: -ki is a subjunctive complementizer, while -ko is an indicative one. Korean and Spanish only differ in one aspect: in the former the morphological distinction between the two moods appears in Comp, while in the latter in Infl. Given this proposal, we try to account for the contrast between Korean and Spanish with respect to the disjoint reference effect: the Tense of the embedded subjunctive clauses in Spanish depends on that of the matrix clauses, while in Korean it is independent or referential, and so the binding domain of the embedded pronominal subject does not extend to the higher clauses. The absence of the disjoint reference effect in Korean is due to this

El Comp del Subjuntivo y la Gramática Universal

El principal objetivo de este trabajo estriba en mostrar que el coreano, que hasta ahora se ha considerado una lengua sin forma de subjuntivo, también distingue el subjuntivo del indicativo como las lenguas romances, aunque esta distinción no aparece en Infl sino en Comp. Proponemos que '-ki' es un complementante de subjuntivo, mientras que '-ka' es un complementante de indicativo. Teniendo en cuenta esta suposición, hemos intentado dar cuenta del contraste entre el español y el coreano con respecto al efecto de referencia disjunta: el Tiempo de subjuntivo en español es dependiente del de la cláusula matriz, y ,por tanto, el domino de ligamiento del sujeto pronominal de la cláusula incrustada se extiende a la cláusula principal, mientras que el Tiempo de subjuntivo en coreano es independiente, y, por eso, el dominio opaco del sujeto pronominal de la cláusula incrustada no se extiende a la cláusula principal. La ausencia de dicho efecto en este idioma se debe a esto. Por último, hemos intentado explicar el contraste entre las cláusulas de indicativo y las de subjuntivo con respecto a la legitimación de Términos de Polaridad Negativa(TPN): en las cláusulas de indicativo la particula '-ta' es el núcleo de SComp(SC₂), lo que impide la legitimación del TPN en las cláusulas incrustadas. En cambio, en las cláusulas de subjuntivo esta partícula no existe, y por tanto el TPN es legitimado por el comp negativo

A Study on the Absence of the that-t Effect in Spanish

본 논문의 목표는 이베리아 반도 스페인어 및 카리브 연안 지역 스페인어의 [보문소-흔적] 효과(that-trace effect) (cf. Chomsky & Lasnik 1977)의 부재를 설명하고자 하는 데 있다. 이 과정에서 최소주의적 개념 (Chomsky 1993, 1994, 1995)들이 많이 사용되게 될 것이다. 원리와 매개 변인(principles & parameters)의 테두리 내에서 스페인어 [보문소-흔적] 효과의 부재는 주어가 우선 동사후 위치(postverbal position)로 이동한 다음 다시 주절로 의문사 이동을 하는 데 기인한다는 Rizzi (1982)의 분석이 일반적으로 받아들여졌었다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 이러한 분석이 최소이론과 마찰을 일으킬 뿐만 아니라 경험적으로도 문제점이 있다는 것을 지적한 후 새로운 대안적 분석을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 다음과 같이 구성된다. 제 2절에서는 스페인어의 [보문소-흔적] 효과의 부재에 관한 기존의 설명을 간략히 살펴본다. 제 3절에서는 기존의 분석이 지니는 이론적，경험적 문제점을 지적한다. 제4절에서는 [보 문소-흔적] 효과의 부재에 관한 대안적 분석이 제시된다. 제5절에서는 우리의 제안이 불러 일으킬 수 있는 문제점과 이에 대한 해결안이 제시된다. 제 6절에서는 본 연구의 결론이 간략히 제시되며 마지막의 부록 부분에서는 스페인어의[보문소-흔적] 부재를 설명할 수 있는 또 다른 가능한 방법이 제시된다. This paper tries to propose a new account of absence of the that-t effect in Spanish. Within the Principles and Parameters framework it has been widely assumed that suspension of the effect in Romance languages is due to the fact that the embedded subject firstly adjoins to VP and from this position undergoes long distance wh-movement (cf. Rizzì 1982). However, I point out that this analysis enters into conflicts with minimalist assumptions (cf. Chomsky 1993, 1994, 1995). Every movement is for the checking of some features; feature checking always takes place in functional categories and therefore movement to a lexical categories like VP cannot be allowed. In addition to this, I argue that the wh-extraction of the embedded subject is not from postverbal position but from preverbal one, Spec of IP

전력산업의 구조개편과 고용관계의 변화: 호주 빅토리아주와 뉴사우스웨일즈주의 비교

Since 1990, the electricity industry in Australia has been in the process of restructuring. The States of Victoria and New South Wales have taken different approaches with regard to restructuring generation plants. In Victoria, the industry has been disaggregated and privatized, while New South Wales government has also fragmented the generating industry but has not privatized it. In Victoria the four major electricity generating companies have been sold to multinational consortiums, whereas in New South Wales, ownership remains in the hands of the State Government. Despite the different ownership regimes, generating companies in the two States have become subject to competitive pressures. The restructuring has depoliticized the industry. Such development has major implications for management, workforce and unions in these companies. This paper looks at the impacts and consequences of the different approaches to restructuring the industry for employment relations by comparing the recent experiences in the two States. One of the outstanding impacts of restructuring the electricity industry has been massive cuts in employment. The paper, however, reveals that the privatization route taken by the Victorian government has resulted in greater employment reductions in comparison with the level of employment losses in New South Wales. It draws attention to the fact that in Victoria employment losses before the sales of assets were far greater than those after privatization. Some features of changes in work organization and industrial relations are analyzed

Light Polarization-Controlled Conversion of Ultrafast Coherent-Incoherent Exciton Dynamics in Few-Layer ReS2

Coherent light-matter interaction can transiently modulate the quantum states of matter under nonresonant laser excitation. This phenomenon, called the optical Stark effect, is one of the promising candidates for realizing ultrafast optical switches. However, the ultrafast modulations induced by the coherent light-matter interactions usually involve unwanted incoherent responses, significantly reducing the overall operation speed. Here, by using ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy, we suppress the incoherent response and modulate the coherent-to-incoherent ratio in the two-dimensional semiconductor ReS2. We selectively convert the coherent and incoherent responses of an anisotropic exciton state by solely using photon polarizations, improving the control ratio by 3 orders of magnitude. The efficient modulation was enabled by transient superpositions of differential spectra from two nondegenerate exciton states due to the light polarization dependencies. This work provides a valuable contribution toward realizing ideal ultrafast optical switches.S.S. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) through the government of Korea (MSIP) (Grant NRF-2019R1F1A1063457). J.L., M.N., H.B., and H.C. were supported by the NRF through the government of Korea (MSIP) (Grant NRF-2018R1A2A1A05079060, the Creative Materials Discovery Program (Grant 2017M3D1A1040828), Scalable Quantum Computer Technology Platform Center (Grant 2019R1ASA1027055), and the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Korea under Project Code IBS-R014-G1-2018-A1). D.L. and K.L. were supported from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant CMMI-1825256. M.H.J. and S. Ch. were supported by the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Korea (project code IBS-R014-A1)