특수직역연금 수급여부와 공적연금 수급여부를 중심으로 비교

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 행정학과(행정학전공),2019. 8. 김상헌.The purpose of this study was to examine the financial status of the elderly in an aging society. In this study, I obtained KLoSA(Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing) panel survey data from the second(2008) to the sixth(2016). I divided the group into the - 80 - special pension recipients(1,151) and the non-recipients(26,385), the public pension recipients(7,972) and the non-recipients(19,564). The difference in income, consumption, and assets between pensioners and non-pensioners was analyzed through descriptive statistics analysis and t-test. And the effect of pension status on financial status was analyzed by multiple regression analysis. In addition, inequality was confirmed by the Gini coefficient in the financial status of pensioners and non-pensioners. The results of this study were as follows. First, pensioners differed in terms of financial status from non-pensioners. There were significant differences between the groups in total income, total consumption, total assets, real estate assets, and financial assets between the special pensioners and non-pensioners. Earned income was added between public pensioners and non-pensioners. Second, in the case of pensioners, the factors affecting the financial status were gross income(+) and earned income(-). Third, the inequality of assets in pensioners and non-pensioners was confirmed. Previous studies have shown that savings are reduced when there is a pension, but in this study, pensioners are characterized by higher asset income and asset level than non-pensioners. There is a need to consider the asset side in policy approaches to the elderly 's retirement preparation.본 연구에서는 고령사회를 맞이하여 고령층의 재정 상태를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이에 있어서 특수직역연금수급자(1,151명)와 비수급자(26,385명), 공적연금수급자(7,972명)와 비수급자(19,564명) 로 집단을 나누었다. 연금 수급자와 비수급자 간 소득, 소비, 자산 수준의 차이를 기술통계분석, t검증을 통해 살펴보았고, 연금 수급 여부가 재정 상태에 미치는 영향을 다중회귀분석 하였다. 또한, 연 금수급자와 비수급자의 재정 상태에 있어서 지니계수를 통해 불평 등성과 추이를 확인하였다. 고령화연구패널조사 2차(2008년)에서 6차(2016년)까지의 자료 를 분석한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 연금수급자는 비수급자와 재정 상태에 있어서 차이가 있었다. 특수직역연금수급 자와 비수급자 간에는 총소득, 총소비, 총자산, 부동산자산, 금융자 산 항목에서 집단 간의 유의한 차이를 보였고, 공적연금수급자와 비수급자 간에는 근로소득이 추가되었다. 둘째, 연금수급자의 경우 재정 상태에 영향을 미치는 요인은 총소득(+)과 근로소득(-)이었 다. 셋째, 연금수급자와 비수급자에 있어서 자산의 불평등성을 확 인할 수 있었다. 기존 연구에서는 연금이 있을 경우 저축이 감소함을 보이고 있으나 본 연구에서는 연금수급자는 비수급자에 비해 자산소득과 자산수준이 높은 특징을 가지고 있었다. 고령층의 노후 준비와 관 련한 정책적 접근에 있어서 자산 측면을 고려할 필요성이 있다.제 1 장 서론 ································································· 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 ············································ 1 제 2 장 이론적 논의 및 선행연구 검토 ··············· 3 제 1 절 이론적 논의 ····························································· 3 1. 가계 재정 관련 이론 ··························································· 3 2. 공적소득보장과 공적연금의 특성 ····································· 4 제 2 절 선행연구 검토 ······················································· 9 1. 가계 재정과 공적연금 관련 선행연구 ····························· 9 제 3 절 기존 연구와의 차별성 ········································ 16 제 3 장 연구의 설계 ················································· 17 제 1 절 연구문제 및 변수의 설정 ································· 17 1. 연구문제 및 가설 ································································ 17 2. 변수의 설정 ·········································································· 19 3. 연구의 분석틀 ······································································ 24 제 2 절 분석모형의 구성 ·················································· 25 1. 분석자료 ················································································ 25 2. 분석대상 ················································································ 27 3. 분석방법 ················································································ 27 4. 분석모형 ················································································ 29 제 4 장 분석결과 ······················································· 31 제 1 절 기술통계 분석 ······················································· 31 1. 인구사회학적 특성 비교 ····················································· 3 1 2. 재정 상태 비교 ··································································· 36 - iv - 제 2 절 다중회귀 분석 ······················································· 42 1. 특수직역연금수급자 재정 상태의 영향요인 ··················· 42 2. 공적연금수급자 재정 상태의 영향요인 ··························· 53 제 3 절 불평등도 분석 ······················································· 64 1. 재정 상태 불평등도 분석 ··················································· 64 제 5 장 결론 ································································ 73 제 1 절 연구결과 및 시사점 ············································ 73 참고문헌 ········································································ 76 Abstract ········································································ 79Maste

동아시아 은어(sweet smelt, Plecoglossus altivelis)의 개체군 구조와 역사적 개체수 증가의 분자 증거

은어(sweet smelt, Plecoglossus altivelis)는 민물과 바다를 오가는 1년생 양측성 어류로서, 가을에 성체가 강 하류에 알을 낳으면 부화한 치어는 바다로 떠내려가 겨울을 지내고 봄에 다시 강으로 올라온다. 본 연구에서는 은어의 미토콘드리아 DNA 서열을 이용하여 동아시아 전체 은어 개체군의 유전학적 구조와 한국 내 은어 개체군의 유전학적 구조를 알아보고, 동아시아에서의 과거 은어 개체군의 개체 수 증거에 대한 분자적 증거를 찾아보고자 하였다. 한반도 8곳에서 70개체의 은어를 채집한 후 미토콘드리아 DNA control Region 및 Cytochrom b 유전자의 서열을 얻었고, 일본 및 중국 은어들의 미토콘드리아 DNA control Region 을 추가하였다 (n = 260). 개체군 유전학적 분석을 수행한 결과 전체적으로 유전적 다양성이 매우 높았고, 동해안과 서해안의 은어 크기가 다르다는 기존의 연구결과와는 달리 AMOVA 결과 한국 안에서 개체군간 유전적 분화는 관찰되지 않았다 (ΦST= -0.05). 이는 한국 은어 개체군간의 높은 gene flow 와 불완전한 lineage sorting 때문인 것으로 예상된다. 동아시아 전체 개체군에서는 AMOVA 분석을 통해 개체군 사이의 유전적 분화를 관찰할 수 있었는데 (ΦST= 0.27), 주로 섬 개체군 또는 서로 다른 나라 사이의 먼 개체군에서의 높은 분화도에 따른 것으로서, 이는 먼 거리의 은어개체군 간의 제한된 gene flow 와 섬 개체군의 genetic drift를 시사한다. 분자 마커의 중립진화 (neutrality) 검증과 mismatch distribution 의 결과는 동아시아의 개체군들이 역사적인 개체 수 증가를 겪은 것을 시사하는데, 그 시기는 83,158~390,845년 전으로 예측된다. 이는 홍적세 (Pleistocene)에 빙하기 및 해수면 후퇴로 인해 은어의 서식지가 줄었다가 갑자기 늘어나면서 개체수가 증가한 흔적인 것으로 보인다. 결론적으로, 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 동아시아의 은어 개체군은 가까운 거리 및 섬이 아닌 본토 간 개체군에서는 유전적 분화를 보이지 않는 특징을 보이는데 이것은 은어 개체군 사이의 높은 gene flow와 홍적세의 개체군 팽창 후 아직 불완전한 lineage sorting 때문인 것으로 보이고, 섬 개체군의 경우에는 제한된 gene flow와 genetic drift에 의해 유전적으로 분화된 것으로 보인다.;Amphidromous fishes have the potential to disperse widely while in the marine stage due to vast ocean spaces. Sweet smelt or ayu, Plecoglosus altivelis, is a typical amphidromous fish which spawns at the lower reaches of rivers in autumn, after which the hatched larvae move down to the sea to grow during winter and travel back to nearby rivers during spring. The present study was aimed to investigate the population genetic structure and historical population expansion of P. altivelis in East Asia using 260 mitochondrial control region sequences (329 bp) from East Asia and additional 70 mitochondrial cytochrom b gene sequences (1021 bp) from the Korean mainland. Concatenated sequence analysis of 70 mitochondrial control region and cytochrom b gene sequences were carried out for detecting Korean mainland population structure, while the 260 mitochondrial control region sequences of P. altivelis were used separately to detect population structure from East Asia (Korea, Japan and China) . Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) failed to detect genetic differentiation among Korean mainland populations of P. altivelis (ΦST = -0.05), despite precedent report of different fish size between east coastal and south coastal Korea, implying high gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting. AMOVA revealed a significant and high overall ΦST (0.27) among East Asian populations, mainly due to the high genetic differentiations of island and overseas populations, suggesting limited gene flow between distant populations and high genetic drift in island populations. Both neutrality tests and mismatch distribution proposed a late Pleistocene population expansion of approximately 83,158–390,845 years ago. The results of this study leads to the conclusion that the P. alitivelis population structure in East Asia is characterized by relatively small genetic differentiation among near populations and also among mainland populations. This can be attributed to high gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting after population expansion during the Pleistocene, and the high genetic differentiation of island populations due to great genetic drift and restricted gene flow.Ⅰ. Introduction = 1 Ⅱ. Materials and Methods = 5 A. Sample collection = 5 B. DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing = 7 C. Population genetic analysis = 9 C-1 Analysis of sweet smelt population structure in Korean mainland = 9 C-2 Analysis of genetic diversity, structure and historical expansion of sweet smelt population in East Asia = 9 Ⅲ. Results = 14 A. Genetic strucure of P. altivelis population in Korea = 14 B. Population genetics of P. altivelis population in East Asia = 15 B-1. Diversity of mtDNA sequences = 15 B-2. Genetic population structure = 16 B-3. Population expansion = 17 Ⅳ. Discussion = 27 A. Genetic structure of P. altivleis in Korean mainland = 27 B. Genetic diversity and population structure of P. altivleis in East Asia = 30 C. Historical population expansion of P. altivleis in East Asia = 32 References = 36 Appendix. A map of Pleistocene in East Asia (Lee et al., 2008) = 40 국문초록 = 4

댄스스포츠문화를 통해 본 여가 문화에 대한 사회적 편견

학위논문(석사) --서울대학교 대학원 :체육교육과,2008. 8.Maste

개인상담의 구조화 교육에서 비디오 테잎 시범학습의 효과

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :교육학과 교육상담전공,1998.Maste

Korean Spirit and Culture Promotion Project

행사명 : Saudi Arabia TVTC Training Program on Administrative Leadershi

여성 특이적 간암 악성도 예측용 바이오마커 및 이의 용도

CTNNB1 유전자에 특이적으로 결합하는 제1 검출시약; IL6 유전자에 특이적으로 결합하는 제2 검출시약; GLIPR1 유전자에 특이적으로 결합하는 제3 검출시약; 및 RHOA 유전자에 특이적으로 결합하는 제4 검출시약;을 포함하는 여성 특이적 간암 악성도 예측용 조성물을 제공한다