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    ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๋ฐ ์ •์„œ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊น€์˜์ˆ˜.์„œ๋ก : ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ‘œ์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์‹๋ณ„๊ณผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋‹ค์ค‘๋ฐ˜์‘๊ฒ์ง€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ‘œ์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™์€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„, ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋ฐ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฅด๋ง๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์ • ํŒŒ๋ผํ•€ ํฌ๋งค์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ (FFPE), ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฒด์•ก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž„์ƒ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์žฅ์• ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์ž์  ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ ๊ฒ€์ฒด ์ค€๋น„ (FASP), ์—ฐ์† ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ์ง€, ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„ํš ๋ฐ ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๋ฐ ๋น„์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ํฌ๋ฅด๋ง๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์ • ํŒŒ๋ผํ•€ ํฌ๋งค์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ(FFPE)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋น„ํ‘œ์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋“ฑ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€, ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์นจ์ž…/์ด์ฃผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-๋‹ค์ค‘๋ฐ˜์‘๊ฒ€์ง€-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๊ฒ€์ฒด ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ›„๋ณด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-๋‹ค์ค‘๋ฐ˜์‘๊ฒ€์ง€-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ •์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–‘์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠน์ง• ์ถ”์ถœ, ๊ต์ฐจ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ‰๊ท ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ๋ฐ ์„ ํƒ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋จธ์‹  ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ์™€ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ์žฅ์•  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 1์žฅ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฅด๋ง๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์ • ํŒŒ๋ผํ•€ ํฌ๋งค์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ-์—ฐ์† ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ์ง€ ํ’€๋ง ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์„ธํŠธ์™€ ํฌ๋ฅด๋ง๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์ • ํŒŒ๋ผํ•€ ํฌ๋งค์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ-์—ฐ์† ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์„ธํŠธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ ๋น„์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์ด 9,441๊ฐœ ๋ฐ 8,746๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋™์ • ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ €์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ-์—ฐ์† ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ์ง€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์„ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์ด 7,823๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋™์ • ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ณด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(LTF, TUBB2A)์„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์›๊ฒฉ์ „์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 14๊ฐœ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ RT-PCR ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ LTF์™€ TUBB2A ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, TUBB2A๋งŒ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, TUBB2A๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์ž์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์•„ํ˜• ๊ฐ„ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 270๋ช…์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ[90๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์• , 90๋ช…์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• , 90๋ช…์˜ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ]์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์•  ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ 671 ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ด 210๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆํ‘œ์ ์„ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-๋‹ค์ค‘๋ฐ˜์‘๊ฒ€์ง€-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์„ธํŠธ(72๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ 72๋ช…์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• )์—์„œ๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ธํŠธ(18๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ 18๋ช…์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• )์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ (๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์  = 0.84)๊ณผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ธํŠธ(๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์  = 0.81)์—์„œ MDD๋ฅผ BD์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ์กฐ์ฆ/์ €์กฐ์ฆ/ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ฆ์ƒ (90๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ 75๋ช…์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• )(๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์  = 0.83)์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ(๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์  > 0.8)์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์•  ํ™˜์ž (11๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ 10๋ช…์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• )(๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์  = 0.96)์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋Œ€ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ(๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์  = 0.87) ๋ฐ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์•  ๋Œ€ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ (๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์  = 0.86)์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ, ์‚ฐํ™”/์งˆ์†Œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค, ๋ฉด์—ญ/์—ผ์ฆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ œ1์žฅ์—์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฅด๋ง๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์ • ํŒŒ๋ผํ•€ ํฌ๋งค์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž ํ›„๋ณด์™€ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์•„ํ˜•์—์„œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž์  ํŠน์ง•๋„ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์•  ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 9๊ฐœ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.Introduction: Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approaches have been applied to discover and develop biomarkers that are associated with specific diseases and disorders. Untargeted proteomics based on LC-high resolution MS has enabled simultaneous identification and quantification of thousands of proteins and hundreds of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in small amounts of samples. Targeted proteomics including LC-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-MS has been used to quantify interesting proteins with high sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Numerous clinical proteomics studies employ pathological and clinical specimens collected from clinical cohorts such as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, blood, and other body fluids, . For clinical proteomic analysis, LC-MS-based approaches are powerful technologies in discovery and development of biomarkers with their high throughput and high sensitivity. In addition, proteomic studies based on LC-MS will contribute to understanding of biological and molecular features of specific diseases and disorders. Methods: In chapter I, an integrated untargeted proteomic approach that combined filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), tandem mass tag labeling (TMT), high pH fractionation, and LC-high resolution-MS was applied to acquire in-depth proteomic profiling data from FFPE tissues of distant metastatic breast cancer patients collected from a clinical cohort. Statistical analyses were performed to determine DEPs and discover candidate biomarkers for predicting distant metastatic breast cancer. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine molecular characteristics of distant metastatic breast cancer. In addition, in vitro assays were performed to validate distant metastatic potential of candidate biomarkers. In chapter II, targeted proteomic approach based on LC-MRM-MS was applied to quantify protein targets associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) in plasma samples collected from a clinical cohort. Batch-effect correction of LC-MRM-MS data was performed to reduce technical variations. Subsequently, univariate analysis was performed to determine proteomic candidate features, and machine learning approaches were performed to develop a potential diagnostic model for discriminating MDD and BD. In addition, network analysis was performed to examine biological associations between proteins included in the model and mood disorders. Results: In chapter I, a total of 9,441 and 8,746 proteins were identified from FFPE-TMT pooled samples set and FFPE-TMT individual samples set comparing distant metastasis and non-distant metastasis groups, respectively. In addition, 7,823 proteins were identified from the TMT-labeled breast cancer cell lines set comparing low invasive and high invasive cell lines. Two proteins (LTF and TUBB2A) were determined as candidate biomarkers. As a result, TUBB2A, which maintained consistent expression patterns between different quantitation platforms, was selected as a novel biomarker candidate. TUBB2A showed potential of distant metastatic activities. In addition, distinct alterations of proteome and molecular functions of distant metastatic breast cancer between breast cancer subtypes were demonstrated. In chapter II, 210 protein targets corresponding to 671 peptides pertinent to MDD and BD were stably and reproducibly quantified by LC-MRM-MS in individual plasma samples. In the training set, nine plasma protein biomarkers were developed and a generalizable model comprised of the nine proteins was constructed. The model demonstrated good performance (AUC > 0.8) in discriminating MDD from BD in the training (AUC = 0.84) and test sets (AUC = 0.81) and in distinguishing MDD from BD without current hypomanic/manic/mixed symptoms (AUC > 0.83). Subsequently, the model demonstrated excellent performance for drug-free MDD vs BD (AUC > 0.96) and good performance for MDD vs HC (AUC > 0.87) and BD vs HC (AUC > 0.86). Furthermore, the nine proteins were associated with neuro, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and immunity and inflammation-related biological functions. Conclusions: In chapter I, I constructed the largest FFPE tissue proteome of distant metastatic breast cancer proteome using. The depth of our dataset allowed us to discover a novel biomarker candidate as well as the proteomic characteristics of distant metastatic breast cancer. Distinct molecular features of various breast cancer subtypes were also established. Thus, our proteomic data can serve as a valuable resource for research on distant metastatic breast cancer. In chapter II, the viability of discriminating MDD and BD patients using a targeted proteomic approach was proposed. Our results suggest that the nine plasma proteins and their combined model has the potential to discriminate between MDD and BD patients and help diagnostic decision-making. Through both studies, the potential of LC-MS-based proteomics in the discovery and development of biomarkers was demonstrated.General Introduction 1 Chapter I Identification of TUBB2A by Quantitative Proteomic Analysis as a Novel Biomarker for the Prediction of Distant Metastatic Breast Cancer 9 Introduction 10 Materials and Methods 14 Results 30 Discussion 63 Chapter II Quantitative Proteomic Approach for Discriminating Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder by Multiple Reaction Monitoring-Mass Spectrometry 68 Introduction 69 Materials and Methods 72 Results 111 Discussion 137 General Conclusion 144 References 148 Abstract in Korean 168 โ€ƒ Chapter I 16 Table 1. Clinical information on patients 16 Table 2. Detailed statistical analysis of 17 overlapping proteins 43 Table 3. GO analysis using the DAVID bioinformatics tool 52 Table 4. Downstream biological functions and canonical pathways of DEPs by student t-test by IPA analysis 54 Table 5. Biological functions of TUBB2A and LTF 57 Table 6. Canonical pathways of clusters enriched by IPA analysis 62 Chapter II 78 Table 1. The 671 peptides (210 proteins) examined by LC-MRM-MS 78 Table 2. The 210 proteins (210 peptides) selected as candidate features in the training set 102 Table 3. Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study subjects 112 Table 4. Proportion of features selected for the 210 candidate features (210 proteins/210 peptides) used to determine the model for discriminating MDD from BD 115 Table 5. Summary of unique models originating from combinations of selected features 121 Table 6. Confidence interval of weighted average coefficient for the nine features of the developed model 124 Table 7. Differences in protein abundance of the nine selected features between MDD and BD in the training set 129 Table 8. Differences in protein abundance of the nine selected features between MDD, BD, and HC in the study population (90 MDD, 90 BD, and 90 HC) 131 Table 9. Correlation between the nine selected features and demographic/clinical variables in the training set 133 Table 10. Covariate analysis of the four features that showed statistically significant correlation with clinical variables in the training set 134 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3 Figure 1. Overall workflow of LC-MS-based untargeted proteomics 3 Figure 2. Overall workflow of LC-MS-based targeted proteomics 4 Figure 3. Overall scheme of the study of chapter 1 6 Figure 4. Overall scheme of the study of chapter 2 8 Chapter I 21 Figure 1. Detailed experimental workflow of TMT-based proteomic study 21 Figure 2. Schematic of overall proteomic results of the TMT-based proteomic analysis 31 Figure 3. Identified and quantified proteins in TMT experiments 32 Figure 4. Dynamic ranges of protein abundance in pooled sample set and individual sample set 33 Figure 5. Comparative analysis between our FFPE tissue proteome and those of our previous studies 34 Figure 6. The quality assessment of MS analysis 36 Figure 7. Validation of TUBB2A and LTF as protein targets 44 Figure 8. Cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cell lines 46 Figure 9. Performance of the novel biomarker TUBB2A in the individual sample set 47 Figure 10. Gene ontology analysis of all 259 DEPs in the two sample sets using The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) 50 Figure 11. IPA analysis of total 259 proteins that were sum of DEPs in the two sample sets on canonical pathway and downstream biological functions 53 Figure 12. Biological functions and canonical pathways related to two biomarker candidates by IPA and DAVID analysis 56 Figure 13. Proteomic alteration in distant metastatic breast cancer between molecular subtypes 60 Figure 14. A schematic model of regulation of distant metastasis of breast cancer 65 โ€ƒ Chapter II 72 Figure 1. Overall scheme of this study 72 Figure 2. Determination of quantifiable targets for MDD and BD 77 Figure 3. Feature selection and extraction across 100 models generated by repeated application of LASSO regression with ten-fold crossvalidation on the training set 114 Figure 4. The nine features of the developed model 123 Figure 5. Performance of model in discriminating between MDD and BD based on AUROC curves 125 Figure 6. AUROC curves representing model performance in discriminating between MDD and BD (without current hypomanic/manic/mixed symptoms), between MDD and BD (drug-free patients), and between patient groups and HC 126 Figure 7. Protein levels of the nine features in the developed model 128 Figure 8. Box-and-whisker plots representing protein abundance of the nine features in all subjects of this study 130 Figure 9. The top protein network and associated canonical pathways generated by IPA for the nine selected features (proteins) 136๋ฐ•

    ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•” ๋ถ„์„์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์„œ์˜์ค€.๋‹ด๊ด€์•”์€ ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์›๋ฐœ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์•…์„ฑ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ์•„์ง ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ†ต์•”์ธ ์ทŒ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์•”์ข…์€ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋น„๊ตํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”๊ณผ ์ทŒ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์•”์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ๊ณผ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์•”์ข…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•”์ข…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ด ์ทŒ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์•”์ข…์—์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด์„์€ ๋‘ ์•”์ด ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž์  ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต์œ ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ , ์ž„์ƒ์  ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)์™€ NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)์—์„œ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์–ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3๊ฐœ์˜ TCGA, 9๊ฐœ์˜ GEO ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด, 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„, 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœRNA, ๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„, 19๊ฐœ์˜ ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ด 29๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” 29๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘ 9๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž์ด๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ, 302๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด‰์ง„์ž์™€ 86๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฆํญ์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” 455๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋œ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์ด 374๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœRNA ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” 29๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘ ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์ €๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋œ UPB1, HBB ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœRNA๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœRNA ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. Hippocampus abundant transcript-like 1(HIATL1)์€ ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” 29๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. HIATL1 ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•” ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ƒ์กด์ด ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”๊ณผ ์ทŒ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์•”์ข…๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณตํ†ต ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„, HIATL1์€ ์ทŒ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘์•”์˜ HIATL1 ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กด์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘์•”์˜ HIATL1 ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ , ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” 108๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ sodium channel nonvoltage-gated1 (SCNN1D)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ์ธ Amiloride์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋จ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ €RNA, ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœRNA ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” 29๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ณตํ†ต ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” 29๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ HIATL1์€ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”๊ณผ ์ทŒ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์•”์˜ HIATL1 ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•”์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ž ์˜ˆํ›„ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ„์ž์  ์›๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the major primary cancer in liver, with a high malignancy rate worldwide. The incidence of CC is still increasing without explicit causes. Other gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has many comparable characteristics to CC. For examples, the survival rate and prognosis of CC and PDAC are similarly poorer than other carcinomas such as a hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinically, therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for CC resemble in those applied to PDAC. One of the possible explanations of sharing features between CC and PDAC is a common molecular mechanism(s) during their carcinogenesis. Given the histopathological and clinical similarities in two cancers, I performed an integrative genomic analysis of CC datasets collected from publicly accessible The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). 3 TCGAโ€“ and 9 GEOโ€“datasets, 6 gene expressionโ€“, 2 methylationโ€“ and 4 miRNAโ€“datasets, were gathered. I sorted out 29 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) consisting of 10 overexpressed and 19 underexpressed genes in 6 studies. 9 genes of 29 common DEGs were related to several cellular functions. In 2 methylation studies, 455 differentially methylated regions, 302 DMRs on promoters and 86 on enhancers, on 374 genes. After miRNA analysis, I found 4 miRNAs that regulate UPB1, HBB genes, underexpressed and hypomethylated, from 29 common DEGs. However, there were no common miRNA traits in 4 studies. HIATL1, hippocampus abundant transcript-like 1, was identified significant factor to CC patients survival in 29 common DEGs. HIATL1 low-expressed CC group revealed to poor survival. Next, comparison gene expression profiling between CC and PDAC, I found several similar characteristics. Interestingly, HIATL1 also affected on PDAC patients survival and HIATL1 low-expressed group of two cancer showed poor early survival. Additionally, I identified common traits of HIATL1 low-expressed group of two cancers so that 108 DEGs were sorted out. Among them, sodium channel nonvoltage-gated1 (SCNN1D), a function of the gene-encoding protein was found to be regulated by diuretic Amiloride, was selected within sodium ion transporting related genes. Taken together, I integratively analyzed mRNA, methylation, miRNA CC datasets. From meta-analysis, 29 common DEGs were identified which suggesting that common traits of CC. Especially, HIATL1, one of 29 common DEGs, showed correlation with survival in CC and PDAC patients, then I proposed the drug to two cancer HIATL1 low-expressed groups. In this study, unique molecular traits of CC could be used for predicting patient prognosis and further molecular mechanism study.INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 RESULTS 7 DISCUSSION 29 REFERENCES 32 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 36Maste

    Total synthesis of anti-MRSA sesquiterpene, mansonone F and studies on its structure-activity relationship

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ,2001.Docto

    Selectivity of Na0.44MnO2 electrode and its application in high-purity KOH manufacture

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 8. ์œค์ œ์šฉ.์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ์€ ์นผ๋ฅจ๊ณ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ, ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ, ์ „์ž ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ KCl ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์ž ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ์˜ ์ˆœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ์˜ ๊ณ ์ˆœ๋„ํ™” ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์ž๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”๋ฒ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ์€ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด 200 mg/kg ์ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „์ž๊ธ‰์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด โ‰ค 324 mM ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์„ ๊ณ ์ˆœ๋„ํ™” ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋“ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „๊ทน์ธ Na0.44MnO2 ์™€ Ag ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํƒˆ์—ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ (desalination battery) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ Na+ ์ด์˜จ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „ KCl ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒˆ์—ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์ผœ KCl ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํ›„์— ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์—†์ด ์ „์ž๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ์˜ ์ˆœ๋„์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € Na0.44MnO2 ์ „๊ทน์˜ Na+ ์ด์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†๋„ (30mM)์˜ Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ์ด์˜จ์ด ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ์ถฉโˆ™๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ถฉ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ Na+ ์ด์˜จ์ด ํƒˆโˆ™์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆœํ™˜์ „์••์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์–‘์ด์˜จ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›„ ํƒˆ์—ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์นผ๋ฅจ๊ณ„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ธ UNID ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณต์—…์šฉ KCl (low grade) ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Na+ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 2.1 KOH ์˜ ์šฉ๋„ 4 2.2 KOH ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 2.2.1 ๊ฐ€์„ฑํ™”๋ฒ• (Causticization Process) 6 2.2.2 ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด (Electrolysis) 8 2.3 Desalination Battery (ํƒˆ์—ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ)์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ 11 2.4 Sodium Manganese Oxide (Na0.44MnO2) ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 15 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 3.1 ์ „๊ทน ์ œ์กฐ 19 3.1.1 Na0.44MnO2 Powder 19 3.1.2 Na0.44MnO2 Electrode 20 3.1.3 Silver Electrode 23 3.2 ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ์…€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 24 3.2.1 ํƒˆ์—ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 24 3.2.2 ์ˆœํ™˜์ „์••์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ฝ”์ธ์…€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 26 3.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 28 3.3.1 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Na0.44MnO2 ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 28 3.3.2 ๊ณต์—…์šฉ KCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ Na0.44MnO2 ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 29 3.3.3 ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์‹คํ—˜ 31 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 32 4.1 Na 0.44MnO2 ์ „๊ทน์˜ Na+ ์ด์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ 32 4.1.1 ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ Na+ ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 32 4.1.2 ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์˜จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Na0.44MnO2 ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์ „์••์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ณก์„  35 4.2 ๊ณต์—…์šฉ KCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  Na+ ์ถ”์ถœ 38 4.2.1 ๊ณต์—…์šฉ KCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ์˜ Na+ ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 38 4.2.2 ์„ ํƒ์  Na+ ์ถ”์ถœ์˜ ์ถฉโˆ™๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „์•• ํ”„๋กœํ•„ 43 4.3 ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 45 4.4 ์„ ํƒ์  Na+ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒˆ์—ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 47 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  50 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 52 Abstract 56Maste

    ๊ฑด์„  ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด follicular helper T cell ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Dept. of Medicine/์„์‚ฌPsoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting about 2% of the worldwide population. Substantial clinical and basic research observations indicate that the cellular innate and adaptive immune responses, especially the activation of Th1 and Th17 cells, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, the role of B cells to pathogenesis of psoriasis is sparsely reported and controversial.Follicular helper T (Tfh) cell is a recently characterized subset of helper T cells, found in the germinal centers of the B cell follicles. The major function of Tfh cells is to help B cell activation and antibody production during humoral immune responses. Recently, several studies indicate that blood Tfh cells are frequently present in patients with autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and bullous pemphigoid. However, there is no report about Tfh cells in psoriasis.This study sought to analyze the blood Tfh cells in patients with psoriasis. I found no increased frequencies of circulating CXCR5+ Tfh cells, in disagreement with previous studies from several autoimmune diseases. However, the frequency of PD-1+ subset of activated Tfh cells decreased significantly in patients with psoriasis. Furthermore, the proportion and the absolute numbers of PD-1+ subset of activated Tfh cells negatively correlated with ESR levels. The proportion of PD-1+ Tfh cells and the absolute numbers of PD-1+ and ICOS+ Tfh cells were lower in psoriatic patients with high ASO titers. Meanwhile, the proportion of PD-1+ Tfh cells and the absolute numbers of PD-1+ and ICOS+ Tfh cells positively correlated with the disease duration of psoriasis. These findings suggest that the activated Tfh cells decrease in severe status and early phase of psoriasis. Furthermore, it also implies that B cell immunity weakens in psoriasis as a result of predominance of Th1 and Th17 cytokine axises. I expect that this elucidation of the altered frequency of activated Tfh cells will help the further investigation of pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets in psoriasis.ope

    Biodiesel production from microalgae grown in anaerobically digested food wastewater effluent

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    MasterAs petroleum is being depleted gradually, a demand for alternative energy source is increasing to substitute petroleum-based energy production. Biodiesel produced by microalgae has many advantages compared to other biofuels but also has limitations such as low economic feasibility. Therefore, this study focused on reducing the cost of biodiesel production from microalgae in the cultivation process. Microalgal species was cultivated in anaerobically digested food wastewater effluent (FWE) to treat the wastewater and produce biodiesel simultaneously. 5 species (Scenedesmus bijuga, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803) were cultivated in FWE mixed with primary effluent of municipal wastewater and compared the lipid productivity to select the species for further experiment. As a result, S. bijuga showed the best lipid productivity (16.55mg/L/d) among the tested species. And with this species, three different mixing ratios of FWE were compared for finding out proper dilution ratio in biodiesel production. Of these, 1/20 diluted FWE showed the largest biomass production (1.50g/L). Lipid content was highest in 1/10 diluted FWE (35.06%), and the lipid productivity showed maximum value in 1/20 diluted FWE (15.59mg/L/d). Nutrient removal was also measured in the cultivation. FAME compositions were mainly composed of C16-C18 (Over 98.96%) in S. bijuga. In addition, quality of FAMEs was evaluated by Cetane Number (CN) and Bis-Allylic Position Equivalent (BAPE).ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„์— ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2์ฐจ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ํ—ค๋ฏธ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์˜ค์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 3์ฐจ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค์ธ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ์ˆ˜์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์–‘์—ผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ (๋ฐฐ์–‘, ์ˆ˜ํ™•, ๊ฑด์กฐ, ์ถ”์ถœ, ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์—์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅดํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘) ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ ˆ๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ค‘, ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜์–‘์—ผ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฌผ์— ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋“ฑ ์˜์–‘์—ผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ˜๊ธฐ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Œํ์ˆ˜๋Š” 2012๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•ฝ 50% ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•ด์–‘์— ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 2013๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด์–‘ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜๊ธฐ์†Œํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜๊ธฐ์†Œํ™” ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๋†๋„์˜ ์˜์–‘์—ผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Œํ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์ €ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์–‘์—ผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ 1์ฐจ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ํฌ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๊ธฐ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ข…์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ๋†๋„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์™€ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์— 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ข…์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘์—ผ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋„ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Scenedesmus bijuga ์ข…์ด 2.02g/L์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ง€์งˆ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ์—ญ์‹œ 27.44%๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ S. bijuga ์ข…์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ๊ณฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ S. bijuga ์ข…์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ S. bijuga์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ฐฐ์œจ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 10๋ฐฐ, 20๋ฐฐ, 30๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 20๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ S. bijuga๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜์–‘์—ผ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์œจ์€ SCOD์™€ ์ด์ธ, ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ์‹œ 20๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 66.4%, 90.5%, 100%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ด์งˆ์†Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 30๋ฐฐ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ 90.7%์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์งˆ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 10๋ฐฐ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ S. bijuga์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ 35%์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋˜ 20๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์งˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ธ 15.59mg/L/d๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ง€์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FAME (Fatty acid methyl ester) ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค ๋ชจ๋‘ 99% ์ด์ƒ์ด C16-C18๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ์„๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก Linoleic aicd (C18:2)์™€ Linolenic acid (C18:3) ๋“ฑ์˜ Polyunsaturated fatty acid์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , Monounsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค์€ ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ์—ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”Cetane Number (CN)์™€ ์‚ฐํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” Bis-Allylic Position Equivalent (BAPE)์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋””์ ค์—์„œ CN์€ ASTM๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , BAPE๋Š” 10๋ฐฐ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ S. bijuga์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋””์ ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ญ์‹œ ASTM ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ข…์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๊ต, ํ•˜์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ํฌ์„๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ง€์งˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด (S. bijuga, 20๋ฐฐ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ์Œํ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜)์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค
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