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    ๋น„๋งŒ ์ฅ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ์ด ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ง€์ƒ์œค.Myonectin, also known as C1q tumor necrosis factor ฮฑ related protein isoform 15 (CTRP15), is a type of myokine newly discovered in 2012. Myonectin was related to muscle and lipid metabolism via its action on adipose tissue and liver, providing insight into complex tissue cross-talk. With the increase of myonectin, fatty acid transporters are activated which positively effects on lipid metabolism, and it draws attention to its role in chronic diseases such as obesity. Although the effect of myonectin on glucose and lipids metabolism has provided promising remedial opportunities, the molecular mechanisms of expression, secretion, and the action of myonectin have not been elucidated yet. Considering the characteristics of myonectin, which is predominantly secreted from skeletal muscles and regulated by the metabolic state, the research to evaluate exercise and diet restrictions in the metabolic disease model is needed. Therefore, this study compares the differences in expression levels of myonectin and fatty acid transporters between groups with exercise and diet restrictions treatment. Male C57BL/6 mice (n=36) were randomly assigned to six groups: normal diet feeding sedentary (CON) group, normal diet feeding exercise (CON+EX) group, high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-fed sedentary group, HFHS diet-fed exercise (HFHS+EX) group, Normal Diet (ND) after feeding 8 weeks of HFHS diet sedentary group, and normal diet-fed exercise (ND+EX) group. In order to induce metabolic abnormalities, high-fat high-sucrose diets were supplied for 8 weeks, followed by 8 weeks of aerobic exercise interventions and dietary restrictions depending on the group. To evaluate the effect of exercise and diet control in obese mouse, myonectin and molecules involved in skeletal muscle fat metabolism were analyzed. Myonectin and fatty acid transporters gene expression in mice were assessed by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) performed on liver and soleus muscle. Total protein expression level of myonectin was evaluated by using western blot. Both RNA and protein level of myonectin was significantly increased in the CON+EX group than the CON group, suggesting the effect of exercise on myonectin secretion. However, in the HFHS+EX group, which continued high-fat high-sucrose diets with exercise treatment, myonectin level expression was not significantly increase compared to the HFHS group. The ND and ND+EX groups, which changed to -a normal diet after induced metabolic abnormalities, showed no significant differences in myonectin expression levels between groups, but higher than HFHS and HFHS+EX groups. FABP1 and FATP1, which help transport fatty acid into cells, showed no significant differences between HFHS+EX and HFHS, but it tended to increase in NDEX groups compared to ND groups. Although exercise is recommended as one of the positive tools for obesity, exercise alone could not change the lipid metabolic factors for obese mice. However, when exercise combined with diet control, the increase of myonectin with fatty acid transporter genes were observed. The combination of diet and exercise has a positive effect on lipid metabolism, which is expected to play a therapeutic role in obesity.๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด(myonectin)์€ C1q tumor necrosis factor ฮฑ related protein isoform 15 (CTRP15)์œผ๋กœ 2012๋…„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค์นด์ธ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์‹/์žฌ์„ญ์ทจ, ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์˜์–‘ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ ์ฒ˜์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 8์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋งž์ถฐ 8์ฃผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์žฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒด์ค‘, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง, ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TC, TG ๋†๋„, ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ Western Blot ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ total RNA ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ Real-time PCR ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€์€ P<0.05์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” One-way ANOVA, Student Independent t-test ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฒ€์ฆ์œผ๋กœ Bonferroni ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ RNA ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์€ CON๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€๋น„ CON+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ์šด๋™์ด ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋น„๋งŒ ์ฅ์ธ HFHS+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, HFHS๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทผ์œก์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ RNA ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 8์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ND๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•œ ND+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ND๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ HFHS๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ HFHS+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด์ธ FABP1๊ณผ FATP1์€ HFHS+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ HFHS๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ND+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ND๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TG์™€ TC๋Š” ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ CON์ˆ˜์ค€๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด์— ์šด๋™๋งŒ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ HFHS+EX์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ธ grip strength์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ•์˜ ์‹์ด๋กœ ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์šด๋™ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์€ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TG, TC์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TG, TC ์ˆ˜์ค€, grip strength ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„, ๋น„๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.โ… . Introduction ๏ผ‘ 1.1. Significance of Research ๏ผ‘ 1.2. Purpose of Research ๏ผ“ 1.3. Research Hypothesis ๏ผ” โ…ก. Background ๏ผ• 2.1. Obesity ๏ผ• 2.1.1. Prevalence of obesity ๏ผ• 2.1.2. Exercise and obesity ๏ผ– 2.1.3. Dietary change and obesity ๏ผ– 2.1.4. Exercise, diet control, and obesity ๏ผ— 2.2. Myokine ๏ผ˜ 2.3. Myonectin ๏ผ™ 2.3.1. Roles of myonectin in iron homeostasis ๏ผ™ 2.3.2. Roles of myonectin in lipid metabolism 10 2.3.3. Roles of myonectin in liver autophagy and heart protection 11 2.4. Roles of fatty acid transporters in lipid metabolism 12 2.5. Changes in gene expression of myonectin and fatty acid transporters by exercise and diet control interventions in obese mouse model 13 โ…ข. Methods 14 3.1. Animals 14 3.2. Exercise program 18 3.3. Grip strength test 19 3.4. Hanging test 19 3.5. Body composition analysis 20 3.6. Sample preparation 20 3.7. Lipid analysis 20 3.8. Total RNA extraction and RT-qPCR analysis 21 3.9. Total protein extraction and western blot analysis 22 3.10. Statistical analysis 22 3.11. Ethics statements 23 โ…ฃ. Results 24 4.1. Effects of dietary change and exercise on body weight and adipose tissue. 24 4.2. Effects of dietary change and exercise on serum and quadriceps muscle of TG and serum TC concentration 27 4.3. Effects of dietary change and exercise on muscle performance 29 4.4. Effects of dietary changes and exercise on the expression of myonectin 31 4.5. Effects of dietary changes and exercise on the expression of fatty acid transporters 34 โ…ค. Discussion 37 โ…ฅ. Conclusion 43 โ…ฆ. Reference 44 ์ดˆ๋ก 52์„

    ๋น„๋งŒ ์ฅ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ์ด ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ง€์ƒ์œค.Myonectin, also known as C1q tumor necrosis factor ฮฑ related protein isoform 15 (CTRP15), is a type of myokine newly discovered in 2012. Myonectin was related to muscle and lipid metabolism via its action on adipose tissue and liver, providing insight into complex tissue cross-talk. With the increase of myonectin, fatty acid transporters are activated which positively effects on lipid metabolism, and it draws attention to its role in chronic diseases such as obesity. Although the effect of myonectin on glucose and lipids metabolism has provided promising remedial opportunities, the molecular mechanisms of expression, secretion, and the action of myonectin have not been elucidated yet. Considering the characteristics of myonectin, which is predominantly secreted from skeletal muscles and regulated by the metabolic state, the research to evaluate exercise and diet restrictions in the metabolic disease model is needed. Therefore, this study compares the differences in expression levels of myonectin and fatty acid transporters between groups with exercise and diet restrictions treatment. Male C57BL/6 mice (n=36) were randomly assigned to six groups: normal diet feeding sedentary (CON) group, normal diet feeding exercise (CON+EX) group, high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-fed sedentary group, HFHS diet-fed exercise (HFHS+EX) group, Normal Diet (ND) after feeding 8 weeks of HFHS diet sedentary group, and normal diet-fed exercise (ND+EX) group. In order to induce metabolic abnormalities, high-fat high-sucrose diets were supplied for 8 weeks, followed by 8 weeks of aerobic exercise interventions and dietary restrictions depending on the group. To evaluate the effect of exercise and diet control in obese mouse, myonectin and molecules involved in skeletal muscle fat metabolism were analyzed. Myonectin and fatty acid transporters gene expression in mice were assessed by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) performed on liver and soleus muscle. Total protein expression level of myonectin was evaluated by using western blot. Both RNA and protein level of myonectin was significantly increased in the CON+EX group than the CON group, suggesting the effect of exercise on myonectin secretion. However, in the HFHS+EX group, which continued high-fat high-sucrose diets with exercise treatment, myonectin level expression was not significantly increase compared to the HFHS group. The ND and ND+EX groups, which changed to -a normal diet after induced metabolic abnormalities, showed no significant differences in myonectin expression levels between groups, but higher than HFHS and HFHS+EX groups. FABP1 and FATP1, which help transport fatty acid into cells, showed no significant differences between HFHS+EX and HFHS, but it tended to increase in NDEX groups compared to ND groups. Although exercise is recommended as one of the positive tools for obesity, exercise alone could not change the lipid metabolic factors for obese mice. However, when exercise combined with diet control, the increase of myonectin with fatty acid transporter genes were observed. The combination of diet and exercise has a positive effect on lipid metabolism, which is expected to play a therapeutic role in obesity.๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด(myonectin)์€ C1q tumor necrosis factor ฮฑ related protein isoform 15 (CTRP15)์œผ๋กœ 2012๋…„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค์นด์ธ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์‹/์žฌ์„ญ์ทจ, ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์˜์–‘ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ ์ฒ˜์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 8์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋งž์ถฐ 8์ฃผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์žฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒด์ค‘, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง, ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TC, TG ๋†๋„, ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ Western Blot ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ total RNA ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ Real-time PCR ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€์€ P<0.05์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” One-way ANOVA, Student Independent t-test ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฒ€์ฆ์œผ๋กœ Bonferroni ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ RNA ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์€ CON๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€๋น„ CON+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ์šด๋™์ด ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋น„๋งŒ ์ฅ์ธ HFHS+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, HFHS๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทผ์œก์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ RNA ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 8์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ND๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•œ ND+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ND๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ HFHS๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ HFHS+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด์ธ FABP1๊ณผ FATP1์€ HFHS+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ HFHS๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ND+EX๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ND๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TG์™€ TC๋Š” ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ CON์ˆ˜์ค€๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ• ์‹์ด์— ์šด๋™๋งŒ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ HFHS+EX์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ธ grip strength์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ์„คํƒ•์˜ ์‹์ด๋กœ ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์šด๋™ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์€ ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TG, TC์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค๋„ฅํ‹ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ TG, TC ์ˆ˜์ค€, grip strength ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„, ๋น„๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹์ด ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.โ… . Introduction ๏ผ‘ 1.1. Significance of Research ๏ผ‘ 1.2. Purpose of Research ๏ผ“ 1.3. Research Hypothesis ๏ผ” โ…ก. Background ๏ผ• 2.1. Obesity ๏ผ• 2.1.1. Prevalence of obesity ๏ผ• 2.1.2. Exercise and obesity ๏ผ– 2.1.3. Dietary change and obesity ๏ผ– 2.1.4. Exercise, diet control, and obesity ๏ผ— 2.2. Myokine ๏ผ˜ 2.3. Myonectin ๏ผ™ 2.3.1. Roles of myonectin in iron homeostasis ๏ผ™ 2.3.2. Roles of myonectin in lipid metabolism 10 2.3.3. Roles of myonectin in liver autophagy and heart protection 11 2.4. Roles of fatty acid transporters in lipid metabolism 12 2.5. Changes in gene expression of myonectin and fatty acid transporters by exercise and diet control interventions in obese mouse model 13 โ…ข. Methods 14 3.1. Animals 14 3.2. Exercise program 18 3.3. Grip strength test 19 3.4. Hanging test 19 3.5. Body composition analysis 20 3.6. Sample preparation 20 3.7. Lipid analysis 20 3.8. Total RNA extraction and RT-qPCR analysis 21 3.9. Total protein extraction and western blot analysis 22 3.10. Statistical analysis 22 3.11. Ethics statements 23 โ…ฃ. Results 24 4.1. Effects of dietary change and exercise on body weight and adipose tissue. 24 4.2. Effects of dietary change and exercise on serum and quadriceps muscle of TG and serum TC concentration 27 4.3. Effects of dietary change and exercise on muscle performance 29 4.4. Effects of dietary changes and exercise on the expression of myonectin 31 4.5. Effects of dietary changes and exercise on the expression of fatty acid transporters 34 โ…ค. Discussion 37 โ…ฅ. Conclusion 43 โ…ฆ. Reference 44 ์ดˆ๋ก 52์„

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