4 research outputs found
λΌ νμ±μμ Pin1 λ§€κ° νλ‘€λ¦° μ΄μ±μ§νμ μν
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μΉμνλνμ μΉμκ³Όνκ³Ό, 2018. 2. λ₯νλͺ¨.One of the most reported post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulation of protein in the cell is prolin-directed phosphorylation, these phosphorylated resides also can be the targets of enzyme for other PTMs. Pin1 is an isomerase that recognizes phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro residues and causes the structural change of protein. Our previous studies have shown that Pin1 deficient exhibited a wide range of abnormal bone phenotypes. Moreover, in the signaling pathways such as FGF, BMP and PTH, which are responsible for osteoblast differentiation, isomerization of the molecule by Pin1 plays important role.
Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling pathway, in which Ξ²-catenin nuclear localization is a critical step, also plays a major role in the control of osteoblast differentiation. However, the association of Pin1 with Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling pathway during bone development and detailed mechanism is not clear. In Part 1, we observed a marked reduction of Ξ²-catenin in osteoblasts of Pin1 null mice tibia. From MC3T3-E1 cells, transcription activity, the nucleus Ξ²-catenin level and the target gene expression of Ξ²-catenin were all decreased when the activity of Pin1 was reduced by si RNA or by inhibitor. We also demonstrated that Pin1 directly interacted with Ξ²-catenin, and the isomerized Ξ²-catenin which could not bind to nuclear adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) only can be retention and act as a transcription factor in the nucleus. These results might explain the decrease of Ξ²-catenin ubiquitination and showed that Pin1 is a critical factor that can regulate bone formation regulated by Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling pathway.
In part 2, the importance of Pin1 in osteogenesis was confirmed in craniosynostosis (CS) disease animal model. CS is characterized by the premature closure of craniofacial sutures. It is follows autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, and the mutation of the FGFR2 gene is mainly the genetic cause of it. This study focused on the change of coronal suture fusion which is the major phenotype of Apert syndrome (AS) using S252W gain of function mutation of FGFR2. We aimed to treat CS caused by over-activated FGF/FGFR signal, and it was targeted that inhibiting Pin1-induced isomerization of Runx2 in FGF signaling pathway. As a result, we showed that fusion of coronal suture can be restored to close to the normal phenotype when the FGFR2S252W+ and the Pin1+/- genotype are present simultaneously. The similar results were obtained when juglone, Pin1 inhibitor, was administered to the fetus of FGFR2S252W/+ mice for drug therapy.
Collectively, we demonstrated here that isomerization of Ξ²-catenin through direct interaction of Ξ²-catenin with Pin1 during osteoblast differentiation is an important factor controlling nuclear Ξ²-catenin retention and stability. In addition, we demonstrated the drug target of CS by proving that the inactivation of Pin1 causes the recovery of disease through gain of function mutation in FGFR2.I. Abbreviations 1
II. Literature review 4
III. Purpose of study 16
IV.Part 1. Pin1-mediated modification prolongs the nuclear retention of Ξ²-catenin in Wnt3a-induced osteoblast differentiation 17
V. Part 2. Pin1 is a new therapeutic target of craniosynostosis 71
VI. Conclusion 134
VII. References 136
VIII. κ΅λ¬Έ μ΄λ‘ 150Docto
κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ κ±΄κ° λ³΄νΈλ₯Ό μν λ Έλλ²μ κ·μ¨λ°©μ μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : λ²νμ λ¬Έλνμ λ²νκ³Ό, 2020. 8. μ΄μ² μ.μ€λλ κ·Όλ‘μμ λ²μμμ¦νκ΅°μ΄ λ¬Έμ λκ³ μλ€. μ΄λ μλμ§ κ³ κ° λλ νμ§, μΌμ λν 거리κ°κ³Ό λμμ£Όμ, μ§μ
μ λ§μ‘±κ°μ κ°μ, μμ§μ 곡κ°λ₯λ ₯ μμ€ λ±μ μ¦μμ κ°μ Έμ¨λ€. λ
Έλμ ν΅ν΄ μμμ€νμ κΏκΎΌλ€κ±°λ λ
Έλμμ 보λ λλ ν볡μ λλλ€λ κ²μ κ΄λ
μμμλ§ μ‘΄μ¬νλ κ² κ°λ€. μ΄λ¬ν μν©μμ, κ³Όμ€ν λ
ΈλμΌλ‘ μ μ 건κ°μ΄ ν©ννλλ κ²μ μλ°©νκΈ° μν λ°©λ²μ λ
Όμν νμκ° μλ€.
μ΅κ·Ό κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ 건κ°μ μ€μν νλκ° λμμΌλ, μ μ 건κ°μ κ΄ν λ
Όμλ€μ μ£Όλ‘ νλ ₯, κ΄΄λ‘ν, μ°¨λ³, μ±μ κ΄΄λ‘ν λ±μΌλ‘ λΆλ¦¬λ λ¬Έμ λ€μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘λ€. κ·Έλ°λ° μ¬μ©μμ μ
무μ§μλ κ·Έ νμ νμμ λ°λΌ λ²μμμ¦νκ΅°μ μΌκΈ°νλ λ± κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ 건κ°μ ν΄μΉλ μμΈμ΄ λ μ μλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄ μμμ μΌλ‘ κ³Όλ€ν μ
무λ₯Ό λΆκ³Όνλ μ
무μ§μ, κ·Όλ‘μλ₯Ό μ₯μ΄μ§λ λ―ν μ
무μ§μ, μμ μ μλ μΆκ° μ
무μ λ°λ³΅μ μΈ μ§μ λ±μ΄ κ·Έλ¬νλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ
무μ§μλ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ
무κ°λλ₯Ό κ°νμν€κ³ , λμ μ€νΈλ μ€λ₯Ό μ λ°νλ©° μ¬ν κ²½μ° μ¬λ¬ μ§νμ μΌκΈ°νλ€. κ·Έ κ³Όμ μμ κ·Όλ‘μλ κ·Όλ‘μμμ μκ³ μΈκ²©μ μμ€νλ λ±μ μ μ μ μμμ μ
μ μ μλ€.
μ΄μ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μμ κ°μ μ¬μ©μμ μ
무μ§μλ‘ μΈν΄ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ 건κ°μ΄ μΉ¨ν΄λλ μν©μΌλ‘λΆν° κ·Όλ‘μλ₯Ό 보νΈνκΈ° μν λ°©μμ λ
Όμνμλ€.
λ¨Όμ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ 건κ°μ΄λΌλ ννμ΄ νν μ°μ΄λ ννμμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ , κ·Έ λ²μ κ°λ
μ΄ λΆλͺ
ν μ 립λμ΄ μμ§λ μμκΈ°μ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμ μ μ κ±΄κ° κ°λ
μ μ 립νμλ€. λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμ, κ·Όλ‘μκ° μ μ μ μΌλ‘ 건κ°νλ€λ κ²μ, μμ μ μ μ±κ³Ό λ₯λ ₯μ λΉμΆμ΄ μμ μ΄ ν μ μλ€κ³ μ νν λ
Έλμ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ κ°μΉλ₯Ό μ°½μΆνκ³ , κ·Έ λ
Έλμ ν΅ν΄ μ€μ€λ‘ λ¬Όμ§μ κΈ°μ΄λ₯Ό λ§λ ¨ν λΏλ§ μλλΌ κ·Έ κ³Όμ μμ λ°μν μ μλ κ³ ν΅μ€λ¬μκ³Ό μκ³ λ‘μμ κ°λΉν μ μμΌλ©°, λμκ° κ·Έ λ
Έλμ ν΅ν μ¬νμμ μνΈμμ© μμμ μμ μ μ‘΄μ¬μ μν μ λλΌκ³ μμμ€νκ°μ λλ μ μλ μνμ μμμΌλ‘ μ μνλ€.
νλ‘λ μΈκ²©κΆμ΄ μΉ¨ν΄λκ±°λ μΈκ°μ μ‘΄μκ³Ό κ°μΉκ° νΌμλ κ²½μ° μ μ μ κ³ ν΅ λλ νΌν΄λ₯Ό μ
μλ€κ³ λ³Έλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ―λ‘ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ 건κ°μ΄ μΉ¨ν΄λ κ²½μ°λ κ·Όλ‘μμ μΈκ²©κΆμ΄ μΉ¨ν΄λ κ²½μ°λΌκ³ ν μ μλ€. κ·Όλ‘μμ μΈκ²©κΆμ μΌλ°μ μΈ μΈκ²©κΆ μΈμ, κ·Όλ‘μ 곡μ ν΅ν΄μ μμλ₯Ό μ€ννκ³ κ·Έμ μ 체μ±μ μ μ§νλ©°, λ κ·Έ λΆμμ κ²°κ³Όλ‘μ ν₯μλ μ§μ
λ₯λ ₯μ κ°μ§λ κ², κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ·Έ κ³Όμ μ ν΅ν΄ μμμ€νκ°κ³Ό 보λμ λλΌλ κ²μ λ΄μ©μΌλ‘ νλ λ
ΈλμΈκ²©κΆμ ν¬ν¨νλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ μ λΉμΆμ΄ λ³Ό λ κ·Όλ‘μκ° κ·Όλ‘μμ λ° μλμ§λ₯Ό μμ€νκ±°λ μμ μ΄ νλ μΌμμ μ§μ
μ ν¨μ©κ° λλ λ§μ‘±κ°μ λλΌμ§ λͺ»νλ€λ©΄, λ
ΈλμΈκ²©κΆμ΄ μΉ¨ν΄λ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ ν μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄ κ²½μ° κ·Όλ‘μλ μΌμ νλ©΄μ κΈ°λνλ μμμ€νκ°μ λλΌμ§ λͺ»νκ² λλ μνμΌ κ²μ΄λ―λ‘, κ·Όλ‘μκ° μ μ μ μΌλ‘ 건κ°ν μν, 곧 κ·Όλ‘μκ° μμ μ μΌμ ν΅ν΄ μμμ€νκ°μ λλ μ μλ μνμμ λ²μ΄λκ² λλ©°, μ΄λλ₯Ό κ·Όλ‘μ μ μ 건κ°μ μΉ¨ν΄κ° μλ λλΌκ³ ν μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.
μ€λλ λΉμ© μ κ° κ²½μλ°©μμ μ°λ¬ΌμΈ μ¬μ©μμ κ³Όμ€ μ
무μ§μλ, κ·Όλ‘μμ μκ° νμ©μ κ·Ήλννλ €λ κ΄μ μμ λΉλ‘―λ κ²μΌλ‘ μΈκ°μ κ°μ²΄ν, μ¬λ¬Όννκ² λμ΄ μΈκ°μ μ‘΄μμ±μ μΉ¨ν΄νκ² λλ€. κ·Όλ‘μλ κ³Όμ€ μ
무μ§μ μμ νλμ΄λ©΄μ μΈκ²©μ μΈ‘λ©΄μμμ λ
Έλμ μλ―Έλ₯Ό μμ΄λ²λ¦ΌμΌλ‘μ¨, λ
ΈλμΈκ²©κΆμ μΉ¨ν΄λΉνκ³ μ μ κ±΄κ° μΉ¨ν΄λ₯Ό μ
κΈ° μ½λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ―λ‘ μ μ κ±΄κ° μΉ¨ν΄ λ°©μ§λ₯Ό μν λ²μ μΈ λ³΄νΈκ° νμνλ€. μ΄λ¬ν λ²μ 보νΈλ κ·Όλ‘μκ° κ±΄κ°νκ² μΌν μ μλλ‘ κ΅κ°μ μ¬μ©μκ° λ³΄νΈ, λ°°λ €ν κ²μ κ·μ¨νλ κ²μμ μμνλλ°, κ·Έ μ΄λ‘ μ κΈ°μ΄λ νλ²μ κΈ°λ³ΈκΆμΈ κ·Όλ‘κΆμμ μ°Ύμ μ μλ€.
μμ κ°μ κΈ°μ΄μ λ
Όμλ₯Ό μ μ λ‘ μ¬μ©μμ μ
무μ§μλ‘ μΈν κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ κ±΄κ° μΉ¨ν΄ λ¬Έμ κ° ννλ²κ³Ό λ
Έλκ³μ½ κ΄κ³ λ΄μμ μ΄λ»κ² κ·μ¨λ μ μλμ§λ₯Ό μ΄ν΄λ³΄μλ€.
λ¨Όμ μ¬μ©μμ μ
무μ§μλ νμ¬μ ν΄μμμΌλ‘λ μ
무μ λΆκ°νΌν μ¬μ μ΄ μμμλ 물리μ μΌλ‘ νμν μ΅μνμ μκ°λ§μ λ νλ½νμ§ μλ λ±μ κ²½μ°μ μ§μ₯λ΄ κ΄΄λ‘νμ ν΄λΉν μ μκΈ°λ νλ, μ¬μ©μμ λΉμ© μ κ° λ° κ·Όλ‘μμ λ
Έλλ ₯ νμ© κ·Ήλν μ λ΅μ΄ ν¬μλ μ‘°μ§λ¬Ένμ λΆμκΈ°, κ·Έλ¬ν μ‘°μ§λ¬Ένλ₯Ό λ°νμΌλ‘ νμ¬ μμμ μΌλ‘ λμ κ°λμμ μΌν μλ°μ μκ² νλ μΌμμ μΈ μ
무μ§μ λ±λ κ΄΄λ‘νμΌλ‘ λ³Ό μ μμμ§μ λν΄μλ ν΄μμ λμ μ΄ μμλ€. λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ νλμ€μ κ²½μ°λ₯Ό μ°Έκ³ λ‘ νμ¬ μ’ λ λ€μν λͺ¨μ΅μ μ
무μ§μκ° κ΄΄λ‘ν κ·μ μ ν¬μλ μ μλ κ°λ₯μ±μ νμΈνμλ€.
λ€μμΌλ‘ μ¬μ©μμ μ
무μ§μλ‘ μΈν μ μ κ±΄κ° μΉ¨ν΄ λ¬Έμ λ μ°μ
μμ 보건λ²μ μ·¨μ§μ μ±κ²©, μ°μ
μμ λ³΄κ±΄λ² μ 5μ‘°μ ν΄μ, μ΅κ·Ό κ³ κ°μλκ·Όλ‘μμ λν 건κ°μ₯ν΄μλ°©μ‘°μΉκ° μ μ€λ μ¬μ€μ΄ μ£Όλ ν¨μ λ±μ κ·Όκ±°λ‘ μ°μ
μμ 보건λ²μμ κ·μ¨ν μ μλ λ¬Έμ μμ νμΈνμλ€.
κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ
무μ§μμ κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ λμΆν μ μλ μ¬μ©μμ ꡬ체μ μΈ μ무μλ κ·Όλ‘μκ° νμ
μ무, κ·Όλ‘μμ μν©μ λ°μνμ¬ μ
무λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ν μ무, μ§μν μ
무μ λν μ νν μ΄ν΄ λ° μμ§ μ무, κ³ κ°μ¬μμ κ±°λ쑰건μ κ·Όλ‘μμκ² μ릴 μ무, κ³ κ°μ¬μ μΆκ°μ μμ
μμ² νμΈο½₯κ°λ
μ무 λ±μ΄ ν¬ν¨λλ€κ³ 보μλ€. λμκ° κ³Όμ€ μ
무μ§μλ‘ μΈν μ μ κ±΄κ° λ¬Έμ κ° μ¬μ©μλΏ μλλΌ κ³ κ°μ¬ λ± μ 3μμ μν΄ μ λ°, μ¬νλλ κ²½μ°λΌλ©΄ κ³μ½μ‘°κ±΄μ΄λ λ΄μ© κ²°μ μ μμ΄ μ΄λ€μ΄ κ°λ μ°μμ μΈ μ§μ λ° λκΈμΈμ μμ ο½₯λ³΄κ±΄μ‘°μΉ κ·μ μ κ΄ν ν΄μμ κ·Όκ±°λ‘ νμ¬ μ΄λ€μκ²λ μ‘°μΉμλ¬΄κ° μλ€κ³ ν μ μλ€.
μ΄λ¬ν ν΄μμ λ°νμΌλ‘ μ°μ
μμ 보건λ²μ λͺ©μ κ·μ , μ¬μ
μ£Ό λ±μ μ무 κ·μ λ° κ·Έ νμλ²κ·, λκΈμΈμ μμ μ‘°μΉ λ° λ³΄κ±΄μ‘°μΉ κ·μ λ±μ κ°μ νκ³ , μ무 κ΅μ‘ κ·μ μ μ μ€ν νμκ° μλ€κ³ 보μλ€. λλΆμ΄ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ κ±΄κ° λ³΄νΈλ₯Ό μν μλ‘μ΄ μ²΄κ³μ μ₯μΉλ₯Ό μ€κ³ν νμκ° μλ€κ³ νλ¨νμλ€.
κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ κ±΄κ° λ³΄νΈ λ°©μκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ μ¬λ¬ μ ν λ¬Ένλ€μ, 물리μ ο½₯μ¬νμ¬λ¦¬μ νκ²½μ κ°μ νκ³ μ€νΈλ μ€ μ 곡μμ λ³νμν€λ μ΄λ₯Έλ° 1μ°¨ μλ°©μ κ°μ‘°νκ³ μμ΄ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ΄λ¬ν μ κ·Όλ²μ κ΄μ² ν μ λλ₯Ό μ μνμλ€. μ΄λ κ·Όλ‘μκ° κ³Όμ€ μ
λ¬΄λ‘ μ μ 건κ°μ΄ μΉ¨ν΄λ κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ μμ΄ λ³΄μ΄λ κ²½μ° μ°μ
보건μμ μλ΄μ λ°λλ‘ κΆκ³ νκ³ , νμν κ²½μ° μ°μ
보건μκ° μ¬μ©μμκ² κ·Όλ‘μμ μν©μ μλ € ν΄λΉ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ κ±΄κ° λ³΄νΈλ₯Ό μν΄ μ μ ν μ‘°μΉκ° μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§λλ‘ νλ κ²μ λ΄μ©μΌλ‘ νλ μ λ(μ΄λ₯Έλ° 경보체κ³)μ΄λ€. μ μ λμ μν΄ κΈ°λ‘ο½₯μμ§ο½₯ 보κ΄λλ μ 보λ€μ 보μκ³Ό κ΄λ¦¬μμ μ€λ¦½μ±κ³Ό λ
립μ±, λΉλ°μ μ§μ무μ μΆ©μ€ν μ€μκ° λ΄λ³΄λλ€λ©΄, μ μ μ β€μΈκ²©μ μΌλ‘ μΉ¨ν΄λ₯Ό λ°μ§ μλ κ·Όλ‘νκ²½μμ κ·Όλ‘ν κΆλ¦¬λ‘μμ κ·Όλ‘κΆ λ° κ·Έλ‘λΆν° ꡬ체νλ κΆλ¦¬λ€μ μ€νν μ μλ μ λλ‘ κΈ°λ₯ν μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.
μ 경보체κ³μ ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ μνμ μνμ¬ μ°μ
보건μ μ λμ μ¬μ λΉκ° νμνλ€. μ°μ
보건μμ κΆνμ κ°ννλ λ°©ν₯μΌλ‘ μ
λ²μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ ΈμΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ κ±΄κ° μΉ¨ν΄μμΈμ νκ°ν μ무λ₯Ό μ°μ
보건μμ μ§λ¬΄λ‘ μΆκ°ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ 1μ°¨ μλ°© μ κ·Όμ΄ κ°νλλλ‘ ν΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄κ³ , κ·Όλ‘μμ μ 보μ κ΄λ ¨λ λΉλ°μ μ§ μ무λ νμμ μΌλ‘ μμ²λλ€. λμκ° μ μ κ±΄κ° μμμμμ μ λ¬Έμ± μ건λ μ격μ건μΌλ‘ μΆκ°ν΄μΌ ν νμκ° μλ€.
μ°μ
μμ 보건μμνμ κ·Όλ‘μλν μ λμ μ¬μ λΉλ νμνλ€. λ¨Όμ μ°μ
μμ 보건μμνμ μ¬μο½₯μκ²° μ¬νμ κ΄νμ¬, μμν λ―Έμ€μΉ μ¬μ
μ₯μ κ²½μ°μλ κ·Όλ‘μλνμ μ견μ²μ·¨(μ¬μμ¬νμ κ²½μ°) λλ λμ(μκ²°μ¬νμ κ²½μ°) λ°©μμ΄ μλ, κ·Όλ‘μ κ³Όλ°μμ μ견μ²μ·¨ λλ μ§λ¨μ λμλ‘ λ°κΎΈλ κ²μ΄ νμν κ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ²½λ³΄μ²΄κ³μ ν¨κ³Όμ μνμ μν΄ νμν μ¬νλ€μ μ°μ
μμ 보건μμν μ¬μο½₯μκ²°μ¬νμΌλ‘ λͺ
μν νμκ° μκ³ , μ°μ
μμ 보건μμν μ€μΉμ¬μ
μ₯μ κΈ°μ€μ ν©λ¦¬μ μΌλ‘ μ‘°μ ν΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€.
κ·Όλ‘κΈ°μ€λ² λ΄ κ·μ¨ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘λ, λ¨Όμ μ§μ₯ λ΄ κ΄΄λ‘ν κ·μ μ 보μνκ³ λͺ©μ κ·μ μ κ°μ ν κ²μ μ μνμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ¬μ©μμ μ
무μ§μλ‘ μΈνμ¬ μ μ 건κ°μ μΉ¨ν΄λ₯Ό λ°κ² λ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ μ§ μμ μκ° κ·Έμ λν λμμΌλ‘ μ¬μ§νλ λ°©λ²μ μ ννκ³ μλ νμ€μ μ°©μνμ¬, κ·Όλ‘μκ° μ¬μ©μμ κ³Όμ€ μ
무μ§μλ‘ μΈν΄ κ³ ν΅λ°μ μ¬μ§ν κ²½μ° μ΄λ₯Ό ν΄κ³ λ‘ μμ νμ¬ λΆλΉν΄κ³ ꡬμ μ μ°¨μ μ μ©μ λ°λλ‘ νλ λ²λ¦¬λ₯Ό λμ
ν κ²μ μ μνμλ€. μ΄λ ꡬμ λͺ
λ Ήμ κΈμ 보μμ λ₯Ό μμΉμΌλ‘ νμλ€. μ΄μ μ¬μ§μ μ μΆμ΄ λΆλΉν΄κ³ λ‘ μΈμ λλ κ²½μ°, κ·Όλ‘μλ μμΉμ μΌλ‘ κΈμ 보μμ λ°κ² λλ€. μ΄λ κ·Όλ‘μμκ² μ μ κ±΄κ° μΉ¨ν΄ μμΈμΌλ‘λΆν°μ ν΄λ°©κ³Ό 보μμ μ μλ₯Ό μ 곡νλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μμ ν΄κ³ μ μνλ μ
μ¦μ±
μκ³Ό κ°νλ κΈμ 보μλͺ
λ Ήμ μ¬μ©μλ‘ νμ¬κΈ μ€μ€λ‘ μνμμΈμΌλ‘μμ μ
무μ§μλ₯Ό μ μ΄νλλ‘ νλ κΈ°μ λ‘ μμ©ν¨μ λ°λΌ κ·Όλ‘μ μ μ κ±΄κ° μΉ¨ν΄ λ°©μ§ λ° μλ°©μ κΈ°λ₯μ νκ² λλ€.
μμ ν΄κ³ μΈμ κ°λ₯μ±μ λμ΄κΈ° μν΄ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ¦λͺ
μ±
μμ μννλ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘, β μ¬μ©μκ° κ·Όλ‘μμ κ³Όμ€ μ
무 μν©μ μ μ μμμμλ μ μ ν μ‘°μΉλ₯Ό μ·¨νμ§ μμμμ 보μ¬μ£Όλ μΌλ ¨μ μ¬μ€λ€μ κ·Όλ‘μκ° μλͺ
νλ©΄ μ¬μ©μμ μ€λν κ³μ½ μλ° νμκ° μΆμ λμ΄ μμ ν΄κ³ λ‘ μΈμ λλλ‘ νκ³ (μΌμμ μΆμ ), β‘ κ·Έ μμ ν΄κ³ κ° λΆλΉν μμ ν΄κ³ λ‘ μΆμ λλλ‘ ν ν(λ²λ₯ μ μΆμ ), β’ μ¬μ©μλ μμ μ μ
무μ§μκ° μ λΉν κ²μ΄μμμ λ³Έμ¦μ μ λλ‘ λ°μ¦νμ¬ μ
무μ§μμ λΆλΉμ± μΆμ μ κΉ¨μΌλ§ κ·Όλ‘μμ μ¬μ§μ μ μΆμ΄ λΆλΉν μμ ν΄κ³ κ° μλμλ€λ μ μ΄ μΈμ λλλ‘ νλ λ°©λ²μ μ μνμλ€.
λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ΄ κ°λ ν¨μλ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. λ¨Όμ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬λ€μ κ΄μ μ΄ κ·Όλ‘μ μ μ κ±΄κ° λ³΄νΈ, κ΄λ¦¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν μμ°μ± μ¦λλΌλ λΉμ©ο½₯νΈμ΅μ κ΄μ μ μ
κ°νμλ€λ©΄ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ λ³΄λ€ κ·Όλ‘μμ κ΄μ μμ λ
Έλμ΄ μΈκ°μκ² κ°λ μλ―Έμ λ
Έλμ μΈκ²©μ μΈ μΈ‘λ©΄μ μ΄μ μ λμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ μ μ§νμ΄ λ°μνμ§ μλλ‘ νλ λ°μ κ΅νλμ§ μκ³ λ
ΈλμΈκ²©μ νΌμ μμ΄ λ
Έλμ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μΈκ²©μ μ€νμ κ°λ₯νκ² νλ€λ μλ―Έλ‘μμ μ μ κ±΄κ° κ°λ
μ μ 립νκ³ μ νμλ€.
λν λ³Έ λ
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μμ 보건 μ²΄κ³ λ΄μμ ν볡과 보μο½₯λ°°μμ κ΄μ λ³΄λ€ μλ°©μ κ΄μ μμ μ κ·Όνκ³ μ νμλ€.A laborers burnout syndrome has become one of the serious issues these days. It causes the feeling of energy depletion or exhaustion, increases mental distance from the job, negativism or cynicism related to the job, reduces professional efficacy, and loses willpower and empathy. It might not exist except in ones minds that a laborer reaches self-realization or feels worthy or happy through labor, Under these circumstances, the discussion on countermeasures is needed in advance to protect laborers mental health from getting devastated due to a heavy workload.
Though the mental health of laborers has become an important topic, discussions on it have mainly been around the issues such as violence, bullying, discrimination, sexual harassment, and so on. An employers work directive, by the way, can be the factor that harms a laborers mental health. For example, depending on the way the work order is exercised, it can bring out burnout syndrome to laborers. Specifically, such a work directive includes imposing a laborer excessive work, pressuring a laborer, and assigning a laborer additional tasks that were not planned at all at the beginning. Such a directive deepens the labor intensity of the laborers, provokes higher level of stress, and, in severe cases, causes a variety of diseases. The laborer may be mentally damaged like losing the willpower to work and getting depersonalized along the way.
This dissertation discussed methods of resolution to protect laborers mental health from getting damaged due to the employers directive imposing a heavy workload,
First of all, since the legal concept of a laborers mental health is not settled clearly, although it is commonly used, this dissertation established the concept of the mental health of a laborer. By definition, a laborer is mentally healthy means a laborer is at the state of being able to create value, to lay the material foundation, to cope with laboriousness that can be generated along the way, and more than that, to feel his/her existence, role, and a sense of self-realization in social interaction through labor.
It was found that the judicial precedents acknowledged the existence of mental anguish or psychological damage when a Personality Right(hereinafter referred to as personality right) or Human Dignity and Value is violated. Therefore, it is assured that the case that a laborers mental health is violated is when the laborers personality right is violated. The personality right of a laborer, here, means both the one as a general personality right and the other as a characteristic personality right as a laborer. And the personality right of a laborer(so-called personality right in labor) is a specific right in the labor realm, which includes that a laborer could achieve self-fulfillment, maintain his/her identity, obtain improved occupational ability, and feel worthwhile, happy, and self-realized through labor. If so, when a laborer loses his/her willpower to work and becomes exhausted, or fails to feel efficacy or satisfaction, it would show that the laborers personality right in labor is violated. In this case, the laborer would not to be able to feel a sense of self-actualization that he/she has expected or has been feeling by laboring. Then, the laborer gets out of the state of being mentally healthy, which one may say he/she is at the state of mental health violated.
The employers excessive directive, which is originated from the perspective of maximizing the utilization of laborers time, as a byproduct of cost reduction management system today, objectifies human beings and violates their dignity. The laborer, swamped with tons of tasks to be done, comes to lose meaning of the personal aspect of labor, which leads to the violation of personality right in labor and mental health. In this respect, the legal intervention from the perspective of Labor Law is required. This intervention in Labor Law starts from regulating government and employers to take care of laborers in order for them to be able to work at the environment that enables them to maintain their mental health as well as their physical health. The theoretical ground of regulating such obligation to take consideration for a laborers mental health can be found in the interpretation of Right to Work.
Based on the discussion above, this study examined how the problem of a laborers mental health caused by an employers excessive directive can be regulated in the current laws and labor contract relationships.
Firstly, some of employers excessive directives may constitute workplace harassment in Labor Standard Act according to the present interpretation, when the directive is exercised in inappropriate situations, even though there was no unavoidable circumstances, not allowing even the minimum amount of time physically required, and so on. However, there was an interpretative problem as to whether an organizational culture or atmosphere where an employers cost-minimization and efficacy-maximization strategy are reflected, and an ordinary directive based on that culture or atmosphere that impels laborers to fulfill intensified and excessive tasks habitually, could be viewed as workplace harassment. This study found more diverse directives can be interpreted into workplace harassment with reference to cases in France.
Secondly, this study confirmed the problem of a laborers mental health infringement caused by an employers excessive directive can be regulated under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, based on the purpose and characteristics of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the interpretation of the Article 5 of the Act, the implication of the recent legislation on the measures for prevention of customer service laborers health disorder. Then, the study has drawn specific obligations of the employer that can be imposed on the employers excessive directive, such as the obligation to identify laborers working hours, to understand and be well-informed of tasks the employer would order, to give information on the contract conditions decided between the employer and the client company(contractor) regarding the business that can be the aim of the employers directive, to check and supervise whether there is any extra work from a client company(contractor) in a supply chain such as an additional request or a changed request that a contractor directly orders to a laborer. Furthermore, the study examined that these obligations can be imposed on those who are not employers but carry weight with the employers, if the problems of a laborers mental health caused by excessive directive are brought about from them or get aggravated by them, based on the dominant status they have in making a decision on the contract conditions or contents regarding the contractual right-obligation.
Based on this interpretation, the study asserted that the provisions on purpose, duties of Business Owners, etc and the subordinate regulations, and duties of contractor are needed to be revised and the provisions on compulsory education are needed to be established.
In addition, the study claimed that a new system should be planned. Since precedent literatures regarding the protection of laborers mental health have emphasized so-called primary prevention, meaning improving physical and psychosocial environments and changing stressors, the study suggests the system which tries to satisfy that point of view. This system recommends the laborer whose mental health is likely to be violated due to a heavy workload to take counsel from an industrial health doctor, allows the doctor to inform the employer of the laborers status and advises him regarding some measures needed, if a certain standard is satisfied in the doctors judgment based on the records of the laborers work and counseling space(so called alarm system). This system has a legal issue on the possibility of violation of the Right to Informational Self-Determination. If thorough compliance is assured on the security of information recorded, collected, and kept by the alarm system, neutrality and independence of the administrator, confidentiality obligation, and the benefit as protection of laborers mental health that could be obtained through this system would predominate over the degree of the Right to Informational Self-Determination restricted through implementing this system.
In order for the system to be effectively implemented, a reorganization of the system of industrial health doctor is required. A legislation is needed in the direction to strengthen the authority of the industrial health doctor. Also an approach in the prospect of primary prevention should be strengthened, by adding the employers obligation to estimate factors which violate laborers mental health. An obligation of confidentiality regarding laborers information also needs to be strongly requested. A qualification requirement needs to be stricter, too.
Additionally, a reorganization of the Occupational Safety and Health Committee and Representative of Employees is required. First of all, regarding important matters requiring to be deliberated or to resolved, in the place of business where no Occupational Health and Safety Committee is established, the way to make decision should be turned into hearing opinions and obtaining collective consent of more than half of laborers, respectively from the current way hearing opinions, obtaining consent from the Representative of Employees only. Also, for the prevention of mental health from being violated due to the employers directive imposing a heavy workload, the points which are necessary for the effective implementation of the alarm system should be specifically stated as matters that are required to be deliberated or resolved. The standard for setting up an Occupational Safety and Health Committee needs to be reasonably adjusted, too.
As for measures that can be realized in the Labor Standard Act, the study suggests that the act should supplement the provision on workplace harassment, revise the provision on purpose and introduce a new principle on dismissal regulation. Based on the actual condition where a number of laborers have been suffering from mental health violations due to the employers excessive directive and come to resign in response to it, this study proposes introducing a law that requires laborers to be subjected to unfair dismissal and relief procedures, if they resigned after suffering from mental anguish due to the employers directive imposing a heavy workload. In this case, remedial order should be the monetary compensation in principle. When the submission of resignation is admitted as an unfair dismissal, the laborer comes to be compensated in money. It not only provides laborers with liberation from and compensatory justice from the factors that infringe mental health, but also functions as a mechanism that prevents the laborers mental health from getting damaged, making the employer control his/her directives voluntarily with the burden of strengthened compensation.
As a method of alleviating the burden of proof to enhance the possibility of his/her resignation being acknowledged as a constructive dismissal, this study suggests several methods: (i) once a laborer gives prima-facie evidences of a series of facts which demonstrate that the employer didnt take any measure in the situation where he could recognize the laborer suffered from a heavy workload, a significant violation of a labor contract by an employer is estimated, (ii) once a constructive dismissal is acknowledged, the dismissal is estimated as unjust, and (iii) the employer should give disproof that proves his/her directive was justifiable to such an extent to break the presumed facts in order not for the laborers submission of retirement to be acknowledged as unjust constructive dismissal.
The implication of this study is as follows. While other precedent literatures seem to have focused on the cost-benefit analysis of protecting laborer mental health and increasing productivity through management, this study focused more on the meaning of labor to man and the personality aspect of labor from the perspective of laborers. It also tried to establish a normative concept of mental health, which is not limited to the level that just prevents mental disorder but enables a laborer to reach self-realization through labor, without the damages of personality right in labor.
In addition, this study attempted to deal with overwork or long work hours within a framework of occupational safety and health, beyond the discussion in the realm of working conditions under the Labor Standard Act. Since laborers long work hours, overwork, and such are on the back of an employers exercised directive, under which a laborer cannot help doing so, such a directive is a serious occupational hazard. This study also took an approach from the perspective of ex ante prevention, rather than the perspective of recovery, compensation, or reparation.μ 1μ₯ μλ‘ 1
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μκ³Όλν μνκ³Ό,2020. 2. μ΄μ건.The spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is heterogeneous group of inherited diseases which commonly presents with progressive ataxia. As serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) has been known as a promising biomarker in various neurodegenerative diseases, we aimed to evaluate serum NfL as a biomarker indicating neuronal damage in SCAs. In this study, we compared serum NfL in SCA patients with controls, and analyzed the correlation of serum NfL with clinical severity. We reviewed clinical characteristics and serum NfL level in 49 patients with SCA. Serum NfL was median 109.5 pg/mL (17.9-388.5 pg/mL) in SCA patients, and was higher than controls (median 41.1 pg/mL, 20.8-197.9 pg/mL). Within SCA patients, there was positive correlation in serum NfL level with trinucleotide repeat number (0.469, p-value = 0.001), disease period(r = 0.341, p-value = 0.019), and baseline Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) scale (r = 0.371, p-value = 0.033). However, disease onset did not have significant correlation with serum NfL (r = -0.013, p-value = 0.934). Within different SCA types, the trinucleotide repeat number and serum NfL did not have significant correlation. In summary, we found that serum NfL elevates in SCA patients, and correlates with clinical severity. Further studies with larger longitudinal cohorts of SCA patients with different SCA types, including patients with pre-clinical stage, is required to investigate serum NfL as reliable biomarker and screening method of SCA.μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦μ μ μ§μ μΈ μ€μ‘°μ¦μ μ§νμ νΉμ§μΌλ‘ νλ λ€μν μ μ μ§νλ€μ ν΅νμ΄ μΌμ»«λλ€. νμ² μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈλ λ€μν μ κ²½ ν΄νμ± μ§νμμ μ μ©ν μ체νμ§μλ‘ λ°νμ§κ³ μμ΄, νμ² μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈ κ²½μκ° μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦μ μ κ²½μΈν¬ μμμ λνλ΄λ μ체νμ§μκ° λ μ μμμ§ μμλ³΄κ³ μ νμλ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μμλ, μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ νμμ 건κ°ν λμ‘°κ΅° μ¬μ΄μ νμ² μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈ κ²½μ μΈ‘μ μΉλ₯Ό λΉκ΅νμκ³ , μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ νμμμ μμμ μΈ μ€μ¦λμ νμ² μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈ κ²½μ μμΉμμ μ°κ΄μ±μ λΆμνμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μνμ¬ μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ νμ 49λͺ
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(μ€μκ° 41.1 pg/mL, λ²μ 20.8β197.9 pg/mL) κ³Ό λΉκ΅νμμ λ μ μνκ² λμ κ°μ λνλ΄μλ€ (p-value < 0.001). μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ νμ λ΄μμ νμ² μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈ κ²½μ κ°κ³Ό μ§λ³ μ¬κ°λλ₯Ό λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό, μΌμΌκΈ° λ°λ³΅κ° (r=0.469, p-value = 0.001), μ§λ³ μ λ³ κΈ°κ° (r = 0.341, p-value = 0.019) λ° SARA μ²λλ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ€μ‘°μ¦ μ¬κ°λμ μ μν μμ μκ΄κ΄κ³κ° μμλ€ (r = 0.371, p-value = 0.033). κ·Έλ¬λ μ§λ³μ 첫 λ°λ³ μ°λ Ήκ³Όλ λλ ·ν μ°κ΄μ±μ νμΈνμ§ λͺ»νμλ€ (r = -0.013, p-value = 0.934). λν, κ° μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ μν λ΄μμ μΌμΌκΈ° λ°λ³΅κ°κ³Ό μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈ κ²½μ μμΉμμ μ°κ΄μ±μ λΆμνμμΌλ μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ 2ν, 3ν, 6νμμ λͺ¨λ λλ ·ν μ°κ΄μ±μ΄ μμλ€. μ’
ν©νλ©΄, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ νμμμ νμ² μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈ κ²½μ μμΉκ° μ¦κ°νλ©°, μΌμΌκΈ° λ°λ³΅κ°, μ§λ³ μ λ³ κΈ°κ° λ° SARA μ²λλ‘ λνλλ μ§λ³μ μ€μ¦λμ μμ μκ΄ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ°μ§μ νμΈνμλ€. ν₯ν νμ² μ κ²½νλΌλ©νΈ κ²½μλ₯Ό μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦μμμ μ체νμ§μ λ° μ λ³κ²μ¬λ‘ νμ©νκΈ° μνμ¬λ, λ λ€μν μνμ ν¬ν¨νλ λκ·λͺ¨μ μ²μμλμ± μ€μ‘°μ¦ νμκ΅° λ° μ ꡬ λ¨κ³ νμλ€μ ν¬ν¨ν μ°κ΅¬κ° μ§νλμ΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€.Introduction 1
Material and Methods 3
Results 7
Discussion 11
Reference 15
Abstract in Korean 33Maste