방광 평활근 운동에 대한 펩타이드 전달 인자의 영향

의학과/박사[영문] [한글] 방광의 부교감 신경을 전기 자극하면 방광근의 수축이 일어나나 이러한 작용이 atropin e전처치로 완전히 억압되지 않음은 이미 잘 알려진 사실이며, 또한 방광에 분포하는 절후 신경섬유의 일부는 '비 코린성'일 것이라고 주장되고 있다. 한편 Hokfelt등(1978)은 방 광에서 면역조직화학적 방법으로 substance P가 존재함을 보고하였고, Erspamer등(1973) 은 substance P 및 bombesin이 방광근의 수축을 항진시키며 이러한 작용은 atropine으로 봉쇄되지 않고, acetylcholine보다 효력이 강하다고 하여, substance P등 peptide들이 ' 비 코린성 비 아드레나린성'효과의 전달 물질로 작용할 수 있을 것이라는 가능성을 제시 하였다. 본 실험에서는 흰쥐 방광 절편에 대한 substance P, bombesin, cholecystokinin octape ptide(CCK-OP), pentagastrin등 peptide성 인자의 작용을 검색하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Substance P, bombesin, acetylcholine은 흰쥐 방광 절편의 수축운동을 항진시키며, 작용지속 시간은 substance P의 경우 수분간 지속되고 bombesin의 경우는 30분 이상 유 지되나, acetylcholine의 작용은 1분 이내에 소실되었다. pD^^2 치는 substance P가 8.05±0.05, bombesin이 8.29±0.09로 acetylcholine의 pD^^ 2 치인 5.32±0.07 보다 월등히 컸으나, 최고 효능은 acetylcholine보다 다소 낮았다. 2. CCK-OP와 pentagastrin은 흰쥐 방광 절편 운동에 아무런 영향이 없었다. 3. 흰쥐 방광 절편에서 substance P 및 bombesin의 수축운동 항진효과는 atropine, phe ntolamine, propranolol, chlorpheniramine, proglumide 또는 quinidine전처치로 봉쇄되 지 않았다. 4. Tyrode액내 calcium을 제거함으로 acetylcholine, substance P, bombesin의 방광근 수축작용이 소실되었으나, 다시 calcium을 보충함으로 급격한 긴장도의 증가와 규칙직인 수축 운동이 나타났다. 5. Diltiazem 전처치로 substance P 및 bombesin의 방광근 수축 작용은 소실되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 substance P 및 bombesin은 흰쥐 방광 절편의 '비 아드레나린성 비 코린성' 수축 운동에 관여하며 이의 작용은 calcium의 세포내 이동과 관련된다고 생각한 다 Peptidergic Influences on the Motility of Rat Urinary Bladder Dong Chul Shin Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei, University (Directed by Professor Sa Suk Hong, M.D.) It has long been known that the contraction of urinary bladder elicited by parasympathetic stimulation is not completely blocked by atropine. This phenomenon is believed to he mediated in part by 'non-cholinergic' mechanism, and is also suggested that most of the postganglionic fibers in the urinary bladder possibly contains the 'non-cholinergic' components. Meanwhile, Erspamer et al(1973) reported that substance P and bombesin could enhance the atropine-resistant contraction of detrusor muscle in the rat, which were stronger than that produced with acetylcholine. Moreover, Hokfelt(1978) demonstrated the presence of substance P in bladder by means of immunohistochemical methods. Such evidences suggest the possibility that these peptides may indeed serve as a factors for the atropine-resistant contraction of detrusor muscle. In the present study, the effects of substance P, bombesin and several other peptides were examined in view of the possible mediators for the contraction of rat bladder under various in vitro pharmacological conditions. The following results ware obtained. 1. Substance P, bombesin, and acetylcholine elicited the contraction of rat detrusor muscle. The evoked contractions persisted for 30 minutes or longer in the presence of bombesin and the action of substance P lasted for a few minutes, however, the acetylcholine evoked contraction was transient. The pD^^2 values of substance P and bombesin were 8.05±0.05 and 8.29±0.09, respectively, and these values were much higher than that obtained with acetylcholine, which was 5.32±0.07. 2. Cholecystokinin octapeptide(CCK-OP) and pentagastrin had little effects on the motility of rat detrusor muscle. 3. Several known blookers such as atropine(non-selective antimuscarinics), phentolamine(adrenergic α-receptor antagonist), propranolol(adrenergic β-recptor antagonist), chlorpheniramine(histamine H^^1-blocker), proglumide(gastrin/CCK blocker) and quinidine(purinergic blocker) could not block the contraction of rat detrusor induced by substance P or by bombesin. 4. In calcium-free Tyrode buffer, substance P and bombesin did not elicit any contraction of the detrusor. However, addition of calcium into the buffer, rapid increase of tonus was occured and then regular contraction was followed. 5. Diltiazem, a calcium entry blocker, abolished the enhancement of contractility induced by substance P or bombesin. By these results, it is concluded that peptides such as substance P and bombesin enhanced the motility of rat urinary bladder in a 'non-cholinergic non-adrenergic' manner, and further the presence of calcium and increased influx of external calcium appears inevitable for such responses as well as contractions.restrictio

Shin Dong Chul

학위논문(석사)--아주대학교 일반대학원 :의생명학과,2009. 2TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• i TABLE OF CONTENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ii LIST OF FIGURES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• iv I. INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 A. Function of mast cells ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 B. T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 C. The role of TGF-b in mast cells •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 D. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent, smad-indefendent, signal pathway by TGF-b•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 E. The role of GATA transcription factors in mast cells •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 F. Purposes of this research •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••5 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 A. MATERIALS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 B. METHODS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 1. Cell culture •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 2. Total RNA preparation and cDNA synthesis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 3. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction ••••••••• 8 4. Real-time PCR ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 5. Reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ••••••••••••••••••••• 10 6. IgE sensitization and Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 7. Transfection of plasmids •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 8. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 9. Statistical Analysis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 III. RESULTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 A. TIM-3 transcription was differently regulated in HMC-1 cells and THP-1 cells • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 B. TIM-3 transcription was not affected by LPS stimulationin HMC-1 cells •••••••••• 17 C. TIM-3 transcription was not changed by FceR stimulation in HMC-1 cells ••• 19 D. TGF-b did not change expression of TIM-3 ligand, galectin-9 in HMC-1 cells •••21 E. TIM-3 transcription was regulated through ERK MAP kinase pathway in TGF-b stimulated HMC-1 cells ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 F. GATA-1 transcription factor did not affect TIM-3 transcription in HMC-1 cells ••• 24 IV. DISCUSSION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 V. CONCLUSIONS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 REFERENCES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 국문요약 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. TIM-3 transcription was increased in HMC-1 cells stimulated with TGF-b and in THP-1 cells stimulated with LPS respectively •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 Fig. 2. High concentration of LPS did not affect TIM-3 transcription level in HMC-1 cell •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 Fig. 3. TIM-3 transcription was not increased via Fce receptor signal in HMC-1 cells •• 21 Fig. 4. Transcription of galectin-9, a TIM-3 ligand, was not induced by TGF-b treatment. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Fig. 5. The increased TIM-3 transcription induced by TGF-b was attenuated by inhibition of ERK MAP kinase •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 Fig. 6. TIM-3 transcription was not upregulated by GATA-1 transcription factor ••••••••• 26MasterT cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) which is a type-I membrane protein, is expressed on differentiated Th1 cell, mast cell and monocyte. Although expression of TIM-3 and its ligand galectin-9 has been demonstrated in mast cells, the transcriptional regulation of these molecules has not been well explored. Considering the emerging role of mast cells in host defense, I studied the effect of various cytokines, a TLR agonist or FcεR stimulation on transcription levels of TIM-3 and galectin-9 in a human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. TIM-3 transcription in HMC-1 cell was upregulated only by TGF-b but not by IFN-a, IFN-l, TNF-a, IL-10, LPS or FcεR cross-linking. Whereas transcription of TIM-3 ligand, galectin-9 was not affected by treatment with TGF-b. To reveal downstream pathway of TGF-b stimulation involved in TIM-3 upregulation in HMC-1 cells, I examined MAPK pathway and the role of GATA-1. I demonstrated that TGF-b mediated TIM-3 upregulation was inhibited both by a inhibitor of ERK but not by inhibitors of p38 and JNK. Further, overexpression of GATA-1 did not affect TIM-3 expression in HMC-1 cells. These results suggest that TIM-3 transcription in mast cells may be upregulated by TGF-b through ERK MAP kinase signal

Study on the fluorescent body(F-body) of the human spermatozoa

의학과/석사[한글] Caspersson등(1970-a, b)은 핵산과 결합하는 형광염료인 quinacrine muatard와 quinacrine Hcl로 여러기관의 세포중기핵을 염색하여 나타나는 특이한 형광대의 양상으로 각각의 염색체를 구별하였으며, Barlow와 Vosa(1970)는 정자를 quinacrine mustard와 quinacrine Hcl로 염색하여 나타나는 형광체(F-body)가 Y염색체에 해당한다고 보고한 이래, 정자의 quinacrine염색법은 Z정자와 Y정자의 구별법으로 이용되고 있다. 저자는 정액검사상 수태능이 있다고 인정되었던 정상 한국인 남자 20명의 정액을 대상으로, 정액을 0.5% quinacrine Hcl로 염색후, 정자의 F-body출현율, 염색방법에 따른 F-body의 출현율 변화, X정자와 Y정자의 분리실험으로 정액을 원심분리 후, 하부층과 상부층 정액에서의 F-body의 출현율을 관각하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 20명에서, F-body의 평균 출현율은 31.5%이었다. 2. 정액검사상의 정자수의 농도와 F-body의 출현율과는 상관관계가 없었다. 3. 정액검사상의 정자의 운동성과 F-body의 출현율과는 상관관계가 없었다. 4. 5명에서, 정액의 고정액으로 methylalchol-acetic acid(3:1) 용액을 사용한 군이 absolute ethylalchol을 사용한 군보다 F-body가 평균 9.3% 더 관찰되었다. 5. 4명에서, 정액채취후 2시간내 고정, 염색한 군이, 6시간후 고정, 염색한 군보다 F-body가 평균 5.8% 더 관찰되었다. 6. 10명에서. X정자와 Y정자의 분리효과를 보고자, 정액을 저속 원심분리후 하부층 정액에서의 F-body출현율이 원심분리전과 비교하여 평균 4.2% 감소하였다. [영문] Distal end of the long arm of the Y chromosome in mitotic and meiotic metaphase nuclei of human cells displays a fluorescence more brilliant than that shown by the other chromosomes when stained with either quinacrine or quinacrine mustard. This property is carried by the Y chromosome into the chromatin of the mature spermatozoa. In interphase nuclei of normal XY males there is only one strongly fluorescent spot of chromatin, while in nuclei from XYY males there are two spots ; nuclei of normal XX females exhibit no such spots. In this study seminal fluid samples were obtained from 20 normal adult males to know the percentage of the spermatozoa containing the fluorescent body(F-body), after staining the seminal fluid with 0.5% aqueous quinacrine Hcl. In this study the preparations were observed with an AO fluorescent microscope. The following results were obtained. 1. In 20 men, the mean percentage of spermatozoa containing F-body was 31.3%. 2. There was no relationship between sperm density in semen analysis and F-body rate. 3. There was no relationship between sperm motility in semen analysis and F-body rate. 4. In 5 men, methyl alchol-acetic acid(3:1) preparations as a fixation solution, showed better F-body rate than that of ethyl alcohol preparations. 5. In 4 men, the preparations which were fixed and stained with in 2 hours after obtaining seminal fluid showed better F-body rate than that fixed and stained after 6 hours. 6. In 10 men, after low speed centrifuging of the seminal fluid, the deposit preparations skewed decreased mean percentage of spermatozoa containing. F-body by 4.2%.restrictio

'Pizza or Chicken' 연작 중심으로

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 미술대학 디자인학부 디자인전공, 2024. 2. 이장섭.This thesis is an experiment that illustrates the artistic evolution of an artist who used to create narratives and storylines through comic-style artist books but later expanded his medium, exploring commercial viability through a new form-designer toys. While seeking a medium that could effectively convey the story of an artwork and the traits of characters beyond traditional storybooks, the artist realized that people were drawn to collecting figurines of comic and film characters. This has led the artist to focus on the full immersion that occurs when two-dimensional characters are transformed into three-dimensional ones. During the process of researching figurines, the artist came across designer toys. Initially a subculture within the figurine realm, designer toys have since evolved into a distinct branch of contemporary art with a significant number of fans and collectors, allowing them to possess characters that embody artists' worldview and narrative in the form of limited-edition toys. The researcher discovered commonalities between artist books, characterized by the production of limited quantities known as 'editions' and the concept of 'objet d'art' arising from the craftsmanship of the book, and designer toys. The artist has set up a hypothesis that, by creating designer toys, the artist is not only working with a new kind of medium but also establishing a new form of commercial viability, attracting audiences interested in different artistic fields. Unfortunately, due to their short history, the definition and coverage of designer toys remain ambiguous. This is particularly true in Korea, where there have not been many studies on them. So the artist delved into the world of designer toys, focusing on their development, manufacturing, and sales not as a manufacturer but as an artist. Along with physical characteristics, the artist systematically explored elements that elicit empathy and immersion from audiences or fans, facilitating expansiveness beyond the medium. The artist cross-validates the designer toy market from a consumer perspective through existing research on the form and proportions of designer toys and interviews with collectors, in addition to methods used by artists. The final design involves creating designer toys based on characters featured in the series 'Pizza or Chicken,' created in 2022. The earlier study, which includes a series comprising three artist books, 'Pizza or Chicken?' 'Pizza Saver' and 'Pizza Heaven,' reflect the artist's contemplation on what constitutes a good choice. The series features three main characters: 33, Hell's Chicken, and Pizza Angel. Rather than merely rendering these characters in three dimensions, the artist meticulously researched and applied proportions and forms suitable for designer toys. The development process took into account factors such as commercial viability and popularity on the basis of insights acquired from consumer surveys. To show the connection between the artist's former works of artist books and the recent artworks of designer toys, designer toys will be showcased in the final exhibition, accompanied by separate packaging and posters. After the exhibition, the artist will explore the potential of utilizing the 3D files through the concept of One Source & Multi-Use(OSMU), considering applications in NFTs, metaverse characters, and similar contexts. The artist believes that this study suggests the potential for developing designer toys to interact with two-dimensional media (artist books) and contribute to the creation of narratives within the artistic world. Particularly, in the evolving landscape of media diversity driven by technological advancements, the development of designer toys that can evolve and derive in various forms holds the potential to be a sustainable means for the artist to continue artistic activities, connected with commercial viability. Through this study, the artist aims to explore various ways and media to show the artistic universe to audiences and create narratives.본 논문은 만화 형식의 아티스트북을 통해 서사와 작품 세계를 만들던 연구자가 디자이너 토이라는 새로운 형식을 통해 매체를 확장하고 상업성을 모색하는 과정에 관한 연구다. 연구자는 아티스트북 외에도 작품의 스토리와 캐릭터의 특징을 효과적으로 전달할 새로운 매체를 찾던 중, 만화나 애니메이션의 팬들이 원작 속에 등장하는 캐릭터의 피규어를 모으는 현상을 보며, 평면 캐릭터가 입체화될 때 생기는 몰입의 극대화에 주목했다. 피규어에 대해서 조사하는 과정에서 디자이너 토이라는 분야에 대해 새롭게 알게 되었다. 초창기 디자이너 토이는 피규어 개조에서 파생한 하위문화였지만, 작가의 세계관이나 스토리가 녹아든 캐릭터를 소유할 수 있는 한정판 토이 형태로 만들어지며 수많은 팬과 컬렉터를 확보하고 현대 예술의 한 분야로 자리매김했다. 이러한 디자이너 토이에서 연구자는 한정판 수량을 제작하는 '에디션'과 책의 만듦새에서 발생하는 오브제성이 강조되는 아티스트북과 공통점을 발견했고, 아티스트북을 제작하던 연구자가 디자이너 토이를 개발 함으로써 단순한 매체의 변화뿐만 아니라 새로운 방식의 상업성과 다른 예술 분야의 관객을 확보할 수 있다는 가설을 세웠다. 아쉽게도 디자이너 토이는 그 짧은 역사로 인해 그 정의나 범위가 모호한 면이 있으며, 특히 국내의 경우는 관련된 연구가 많지 않은 것이 사실이다. 따라서, 연구자는 제작사가 아닌 작가의 이름을 걸고 개발, 생산, 판매되는 주요 디자이너 토이를 중심으로 살펴보며, 형태적인 특징 외에도 어떤 부분이 관객과 팬들에게 공감과 몰입을 주고, 매체를 넘어 확장성을 주는가에 대해 유형화하여 살펴보았다. 작가들이 적용한 방법론 외에도, 디자이너 토이의 형태나 비례에 관한 기존 연구와 컬렉터 인터뷰 등을 참고하여 디자이너 토이 시장에 대한 내용을 소비자 관점에서 교차 검증한다. 최종 디자인으로는 2022년 제작한 Pizza or Chicken 연작 속에 등장하는 캐릭터들을 디자이너 토이로 만들어 본다. 선행 연구로 제작된 3권의 아티스트북(Pizza or Chicken?, Pizza Saver, Pizza Heaven)으로 구성된 연작은 평소 선택에 대한 고민이 많던 연구자 본인의 자전적인 아티스트북 작업이다. 해당 연작 속에는 주인공 33과 Hells Chicken(지옥의 치킨), Pizza Angel(피자 천사)이라는 주요 캐릭터가 등장한다. 주요 캐릭터들을 단순히 입체화하는 것이 아니라, 다양한 형태 개발 과정을 통해 디자이너 토이라는 매체에 적합한 비례와 모양을 적용하고, 소비자 조사를 통해 상업성 및 대중성이라는 요소를 반영했다. 최종 전시에서는 개발된 디자이너 토이를 선행 연구인 아티스트북과 연계할 수 있도록 별도의 패키지를 제작하고, 원화들과 함게 전시했다. 전시 이후에는, 3D 툴로 제작된 파일에 원 소스 멀티유즈(OSMU, one source & multi-use) 개념을 적용하여 NFT, 메타버스 캐릭터 등에 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 확인해 본다. 본 연구는 디자이너 토이를 개발을 통해 평면 매체(아티스트북)와의 상호 작용 및 작품 세계의 서사적 창조에 대한 가능성을 제안한다고 생각한다. 특히 기술의 발달로 매체가 다변화되는 상황에서 다양한 형태로 발전/파생될 수 있는 디자이너 토이 개발은 상업성과 연계되어 연구자가 작품 활동을 지속 가능하게 해주는 수단이 될 것이다. 본 연구를 통하여 작품 속 세계관을 관객에게 전달하는 다양한 방식과 매체를 탐구하며, 이야기를 만들어 내고자 한다.제 1 장 서 론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 1 1.2 연구의 목표 4 1.3 연구의 범위 및 방법 5 제 2 장 이론적 배경 8 2.1 디자이너 토이의 개념 8 가. 피규어와 디자이너 토이 8 나. 아트토이와 디자이너 토이 10 2.2 디자이너 토이의 역사 12 가. 디자이너 토이의 탄생 12 나. 디자이너 토이의 발전 14 2.3 오늘날 디자이너 토이 시장 17 가. 국내 디자이너 토이 시장 19 나. 해외 디자이너 토이 시장 20 제 3 장 디자이너 토이 사례 연구 23 3.1 기존 연구에서 나타난 형태적 특징 24 가. 비례 24 나. 실루엣 24 3.2 디자이너 토이 작가 연구 25 가. KAWS 25 나. Mcbess 28 다. Sticky Moster Lab. 31 3.3 디자이너 토이 컬렉터 인터뷰 35 3.4 소결 36 제 4 장 선행 작품 분석 37 4.1 Pizza or Chicken 시리즈에 나타난 세계관 37 4.2 Pizza or Chicken? 38 4.3 Pizza Saver 39 4.4 Pizza Heaven 40 제 5 장 최종 작품 연구 42 5.1 주요 캐릭터 선정 42 가. 주인공, 33 43 나. Hells Chicken 44 다. Pizza Angel 45 5.2 캐릭터 형태 연구 45 가. 소조 방식을 통한 물리적 원형 제작 47 나. 3D 툴(Tool)을 통한 원형 제작 49 다. 소비자 선호 형태 조사 52 라. 형태 확정 55 마. 3D 프린팅 62 바. 표면 가공 65 5.3 캐릭터 색채 연구 67 5.4 작품 전시 70 가. 주인공, 33 72 나. Pizza Angel 72 다. Hells Chicken 73 제 6 장 결론 및 제언 76 6.1 연구의 가능성 76 6.2 연구의 한계 77 참고문헌 79 Abstract 81석

Analysis of hostile M&A strategy : case studies of Korean firms

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 테크노경영대학원, 1998.2, [ viii, 124 p. ]한국과학기술원 : 테크노경영대학원