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    ๋‹จ์ผ 3์ฐจ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ํ™•๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊น€๋‚จ์ค‘.Background: To optimize antibiotic use, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined core elements of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP). However, they are difficult to implement in countries with limited-resources. We report on the successful implementation of a series of ASP with insufficient number of infectious diseases specialists. Methods: We retrospectively collected data regarding antibiotic prescription and culture results of all patients admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital (SNUBH) from January 2010 to December 2019. Trend analyses were performed using nonparametric two-sided correlated seasonal Mannโ€“Kendall tests. Results: Total antibiotic agent usage significantly decreased with ASP implementation at SNUBH since 2010 (days of therapy per 1000 patient-days [DOT]: 617.49 to 550.81; P < 0.01). Also, glycopeptide (DOT: 22.88 to 18.81; P < 0.01) and fluoroquinolone (FQ, DOT: 65.29 to 46.15; P < 0.01) use gradually decreased. Third-generation cephalosporins (3GC; DOT: 115.04 to 108.86; P = 0.48) and carbapenem use (DOT: 21.10 to 20.42; P = 1.00) did not significantly change. Furthermore, the rate of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed a consistently decreasing trend (Antimicrobial resistance [AMR] rate [%]: 55.4 to 45.5; P < 0.01). Although that with 3GC- (AMR rate [%]: 18.9 to 37.1; P < 0.01) and FQ-resistant Escherichia coli (AMR rate [%]: 41.4 to 53.7; P < 0.01) significantly increased, that of 3GC resistant-Klebsiella pneumoniae did not increase (AMR rate [%]: 22.3 to 26.5; P = 1.00). Also, that of 3GC- (AMR rate [%]: 15.8 to 12.3; P = 0.01) and FQ-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AMR rate [%]: 29.5 to 23.1; P = 0.01) significantly decreased. Conclusions: Stepwise implementation of core ASP elements was effective in reducing total antibiotic use despite a lack of sufficient manpower.๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ด๋“œ์‹ญ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(Antimicrobial stewardship program; ASP)์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์ œ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์›์ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ASP์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ํ™•๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ผ๊ฐœ ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ASP ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์„ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ „๋žต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 2010๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์„ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2-sided correlated seasonal Mann-Kendall nonparametric tests๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ASPํ™œ๋™๋“ค์„ ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ days of therapy per 1000 patient-days (DOT) ๊ธฐ์ค€ 617.49์—์„œ 550.81๋กœ ์•ฝ 10.80%๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (P < 0.01). ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ค‘์—์„  glycopeptide (DOT: 22.88 to 18.81; P < 0.01)์™€ fluoroquinolone (FQ, DOT: 65.29 to 46.15; P < 0.01)์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, 3์„ธ๋Œ€ cephalosporin (3rd generation cephalosporin; 3GC)์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค (DOT: 115.04 to 108.86; P = 0.48). ๋˜, ์ „์ฒด carbapenem ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ (DOT: 21.10 to 20.42; P = 1.00), ertapenem ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (DOT: 8.97 to 12.91; P = 0.02). Staphylococcus aureus์˜ methicillin ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  (๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  [%]: 55.4 to 45.5; P < 0.01). Escherichia coli์˜ 3GC ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  (๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  [%]: 18.9 to 37.1; P < 0.01), FQ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  (๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  [%]: 41.4 to 53.7; P < 0.01)์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, Klebsiella pneumoniae์˜ 3GC ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  (๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  [%]: 22.3 to 26.5; P = 1.00)์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , Pseudomonas aeruginosa์˜ 3GC ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  (๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  [%]: 15.8 to 12.3; P = 0.01), FQ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  (๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ  [%]: 29.5 to 23.1; P = 0.01)์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ASP์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ „๋žต์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ํ™•๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study background 1 1.2. Hypothesis 3 Chapter 2. Methods 3 2.1. Study population and data collection 3 2.2. Hospital leadership and stepwise implementation of the ASP at SNUBH 4 2.3. Definitions 9 2.4. Comparisons with Korean national data 10 2.5. Statistical analysis 11 Chapter 3. Results 12 3.1. Antibiotic use 12 3.2. AMR rates 16 Chapter 4. Discussion 21 References 28 Abstract in English 36์„

    Analysis of Nonlinear Wave Force Acting on Vertical Columns, Nonlinear Wave Transformation and Seabed Deformation around a Cylindrical Structure

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    ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ž์›์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ ์  ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์„์œ ์™€ ํ•ด์ €๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ž์›์˜ ํ™•๋ณด ๋ฐ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ž์›์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์› ํ™•๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์•ˆ์—ญ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ์„์œ ๋น„์ถ•๊ธฐ์ง€, ์›์œ ์ ‘์•ˆ์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ถ€๋‘์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์‹œ์„ค์€ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™๊ณผ ํ•ด์–‘์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋Œ€ํ˜•์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์ ˆํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉํŒŒ์•• ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‚ดํŒŒ์„ค๊ณ„์ƒ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์˜ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ 1)Stokes 2์ฐจํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ญ๋™์ „๊ฐœ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ ๋ถ„๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜์—ญํ•ด์„๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ , 2)ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› Navier-Stokes์˜ ์šด๋™๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ถ”์ ์— 3์ฐจ์› VOF (Volume Of Fluid)๋ฒ•(Full-nonlinearํ•ด์„๋ฒ•)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์‡„ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์‡„ํŒŒํ›„์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์ง์›์ฃผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ์˜ค๋”์˜ ํšŒ์ ˆ์‚ฐ๋ž€ํฌํ…์…œ์„์œ ๋„ํ•œ Sanada(1998)์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตใ†๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฐ์ง์›์ฃผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ ฅํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ Chakrabarti and Tam(1975)์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตใ†๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์— 2๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž„์˜ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ์ž…์‚ฌํŒŒํ–ฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , Navier-Stokes์˜ ์šด๋™๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ VOF๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ผ์ •์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‡„ํŒŒํ›„์— ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตด๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 3์ฐจ์› Navier-Stokes์˜ ์šด๋™๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ 3์ฐจ์› VOF๋ฒ•(Full-nonlinearํ•ด์„๋ฒ•)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ €๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์œ ์†๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ ํ‰๊ท ์œ ์†๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒŒ๋™์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์ฃผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ €๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋™์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ €๋ฉด์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ, Saito(1988)์˜ ํ† ์‚ฌ์ด๋™์‹์— ๋ณธ ํ•ด์„๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ์œ ์†์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์‚ฌ์ด๋™์—๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์‚ฌ์ด๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์‡„ํŒŒ์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜์ค‘์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  Toe(1985)์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. (1)๋น„์‡„ํŒŒ์‹œ์— ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜• 1)์›ํ˜•๋‹จ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”๋ถ€๋ถ„์ค‘๋ณตํŒŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ƒ์Šน๊ณ ๋ฅผ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ƒ์Šน๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ „๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ƒ์Šน๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ƒ์Šน๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜๊ฐ„์„ญํ˜„์ƒ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์ ˆ์‚ฐ๋ž€ํŒŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2)๋ณต์ˆ˜์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋‘˜๋ ˆ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ƒ์Šน๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšŒ์ ˆ์‚ฐ๋ž€ํŒŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•๊ฐ„์„ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3)๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์ผ์ •๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. (2)์‡„ํŒŒํ›„์— ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜• 1)๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‡„ํŒŒํŒŒํ˜•์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์ •์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ๊นŠ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํŒŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ , ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‡„ํŒŒํŒŒํ˜•์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2)์‡„ํŒŒ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง€์ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ์ •์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ํ›„์— ์‡„ํŒŒํŒŒํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 3)์‡„ํŒŒ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™”ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์ •์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2)์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4) ์‡„ํŒŒ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง€์ ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋งŒํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. (3)์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™ 1)๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ณธ ํ•ด์„๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ์ €๋ฉด์ตœ๋Œ€์œ ์†, ํ‰๊ท ์œ ์† ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ตด๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์—์„œ -x์ถ•๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€์œ ์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ์œ ์†์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์œ ์†์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2)ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ค‘๋ณตํŒŒ์˜ Node๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด์ด, Anti-node์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 3)๋ณธ ํ•ด์„๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ์ €๋ฉด์œ ์†์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ† ์‚ฌ์ด๋™์‹์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‡„ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ๋น„์‡„ํŒŒ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— (์ˆ˜์ค‘)์›์ฃผ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2.1 ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋™์žฅ์˜ ํ•ด์„ 6 2.2 ํŒŒ๋™์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์˜ ํ•ด์„ 8 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 9 11 ์ œ 2์žฅ Stokes์˜ 2์ฐจํŒŒ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํ•ด์„ 16 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 16 2. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์ด๋ก  16 2.1 ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด 16 2.2 ์„ญ๋™์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด 17 2.2.1 ์„ญ๋™์ „๊ฐœ 17 2.2.2 ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด 18 2.2.3 First order 19 2.2.4 Second order 21 2.2.5 Green๊ณต์‹๊ณผ 24 2.2.6 ์ด์‚ฐํ™” 26 2.2.7 ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํŒŒํ˜• 30 2.2.8 ํŒŒ๋ ฅ 30 3. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 32 3.1 ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 32 3.2 ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35 3.2.1 ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜• 35 3.2.2 ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ 51 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  54 55 ์ œ 3์žฅ ๋น„์‡„ํŒŒ์‹œ Full-nonlinearํ•ด์„๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํ•ด์„ 57 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 57 2. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์ด๋ก  58 2.1 ์ˆ˜์น˜ํŒŒ๋™์ˆ˜๋กœ 58 2.1.1 ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 59 2.1.2 ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ฆฐ๊ฒฉ์ž 60 2.1.3 ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” 61 2.1.4 Two-step projection method 63 2.2 VOF๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์ถ”์  69 2.2.1 ์ด๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 69 2.2.2 ์ด๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” 70 2.2.3 ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 70 2.2.4 ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ํŒ์ • 70 2.2.5 ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ 74 2.3 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด 80 2.3.1 ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด 80 2.3.2 ๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด 81 2.3.3 ์กฐํŒŒ์กฐ๊ฑด 82 2.3.4 ์•ˆ์ •์กฐ๊ฑด 85 2.3.5 ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด 86 2.4 ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 86 3. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 88 3.1 ์กฐํŒŒํŒŒํ˜• 88 3.2 ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜• 89 3.3 ํŒŒ๋ ฅ 93 4. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 95 4.1 ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ 95 4.2 ์›ํ˜•๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ 100 4.2.1 ์ž…์‚ฌํŒŒํ–ฅ๊ฐ 101 4.2.2 ์ž…์‚ฌํŒŒํ–ฅ๊ฐ 110 4.2.3 ์ž…์‚ฌํŒŒํ–ฅ๊ฐ 115 4.3 ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ 119 4.3.1 ์ž…์‚ฌํŒŒํ–ฅ๊ฐ 120 4.3.2 ์ž…์‚ฌํŒŒํ–ฅ๊ฐ 125 4.3.3 ์ž…์‚ฌํŒŒํ–ฅ๊ฐ 131 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  136 139 ์ œ 4์žฅ ์‡„ํŒŒํ›„ Full-nonlinearํ•ด์„๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํ•ด์„ 141 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 141 2. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ 142 2.1 ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ €์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 142 2.2 ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(d=4cm) 144 2.2.1 ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 144 2.2.2 ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 146 2.2.3 ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 157 2.3 ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(d=6cm) 158 2.3.1 ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ž‘๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 158 2.3.2 ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 167 2.3.3 3์ฐจ์›ํ‘œ๋ฉดํŒŒํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 170 3. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  178 179 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์˜ ํ•ด์„ 180 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 180 2. ์ง๋ฆฝ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ตด๊ณผ ํ‡ด์  182 3. ์—ฐ์ง์ฃผ์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ(์›ํ˜•๋‹จ๋ฉด)์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์˜ ํ•ด์„ 184 3.1 ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 184 3.2. ํŒŒ๋ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 185 3.2.1 Model-I 185 3.2.2 Model-II 193 4. ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ 200 4.1 ํ† ์‚ฌ์ด๋™์‹ 200 4.2 ์ €๋ฉด์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€๋™์˜ ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ 202 4.3 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 203 4.4 ํ† ์‚ฌ์ด๋™์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ 207 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  208 209 ์ œ 6์žฅ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฒฐ๋ก  21

    Ion Transport Properties of CaTi0.9Sc0.1O3-ฮด in Temperature Gradients

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 2. ๋ฅ˜ํ•œ์ผ.ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ๊ณ„(ABO3) ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด CaTiO3์— acceptor๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ ์ด์˜จ์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ SOFC์˜ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์ธ YSZ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ• ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์˜จ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. Sc 10 m/o ๋“ค์ธ CaTi0.9Sc0.1O3-ฮด๋Š” 1000๋„ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์˜จ์ „๋„๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ YSZ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์˜จ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.9 ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋„“์€ ํŽธ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ SOFC์˜ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน์„ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ(driving force)์—๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ํฌํ…์…œ ๋ฌผ๋งค(electrochemical potential gradient), ์˜จ๋„๋ฌผ๋งค(temperature gradient) ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ํฌํ…์…œ ๋ฌผ๋งค๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ(direct effect) ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„๋ฌผ๋งค๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ(indirect effect) ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฌผ๋งค๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฌผ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋™์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋Œ€๋‘ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฌผ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ด์˜จ์ด๋™ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ reduced heat of transport์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ Sc๋“ค์ธ CaTiO3๋Š” 1000๋„์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์—๋”ฐ๋ผ n-type, p-type, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  electrolyte์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์˜์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด๋™ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋™ํ˜„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ „๊ทน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ Soret ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„์‹(analytic solution)์„ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, reduced heat of transport ์™€ ์ด์˜จ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณฑ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „์ž ์—ด๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. reduced heat of transport๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ 800~1000๋„์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์•• 10-20<Po2 <1 ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด์˜จ์ „๋„๋„์™€ ์ „์ž์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ reduced heat of transport์™€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์•• ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1.์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2.๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 2.1 CaTiO3์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ 4 2.2 CaTiO3์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ตฌ์กฐ 10 2.3 ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๋„ 11 2.4 ๊ณ ์ฒด์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ 15 2.5 ํ™”ํ•™ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 17 3.์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 18 3.1 ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๋„์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ 18 3.2 ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์—ด์—ญํ•™ 24 3.3 2x3 ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ(2x3 transport coefficient matrix) 32 3.4 ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Nonisothermal transport coefficient) 34 3.5 ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์— ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜์กด์„ฑ 39 4.์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 59 4.1 ์‹œํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘ 59 4.2 ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์•• ์กฐ์ ˆ 63 4.3 ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๋„ ์‹คํ—˜ 64 4.4 ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์—ด๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹คํ—˜ 67 5.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 72 5.1 ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 72 5.2 ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ Soret ์‹คํ—˜ 82 5.2.1 ์ด์˜จ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์ž ์—ด๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋™ 82 5.2.2 ์ „์ž ์—ด๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜์กด์„ฑ 88 5.3 ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 91 5.4 ์‚ฐ์†Œ์›์ž์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์—ด 97 6.์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  102 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 104 Appendix-numerical data 109 Abstract 115Maste

    Fabrication of Palladium-decorated Polypyrrole and Graphene Electrodes for Sensor Applications

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ์žฅ์ •์‹.There has been tremendous research for the devolopment of novel materials with excellent properties and performances. In particular, composite materials, consist of inorganic and organic component, not only display synergetic effect between inorganic (high performance) and organic (high stability) but also meet the economic and environmental demands. Among them, palladium contained carbon-based composite materials have attracted enormous attention in research and industry fields due to the high hydrogen reactivity and catalytic performance. Although blending technique of inorganic nanomaterials as filler and carbon materials already applied for various part, there is still lack of investigation on the decoration of inorganic materials on the carbon materials. This dissertation demonstrates that polypyrrole/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers using electrospinning and VDP (vapor deposition polymerization) and graphene thin layer using CVD (chemical vapor deposition) were fabricated as conductive substrates, and then, composite materials based on palladium nanostructure synthesized via electrodeposition process. These synthesized composite materials present improved electric and chemical properties, enabling to be applied for various sensor applications. When introduced to transducer materials for sensor device, it provides the fast response and high stability owing to the synergetic effect. In addition, increasing surface area from controllable palladium nanostructure induces the amplified interaction with target materials and facilitates realization of the high sensitive sensor.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Conducting Polymers 1 1.1.1.1 Polypyrrole 3 1.1.1.2 1D nanomaterials 8 1.1.1.2.1 Electrospinning method 8 1.1.2 CVD graphene 12 1.1.3 Noble metal 15 1.1.4 Composite materials 16 1.1.4.1 Noble metal/Conducting polymer 16 1.1.4.2 Noble metal/CVD graphene 17 1.1.4.3 Electrodeposition method 18 1.1.5 Sensor applications 20 1.1.5.1 Chemical sensor 20 1.1.5.1.1 H2 gas sensor 21 1.1.5.2 Liquid-ion gated FET-type biosensor 22 1.1.5.2.1 H2O2 sensor 22 1.1.5.2.2 Glucose sensor 23 1.2 Objectives and Outlines 26 1.2.1 Objectives 26 1.2.2 Outlines 27 2. Experimental Details 29 2.1 Fabrication of shape-controlled Pd NPs-decorated PPy/PAN NFs electrode for FET-type H2O2 sensor 29 2.1.1 Fabrication of PPy/PAN NFs 29 2.1.2 Fabrication of shape-controlled Pd_PPy/PAN NFs 29 2.1.3 Characterization of shape-controlled Pd_PPy/PAN NFs 30 2.1.4 Electrical measurement of shape-controlled Pd_PPy/PAN NFs electrode 31 2.2 Fabrication of population-controlled flower-like Pd NCs-decorated CVD graphene electrode for ultrasensitive and flexible H2 sensing 32 2.2.1 Fabrication of CVD graphene on the flexible film 32 2.2.2 Fabrication of population-controlled FPNCs_CG 33 2.2.3 Characterization of population-controlled FPNCs_CG 33 2.2.4 Electrical measurement of population-controlled FPNCs_CG electrode 34 2.3 Fabrication of sharpness-controlled Pd nanoflower-decorated CVD graphene electrode for selectivity-improved FET-type glucose sensor 36 2.3.1 Fabrication of CVD graphene 36 2.3.2 Fabrication of sharpness-controlled SPNFG 37 2.3.3 Characterization of sharpness-controlled SPNFG 37 2.3.4 Electrical measurement of sharpness-controlled SPNFG electrode 38 3. Results and Disccusions 39 3.1 Fabrication of shape-controlled Pd NPs-decorated PPy/PAN NFs electrode for FET-type H2O2 sensor 39 3.1.1 Fabrication of shape-controlled Pd_PPy/PAN NFs 39 3.1.2 Characterization of shape-controlled Pd_PPy/PAN NFs 45 3.1.3 Eletrical properties of shape-controlled Pd_PPy/PAN NFs electrode 50 3.1.4 Real-time response of FET-type H2O2 sensor based on shape-controlled Pd_PPy/PAN NFs electrode 52 3.2 Fabrication of population-controlled flower-like Pd NCs-decorated CVD graphene electrode for ultrasensitive and flexible H2 sensing 57 3.2.1 Fabrication of population-controlled FPNCs_CG 57 3.2.2 Characterization of population-controlled FPNCs_CG 67 3.2.3 Eletrical properties of population-controlled FPNCs_CG electrode 71 3.2.4 Real-time response of chemiresistive H2 sensor based on population-controlled FPNCs_CG electrode 74 3.3 Fabrication of the sharpness-controlled Pd nanoflower-decorated CVD graphene electrode for selectivity-improved FET-type glucose sensor 87 3.3.1 Fabrication of sharpness-controlled SPNFG 87 3.3.2 Characterization of sharpness-controlled SPNFG 92 3.3.3 Fabrication of sharpness-controlled SPNFG sensor electrode 95 3.3.4 Eletrical properties of sharpness-controlled SPNFG electrode 97 3.3.5 Real-time response of FET-type glucose sensor based on sharpness-controlled SPNFG electrode 99 3.3.6 Selectivity-improved FET-type glucose sensor 106 4. Conclusion 112 Reference 116 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 126Docto

    ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ „๋ฐฉ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„ํ—˜ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์ด๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜.In recent years, advanced driver assistance systems or highly automated driving systems are expected to enhance road traffic safety, transport efficiency, and driver comfort. Practical applications have become possible due to recent advances in vehicle local sensors and inter vehicle communications. These advances have opened up many possibilities for active safety systems to be more intelligent and robust. The further enhancement of these technologies can be utilized as a risk assessment system of automated drive. This dissertation presents a risk assessment for improved vehicle safety using Front Vehicle Dynamic States through vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication. A vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication (V2V communication) has been implemented and fused with a radar sensor to obtain the prediction of remote vehicles motion. Based on the predicted behavior of remote vehicles, a collision risk and a human reaction time are determined for a better driver acceptance and active safety control intervention. A human-centered risk assessment using the V2V communication has been incorporated into a collision avoidance algorithm to monitor threat vehicles ahead and to find the best intervention point. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been investigated via computer simulations and vehicle tests for application to urban and highway driving situation. It has been shown from both simulations and vehicle tests that the proposed integrated risk assessment algorithm with the V2V communication can be beneficial to active safety systems in decision of controller intervention moment and in control of automated drive for the guaranteed safety.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivations 1 1.2 Previous Researches 5 1.3 Thesis Objectives 9 1.4 Thesis Outline 11 Chapter 2 Vehicular Communication 12 2.1. Literature Review 14 2.1.1 An Empirical Model for V2V communication 14 2.1.2 Position based Sampling and Distance based Interpolation 17 2.2. Communication Delay and Packet Loss Ratio 21 2.2.1 Compensation of V2V Communication Delay 21 Chapter 3 Human Factor Considerations 27 3.1. Driver Acceptance 30 3.1.1 Driver inattention and distraction 31 3.1.2 Mode Confusion 31 3.1.3 Motion Sickness 32 3.2. Sight Distance 33 3.2.1 Stopping Sight Distance 35 3.2.2 Decision Sight Distance 35 Chapter 4 Human-Centered Risk Assessment using Vehicular Wireless Communication 37 4.1. Human-Centered Design 41 4.2. Convergence 43 4.2.1. Sensor-Based Solutions 44 4.2.2. The Benefits to Convergence 45 4.2.3. V2V/Radar Information Fusion 45 4.3. Related Work 46 4.3.1. Radar Sensing Characteristics 47 4.3.2. Probabilistic Threat Assessment 50 4.3.3. Human-Centered Vehicle Control 52 4.3.4. High-Level Information Fusion 54 4.3.5. Target Vehicle State Estimation Performance 58 4.4 Remote Vehicle States Prediction 64 4.5. Collision Risk Analysis 67 4.6. Predicted Collision Distance 70 4.7. Active Safety Intervention Moment Decision 72 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluations 77 5.1. Simulations: MPC based Automated Vehicle Control 78 5.1.1. Effects of V2V Communication on the Controller 78 5.2. Simulations : Human-Centered Risk Assessment 84 5.2.1. Scenarios 84 5.2.2. Effects of V2V Communication: Host vehicle perception only 86 5.2.3. Effects of V2V Communication: Controlled host vehicle 90 5.3. Vehicle Tests 94 5.3.1. Test Vehicle Configuration and Scenario 94 5.3.2. Implementation and Evaluation 96 Chapter 6 Conclusion 99 Bibliography 100 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 110Docto

    Pressure-driven Structural identification of Tetramethylammonium Perchlorate

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    Tetramethylammonium perchlorate (TMAP) is a [(CH3)4N]+ salt containing [ClO4]- as a counter ion. TMAP has the tetragonal crystal system at room temperature, and it undergoes a structural phase transition to the orthorhombic crystal system at the low temperature under 150 K (Papacios, 2003). The crystal structure of TMAP with such a character was determined by X-ray diffraction under an ultra high pressure condition of up to 8.5 GPa created using the diamond anvil cell, and the result clearly showed that TMAP that had the tetragonal system at the pressure under 2 GPa underwent the structural phase transition to the orthorhombic system. In order to determine the molecular motion within the TMAP crystal at the ultra high pressure, x-ray diffraction data were analyzed and visualized into images using the Generalized Structure Analysis System (GSAS).์ œ 1 ์žฅ. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ (Gas hydrate) 3 1.2.1 ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 3 1.2.2 ์ด‰์ง„์ œ์™€ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ (Promotor and Inhibitor) 4 1.3 Tetramethylammonium Perchlorate (TMAP) 6 1.4 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  9 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ. ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 2.1 ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ํผํด๋กœ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 10 2.2 Diamond Anvel Cell : DAC 10 2.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜์›๋ฆฌ 10 2.2.2 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 11 2.3 X-ray diffraction 13 2.3.1 ์‹คํ—˜์›๋ฆฌ 13 2.3.2 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 2.4 Raman Spectroscopy 16 2.4.1 ์‹คํ—˜์›๋ฆฌ 16 2.4.2 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 2.5 GSAS(Generalized Structure Analysis System) 17 2.5.1 ์‹คํ—˜์›๋ฆฌ 17 2.5.2 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ† ์˜ 20 3.1 TMAP X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ 20 3.1.1 ์ดˆ๊ณ ์•• ์••๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ TMAP ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” 20 3.1.2 Tetrgonal TMAP X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ Refinement 24 3.1.3 Orthorhombic TMAP X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ Refinement 30 3.1.4 ์••๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ lattice parameter ๋ณ€ํ™” 41 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  44 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 46Maste

    Regulation of CFTR Bicarbonate Channel Activity by WNK1: Implications for Pancreatitis and CFTR-Related Disorders

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    Backgraoud & aims: Aberrant epithelial bicarbonate (HCO3-) secretion caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is associated with several diseases including cystic fibrosis and pancreatitis. Dynamically regulated ion channel activity and anion selectivity of CFTR by kinases sensitive to intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) play an important role in epithelial HCO3- secretion. However, the molecular mechanisms of how [Cl-]i-dependent mechanisms regulate CFTR are unknown. Methods: We examined the mechanisms of the CFTR HCO3- channel regulation by [Cl-]i-sensitive kinases using an integrated electrophysiological, molecular, and computational approach including whole-cell, outside-out, and inside-out patch clamp recordings and molecular dissection of WNK1 and CFTR proteins. In addition, we analyzed the effects of pancreatitis-causing CFTR mutations on the WNK1-mediated regulation of CFTR. Results: Among the WNK1, SPAK, and OSR1 kinases that constitute a [Cl-]i-sensitive kinase cascade, the expression of WNK1 alone was sufficient to increase the CFTR bicarbonate permeability (PHCO3/PCl) and conductance (GHCO3) in patch clamp recordings. Molecular dissection of the WNK1 domains revealed that the WNK1 kinase domain is responsible for CFTR PHCO3/PCl regulation by direct association with CFTR, while the surrounding N-terminal regions mediate the [Cl-]i-sensitivity of WNK1. Furthermore, the pancreatitis-causing R74Q and R75Q mutations in the elbow helix 1 of CFTR hampered WNK1-CFTR physical associations and reduced WNK1-mediated CFTR PHCO3/PCl regulation. Conclusion: The CFTR HCO3- channel activity is regulated by [Cl-]i and a WNK1-dependent mechanism. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of the ion selectivity of CFTR and the pathogenesis of CFTR-related disorders.ope

    TMED3 Complex Mediates ER Stress-Associated Secretion of CFTR, Pendrin, and SARS-CoV-2 Spike

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    Under ER stress conditions, the ER form of transmembrane proteins can reach the plasma membrane via a Golgi-independent unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathway. However, the targeting mechanisms of membrane proteins for UPS are unknown. Here, this study reports that TMED proteins play a critical role in the ER stress-associated UPS of transmembrane proteins. The gene silencing results reveal that TMED2, TMED3, TMED9 and TMED10 are involved in the UPS of transmembrane proteins, such as CFTR, pendrin and SARS-CoV-2 Spike. Subsequent mechanistic analyses indicate that TMED3 recognizes the ER core-glycosylated protein cargos and that the heteromeric TMED2/3/9/10 complex mediates their UPS. Co-expression of all four TMEDs improves, while each single expression reduces, the UPS and ion transport function of trafficking-deficient ฮ”F508-CFTR and p.H723R-pendrin, which cause cystic fibrosis and Pendred syndrome, respectively. In contrast, TMED2/3/9/10 silencing reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral release. These results provide evidence for a common role of TMED3 and related TMEDs in the ER stress-associated, Golgi-independent secretion of transmembrane proteins.ope

    Amelioration of SARS-CoV-2 infection by ANO6 phospholipid scramblase inhibition

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    As an enveloped virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) delivers its viral genome into host cells via fusion of the viral and cell membranes. Here, we show that ANO6/TMEM16F-mediated cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine is critical for SARS-CoV-2 entry and that ANO6-selective inhibitors are effective against SARS-CoV-2 infections. Application of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped virus (SARS2-PsV) evokes a cytosolic Ca2+ elevation and ANO6-dependent phosphatidylserine externalization in ACE2/TMPRSS2-positive mammalian cells. A high-throughput screening of drug-like chemical libraries identifies three different structural classes of chemicals showing ANO6 inhibitory effects. Among them, A6-001 displays the highest potency and ANO6 selectivity and it inhibits the single-round infection of SARS2-PsV in ACE2/TMPRSS2-positive HEK 293T cells. More importantly, A6-001 strongly inhibits authentic SARS-CoV-2-induced phosphatidylserine scrambling and SARS-CoV-2 viral replications in Vero, Calu-3, and primarily cultured human nasal epithelial cells. These results provide mechanistic insights into the viral entry process and offer a potential target for pharmacological intervention to protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).ope

    ์ธ์‡„ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์šฉ๋งค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด ์ž‰ํฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋‚˜๋…ธ์œตํ•ฉํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ๋ฐ•์›์ฒ .๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์†”๋ฐดํŠธ์— ์šฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์›์ œ ์—†์ด ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ™˜์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ์ž‰ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํŒŒ (II) ํฌ๋ฅด๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์นด๋†€ ์•„๋ฏผ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ 2-amino-2-mehtyl-1-propanol (AMP) ์„ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AMP๋Š” ์นดํผ (II) ํฌ๋ฅด๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์— ๋…น๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์นดํผ (II) ํฌ๋ฅด๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ์˜ ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ฅํ‹ธ ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ—ฅ์‚ฌ๋…ธ์ต ์—์‹œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์„ฑํ›„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์นดํผ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋ง‰์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์šฉ๋งค ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ž…์ž ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์ €ํ•ญ ๊ฐ’์€ 350 oC ์—์„œ ์†Œ์„ฑ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 9.46 ฮผฮฉโˆ™cm ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋Š” ์นดํผ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ’ ๋ณด๋‹ค 5.5 ๋ฐฐ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ž‰ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค ์˜คํ”„์…‹์— ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์Šคํƒฌํ•‘-ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์ž‰ํฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์‘์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.Contents Abstract โ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ข โ…  Contents โ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ข โ…ข List of table and figure โ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ขโ€ข โ…ค 1. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Background information 2. Experimental Section โ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 13 2.1 Chemicals and Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Copper (II) Formate Based Metal Organic Compounds 2.3 Preparation of Conductive Copper Films 2.4 Stamping Transfer Test 2.5 Characterization 3. Results and discussion โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 17 3.1 The roles of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) 3.2 Effects of introducing co-complexing agent: Octylamine 3.3 Addition of carboxylic acid to promote sintering 3.4 Resistivity of copper films at various temperatures 3.5 Simple Stamping Transfer Test. 4. Conclusion โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 50 Reference โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 52 ์ดˆ๋ก(๊ตญ๋ฌธ)โ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 55Maste
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