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    리튬 μ΄μ°¨μ „μ§€μš© κ³ μš©λŸ‰ 측상 μ–‘κ·Ή μ‚°ν™”λ¬Ό μ†Œμž¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이둠적 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μž¬λ£Œκ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2022. 8. 강기석.좩전식 리튬 이온 λ°°ν„°λ¦¬λŠ” 높은 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 및 μ „λ ₯ 밀도, μš°μˆ˜ν•œ 속도 μ„±λŠ₯ 및 μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ 사이클 νŠΉμ„±μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ§€λ‚œ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ €μž₯ μž₯치의 ν‘œμ€€μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. νœ΄λŒ€ν˜• μ „μžκΈ°κΈ°μ˜ μ£Όμš” μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 리튬 μ΄μ˜¨μ „μ§€λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ , ν™˜κ²½μ  μš”κ΅¬μ— λΆ€μ‘ν•˜μ—¬ νƒˆ νƒ„μ†Œ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§€ν‰μ—μ„œ 핡심 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜λ‘œμ„œ 필연적인 역할을 ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λœλ‹€. μΆ©μ „κΈ°κΈ°μ˜ νœ΄λŒ€κ°€ μš©μ΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μΉœν™˜κ²½ μ „κΈ°μš΄μ†‘μ„ μœ„ν•œ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ €μž₯μž₯치둜의 κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ μ „ν™˜μ— λŒ€μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 전지에 μ €μž₯ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€ λ°€λ„μ˜ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 증가가 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λ‹€. 이와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Ό μŒκ·Ήμ€ 기쑴의 ν™”ν•™λŸ‰λ‘ μ  측상 리튬 전이 κΈˆμ† 산화물을 μ••λ„ν•˜λŠ” κ³ μš©λŸ‰μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λŒ€μ²΄ 재료둜 μœ λ§ν•˜λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Ό 음극이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” κ³ μš©λŸ‰ νŠΉμ„±μ˜ 근원인 μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™”ν™˜μ› λ°˜μ‘μ˜ 온-μ˜€ν”„λ₯Ό μ œμ–΄ν•˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ΄ 무엇인지 아직 λͺ…ν™•ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μž‘λ™ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κ³ μš©λŸ‰ μ˜μ—­μ„ 적극적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄ 사이클을 톡해 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 재료의 λŠ₯λ ₯이 크게 μ €ν•˜λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ μ „κ·Ήμ˜ 전기화학적 가역성을 ν™•λ³΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 심측적인 이해도 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Ό μ „κ·Ήμ˜ κ³ μš©λŸ‰ νŠΉμ„±μ˜ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™”ν™˜μ› μž‘μš© λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이둠적 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜λ©°, ν•΄λ‹Ή μš©λŸ‰μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ•Œ 전기화학적 가역성에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ„ νƒμƒ‰ν•˜μ—¬ μ•ˆμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μž¬λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 섀계 μ „λž΅μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆλ‹€. 제 2μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 전이 κΈˆμ† μ‚°ν™”λ¬Όμ˜ μ „μž ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Όμ—μ„œ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ›μ˜ 기원을 νƒκ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μž₯μ—μ„œ λ‚˜λŠ” κ³ μš©λŸ‰ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ› 화학이 전이 κΈˆμ†μ˜ μœ ν˜•μ— 따라 λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 이전 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™”ν™˜μ›μ˜ μ΄‰λ°œμ€ 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Ό 내에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λ…νŠΉν•œ Li–O–Li λΉ„κ²°ν•© μΆ•μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœλ‹€λŠ” 데 λ™μ˜ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ Li–O–Li μƒνƒœμ˜ λΉ„κ²°ν•© νŠΉμ„±μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™”ν™˜μ› λ°˜μ‘μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯μ„±κ³Ό μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” λ°˜μ‘μ˜ μž‘λ™ 전압은 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 산화물을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” TM의 μœ ν˜•μ— 따라 λ―Έλ¬˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€. κ³ μš©λŸ‰μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ› λ°˜μ‘μ˜ μ‚¬μš© κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 경계λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•νžˆ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ‹€ν—˜μ μœΌλ‘œ 보고된 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ› μ „μœ„κ°€ μ „ν•΄μ§ˆμ˜ λΆ„ν•΄ 전압에 걸쳐 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ TM κΈˆμ†κ³Ό μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™”ν™˜μ› μ „μœ„ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 본질적인 κ΄€κ³„λŠ” 아직 μ™„μ „νžˆ μ΄ν•΄λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 이와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ 지역 ν™˜κ²½μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 3차원 μ „μ΄κΈˆμ† ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό(Li2TMO3)의 μ „μž ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•œ μ •λ°€ν•œ 쑰사λ₯Ό 톡해 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Όμ˜ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ› ν™œμ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ 포괄적인 그림을 μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. μ „μ΄κΈˆμ†κ³Ό μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ Ο€-ν˜• μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ€ ꡭ뢀적 ν™˜κ²½μ˜ μ‘°μ ˆμ„ 톡해 μ² μ €νžˆ μ‘°μ‚¬λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, μ΄λŠ” μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™”ν™˜μ› ν™œμ„±/μ „μœ„μ— μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œλ‹€. λ‚˜μ˜ λͺ¨λΈμ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ› μ „μœ„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 보고된 ν˜„μƒν•™μ  상관 관계λ₯Ό ν•©λ¦¬ν™”ν•˜κ³  μ œν•œλœ μ „κΈ° 화학적 μ°½ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ› λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ•ˆμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ λ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 과학적 기초λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λœλ‹€. 제 3μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Ό μ „κ·Ήμ˜ μ „μ•• μ—΄ν™” μš”μΈμ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³  ꡬ쑰적 가역성을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 재료 섀계 μ „λž΅μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. μ „μ•• μ €ν•˜μ™€ 같은 전기화학적 μ—΄ν™”λŠ” 주둜 ꡬ쑰적 μž₯μ• λ‘œ μΈν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λ˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 비가역적인 λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ΄ν•΄λŠ” 아직 λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•˜λ‹€. μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ‚˜λŠ” 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Όμ˜ 비가역적 ꡬ쑰 λ³€ν˜•κ³Ό μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ› λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ 동적 ꡬ쑰 진화에 λŒ€ν•œ 포괄적인 이해λ₯Ό 톡해 ν•©λ¦¬μ μœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…될 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. μ‚°ν™”ν™˜μ› κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ³΅μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 슬래브 글라이딩과 평면 μ™Έ μ „μ΄κΈˆμ† λ§ˆμ΄κ·Έλ ˆμ΄μ…˜μ˜ 쑰합은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰적 진화 경둜λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜μ—¬ 훨씬 더 높은 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. μƒμ„±λœ 경둜 쀑 λ°©μ „ μ‹œ ꡬ쑰적 λ³€ν˜•μ΄ μΆ©μ „μ˜ μ—­μˆœκ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­ κ²½λ‘œλŠ” 자발적인 과정이며 κ²°κ΅­ λ¬΄μ§ˆμ„œν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ—¬ μ „μ•• νžˆμŠ€ν…Œλ¦¬μ‹œμŠ€ 및 ꡬ쑰적 비가역성을 μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 특히 슬래브 글라이딩 맀개 과정은 μ „μ΄κΈˆμ†μ΄ 직접 μ΄λ™ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬΄μ§ˆμ„œν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” κ²½λ‘œλ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 μ‰¬μš΄ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ Έ 슬래브 κΈ€λΌμ΄λ”©μ˜ μ œμ–΄κ°€ ꡬ쑰적 μ—΄ν™”λ₯Ό μ–΅μ œν•˜κ³  전기화학적 μ„±λŠ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 핡심 μš”μ†Œμž„μ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. λ‚˜μ˜ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 리튬이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 측상 μ‚°ν™”λ¬Όμ˜ 비가역적 ꡬ쑰적 진화에 λŒ€ν•œ 합리적인 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜κ³  가역적 μ‚°μ†Œ μ‚°ν™” ν™˜μ›μ„ μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ œμ–΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μš”μΈμ„ κ³΅κ°œν•œλ‹€.Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which have been the main energy source for portable electronic devices, are expected to play an inevitable role as a core energy storage device in a new horizon of the decarbonization industry in response to social and environmental demands. To respond to the rapid transition to large-scale energy storage for eco-friendly electrified transportation where charging devices are not easy to carry, innovatory increase of energy density that can be stored in cells is essential. In this regard, lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes are promising candidate as alternative materials because they exhibit a high-capacity that overwhelms the conventional stoichiometric layered lithium transition metal oxides. However, since it is still unclear what factors control the triggering of oxygen redox reaction, which is the origin of the high-capacity characteristics exhibited by lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes, so it is very important to understand oxygen redox triggering mechanism. In addition, it is known that active use of high-capacity region significantly compromises the material's ability to retain energy through cycles, so an in-depth understanding to secure the electrochemical reversibility of the electrode is also essential. In this thesis, I present a theoretical study on the oxygen redox triggering mechanism which is responsible for the high-capacity characteristics of lithium-rich layered oxide electrodes and propose a design strategy for a material that can be stably maintained high capacity by exploring the factors that affect electrochemical reversibility when using the corresponding capacity. In chapter 2, I explore the origins of oxygen redox in lithium-rich layered oxides by examining the electronic structures of various transition metal oxide compounds. In this chapter, I propose that the oxygen redox chemistry responsible for the high-capacity properties can depend on the type of transition metal. In previous studies, it was agreed that the triggering of oxygen redox originates from a unique Li–O–Li non-bonding axis present within the lithium-rich layered oxides. However, despite the non-bonding nature of the Li–O–Li state, the availability of oxygen redox reaction and operating voltage of oxygen oxidation reaction subtly differed depending on the different types of TMs constituting the lithium-rich oxides. Clarifying the usable boundaries of oxygen redox reaction to achieve high capacity is very important because the most of oxygen redox potential which are experimentally reported spans the decomposition voltage of the electrolyte. However, their intrinsic relationship between transition metal and oxygen redox potential have not yet been fully understood. In this respect, I present a comprehensive picture of the oxygen redox activity of lithium-rich layered oxides through precise examination of the electronic structures of a wide range of 3d transition metal compounds (Li2TMO3) considering the local environments. The Ο€-type interaction between transition metal and oxygen was thoroughly investigated through the control of the local environment, which was found to have a significant effect on the oxygen redox activity/potential. My model rationalizes the reported phenomenological correlations for different oxygen redox potentials and provides a scientific basis for stably inducing oxygen redox reactions within a limited electrochemical window. In Chapter 3, I identify the factors of irreversible voltage degradation of lithium-rich layered oxide electrodes and propose a material design strategy to improve structural reversibility. Electrochemical degradation, such as voltage depression, is believed to be mainly due to structural disorders, but the understanding of how these phenomena evolve in an irreversible direction is still incomplete. Here, I suggest that the irreversible structural transformation and redox asymmetry of lithium-rich layered oxides can be rationally explained through a comprehensive understanding of dynamic structural evolution. Combination of slab gliding and out-of-plane transition metal migration which are co-existing in the oxygen redox process can generate various structural evolution pathways, leading to even higher levels of structural complexity. Among generated pathways, some asymmetric pathways in which structural transformation upon discharging differ from the reverse order of charging, are spontaneous processes and eventually form disordered structures, resulting in voltage hysteresis and structural irreversibility. Particularly, the slab gliding mediated process was found to be much easier than the pathway in which transition metal migrate directly to form a disordered structure, suggesting that the control of slab gliding is a key factor for suppressing structural degradation and improving electrochemical performance. My findings present a rational scenario for irreversible structural evolution of lithium-rich layered oxides and unveil new controllable factors for optimizing the reversible oxygen redox.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and outline 1 1.2 References 6 Chapter 2. Anionic redox activity regulated by transition metal in lithium-rich layered oxides 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Computational and experimental details 18 2.2.1 First-principle calculations 18 2.2.2 Material synthesis and electrode preparation 19 2.2.3 Electrochemistry 20 2.3 Result and Discussion 23 2.3.1 Ο€-type interaction and change in oxygen energy state 23 2.3.2 Neighboring TM alters LiOLi energy states 30 2.3.3 General indicator of oxygen redox activity in 3d-metal-based Li2TMO3 40 2.4 Concluding remarks 48 2.5 References 50 Chapter 3. Superposition of slab gliding and transition metal migration leads to irreversibility and redox asymmetry in lithium-rich layered oxides 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Computational and experimental details 64 3.2.1 First-principles calculations 64 3.2.2 Material synthesis and electrode preparation 64 3.2.3 Operando X-ray diffraction 65 3.3 Results and discussion 66 3.3.1 Simultaneous occurrence of slab gliding and TM migration 66 3.3.2 Asymmetric pathways and structural irreversibility resulting from the combination of slab gliding and TM migration 74 3.3.3 Redox asymmetry due to the asymmetric structural transformations 91 3.3.4 Facilitating irreversible deformation pathways by slab gliding 96 3.4 Concluding remarks 104 3.5 References 105 Chapter 4. Summary 111 Abstract in Korean 113λ°•

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