60 research outputs found

    The historical formation and evolution process of the Korean local borrowing institution

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ํ›„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ฒœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์•„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ํ‹€์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ค€๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„ ์ œ๋„์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง€์†๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์žฌ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„์˜ ์ง€์ถœ๋‚ด์—ญ ๋“ฑ์€ 1980๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณต์ง€ ๋“ฑ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋“ฑ์žฌ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ, 1997๋…„ IMF ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์ด์™€ ์š”๋™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. This study analysed the historical formation and evolution process of the Korean local borrowing institutions. The major finding is that the local borrowing institution has been evolved as historical, endogenous process affected by inherent institutions, especially the history of the Korean centralized government and institutional legacy of the Japanese local finance. The Korean local borrowing maintained quasi-subsidies characteristics dependent upon the central government because of sensitive dependence on initial conditions and institutional legacy or lock in effect. Simultaneously, expenditure details, scale and ratio, activity result of the Korean local borrowing institution have been mutated and fluctuated through learning process by trial-and-error and adaptation over changing environments. In particular, mutation and fluctuation of the local borrowing institution have strongly influenced by interest enlargement about quality of life such as welfare, a local self-governing enforcement, economic crisis such as IMF.์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฑ„ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2004๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ ์ง€์›(ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์‚ฌ 2์ฐจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ)์— ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„

    Type of Technological Risks and Comparison of Risk Governance: The Case of BSE Risk Managemen

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    ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ, ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์ด ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๊ณผ์ • ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด ๋ณ‘์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง€์‹์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ง€์‹ ์ถ”์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œก๊ณจ๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€, ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž… ๊ธˆ์ง€, ๋˜์ƒˆ๊น€ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ์›์‚ฐ์ง€ํ‘œ์‹œ์ œ๋„๋‚˜ ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ ฅ์ถ”์ง„์ œ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „ ํ–‰์ •์ผ์›ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ง„๋‹จํ•ด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธ‰์‹ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ์ถ•์ ์ด ๋ฏธํกํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตญ์ต๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋žต ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋‹จ์ฒด๋„ ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ง‘ํšŒ ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ฉด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค

    Afterward Construction of an Artworks Meaning : according to afterwardsness in Lacanian psychoanalysis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ๊น€์ง„์—ฝ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ผ์บ‰ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ํ•ด์„ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ ํ›„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญ์ „๋œ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ, ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์‚ฌํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์„์‚ฌ๋ก€, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๋ผ์บ‰์ด ์ •์‹ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ›„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์—์„œ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ •์‹  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๋ผ์บ‰์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •์‹ ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์š•๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ, ์ฆ‰ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์บ‰์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„์™€ ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค ์ฝคํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์งš์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฒ•์น™์ด์ž ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณง ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ณ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์บ‰์€ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ ๊ธฐ์˜์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ‘œ์™€ ๊ธฐ์˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์˜๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐํ‘œ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์€์œ ์™€ ํ™˜์œ  ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์€ ๊ณง ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„์˜ ์†์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค ์ฝคํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค์˜ ํ•ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค ์‹ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•œ ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„์ด์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์‚ผ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ(temps)๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง ์•ž์—์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์š•๋ง(le dรฉsir de la mรจre)์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ, ์ฆ‰ ํŒ”๋ฃจ์Šค(phallus)๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š•๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์š•๋ง์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ํŒ”๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํŒ”๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ์š•๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด์žฌํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์บ‰์€ ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค ์ฝคํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•„์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์š•๋ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์š•๋ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‹  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์š•๋ง, ์ฆ‰ ํŒ”๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์˜๋ฅผ ์€์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ‘œ์˜ ์–ต์••์€ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์š•๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ง ์†์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ‘œ์™€ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‘๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธํ™”์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์‚ฌํ›„์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฃผ์ฒด ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์˜๋ฏธํ™”์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ง ์†์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ , ์ฆ‰ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง ์†์—์„œ ์‚ฌํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ํ•ด์„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์  ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ/๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋น„ํ‰์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋†“๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฟฐ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์„ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์€ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์š•๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ/๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋น„ํ‰ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ๋’ค์ƒน์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์™€ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์€์œ , ํ™˜์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ํ›„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This essay aims to construct and analyse meaning of an art work through a mechanism so called afterwardsness in Lacanian psychoanalysis. The causality is usually considered to follow the order of temporality: an incident in the past is the cause and brings the consequence of the future. However, psychoanalysis claims a reversed causality, temporality, and narrativity: afterwardsness. This refers to the way that the present event influences retroactively-afterwardly- the past event in human mind. This is based upon the fact that human mind has the unconsciousness, and therefore, influences the way of remembering and signifying his or her past. Freud revealed this notion and explained it through a lot of experiences, especially the Wolf Man, and later Lacan who is successor of Freud conceptualized it. Yet, this notion is not fully illuminated but merely discovered over many contemporary thoughts. Therefore, this essay gives emphasis to grasp the notions position and content in Lacanian psychoanalysis. Afterwardsness reveals itself in the mind of subject. Lacan argues that human has the unconscious state of mind which cannot be captured by the conscious and that this is the foundation of human mind. Furthermore, human becomes subject by having the unconsciousness, the neurosis, and the desire. Lacanian subject can be explained through the symbolic order and the Oedipus complex. The symbolic order is the order that human follows and the world in which human lives and is represented by language. Lacan accepted the structuralist linguistics in his time: a sign is composed of a signified and a signifier. A signifier and a signified are not tightly corresponding. There are lots of signified which can be correspond to a signifier and they are sliding under the signifier. Thus, rhetorics such as metaphor and metonymy are possible. This feature is also a feature of the symbolic order. Human enters to the symbolic order through the settlement of the Oedipus complex. Oedipus complex, which is borrowed from the Oedipus myth from the ancient Greece, composed of three times โ€“ temps โ€“ between the child, the mother, and the father. In the first time, the child considers that his mother has a lack and desires something other than himself and he desires to be the phallus, which is the object of the desire of the mother. In the second time, the father is introduced who possesses the phallus and the child asks to himself whether he has the phallus as his father does. Lastly, in the third time, the child identifies himself with the father in order to desire indirectly the mothers desire. Like this, the child internalizes societal restrictions and laws. Lacan explained the Oedipus complex with his theory of language. According to this, the child represses the signifier of mothers desire and replaces it with the signifier of fathers law in order to obtain the signified of mothers desire. In other words, the signifier of fathers law is a metaphor of the phallus, the signified of mothers desire. The repression of the signifier constitutes the unconsciousness in the childs mind. Then, the child becomes a neurotic who replaces his wants to other signifiers, and a desiring subject. The afterwardsness appears in the formation of the subject through three stages. First, the signification that the signifier and the signified correspond to each other in a speech is retroactive. Second, the subject also reveals himself or herself, that is his or her desire in the speech by this afterward signification. The subject has to be represented by other signifier and this representation takes place afterwardly in the speech. Thirdly, afterward process decides the subjects way of remembering his or her past. The subjects past constitutes afterwardly through his or her desire. This essay tries to analyze the meaning of art works by adopting the process of afterwardsness. Therefore, this also tries the analysis of signifiers in artworks. Existing psychoanalytic art history and art criticism have sometimes a flaw that they presuppose an answer and adjust art works analysis to it and that art works become a mere tool for the theory. This is resulted from the fact that they emphasized the theorys end result but not its process. True psychoanalysis, according to Lacan, is to reveal a desire and then a meaning through the play of signifiers. Psychoanalytic art history and art criticism should be to reveal a desire and a meaning through the play of signifiers in art works. This essay will use this methodology to analyze the relationship between La Mariรฉe mise ร  nu par ses cรฉlibataires, mรชme and Boรฎte-en-valise by Marcel Duchamp. In the process that the art works signifiers replaces each other through metaphor and metonymy, the latter influences afterwardly to the meaning of the former, and therefore, a newly analyzed meaning will be constructed.์„œ๋ก _ 1 โ… . ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ: ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ_ 7 1. ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ: _ 8 2. ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ผ์บ‰์œผ๋กœ: ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ_ 15 โ…ก. ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ด๋ก _ 19 1. ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„_ 21 1.1 ์–ธ์–ด: ๊ธฐ์˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •์ _ 21 1.2 ์–ธ์–ด: ๊ธฐํ‘œ์˜ ์šฐ์œ„, ์€์œ ์™€ ํ™˜์œ _ 25 2. ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค ์ฝคํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค: ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ_ 31 2.1 ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค ์ฝคํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„_ 31 2.2 ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ž…: ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์€์œ _ 37 2.3 ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ_ 42 โ…ข. ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ_ 47 1. ๋ง: ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์˜๋ฏธํ™”์ž‘์šฉ_ 48 2. ์ฃผ์ฒด: ์‚ฌํ›„์  ํšจ๊ณผ_ 52 3. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ: ํ™˜์ƒ ์žฅ๋ฉด์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ_ 55 4. ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ_ 59 โ…ฃ. ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ_ 65 1. ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„_ 66 1.1 ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์  ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ/๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋น„ํ‰_ 66 1.2 ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ›„์„ฑ_ 75 2. ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ๋’ค์ƒน์˜ ๋‘ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ_ 79 2.1 _ 81 2.2 _ 84 3. ๋‘ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์„_ 89 3.1 ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ๋ฉด์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ_ 89 3.2 ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ_ 94 ๊ฒฐ๋ก _ 99Maste

    The government role and public policy In the post catch-up innovation system

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์ฃผ๋„ํ˜• ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๋น„์ „๊ณผ ์˜์ œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ, ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ํ†ตํ•ฉ, ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ž…๊ธฐ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ •์ฑ…์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœํŽธ, ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ™˜, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ๋„ ๋“ฑ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ•ด ์™”์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ‹€์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ด ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํƒˆ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ˜• ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„์ง ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. The main objective of this research is to provide a government role and Policy confrontation in the post catch-up innovation system. Particularly, this study analysed characteristics of the government role and public policy in trying transformation of innovation system. It made a comparison with Finland case that succeeded in system transformation to innovation driven economy. In the middle of a transition from the catch-up stage to the post catch-up stage, the old policy recipes do not work any longer. In a period of fundamental change, the state has to take the leading role in helping companies to get out of path dependency as a partner in the adventure of exploring a new development path. Particularly, there are many similarities such as creation of policy vision and agenda, policy integration to innovation, institutional structure reform, management transformation to governance, various policy experiment in the middle of innovation system transition. But real policy-making process and policy results are different. Although similarities in macro level, there are various differences in micro level and in detail analysis in separate policy

    Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and dopaminergic drugs on the phonation and articulation of the patients with Parkinson's disease.

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    ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘(Parkinson''s disease) ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋งํŠน์ง•์€ ๊ณผ์†Œ์šด๋™์„ฑ ๋งˆ๋น„๋ง์žฅ์• (hypokinetic dysarthria)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ˜ธํก, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์šด๋™๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก ๊ฐ•์ง์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด ํŠน์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ง์†๋„, ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ง๋ช…๋ฃŒ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์Œ(articulation) ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. /ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์š”๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์žฅ์• ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ง์žฅ์• ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋ชจ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์žฅ์น˜์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์กฐ์Œ์ƒํƒœ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์žฅ์น˜์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์กฐ์Œ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งํŠน์ง• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. //์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ชจ์Œ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ์Œ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชจ์Œ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. //๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ชจ์Œ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์Œํ–ฅ์Œ์„ฑํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์Œ๋„๋ณ€์ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” jitter์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์žฅ์น˜์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋„๋ณ€์ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” shimmer์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ์ง„์ „์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์— ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์žฅ์น˜์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ์ง€์— ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ง„์ „์ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์žฅ์น˜์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์Œ์„ฑ์ง„์ „์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. //์…‹์งธ, ์กฐ์Œ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์žฅ์น˜์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์Œ๊ต๋Œ€์šด๋™์†๋„(diadochokinetic rate)์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์กฐ์Œ๊ต๋Œ€์šด๋™์†๋„์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. //์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ƒํƒœ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์Œ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Œํ–ฅ์Œ์„ฑํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ž๊ทน์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์Œ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์Œ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์žฅ์น˜์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์กฐ์Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค ์ค‘, ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ง์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์กฐ์Œ์—๋„ ํ™•์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋งˆ๋น„๋ง์žฅ์• ์˜ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ์กฐ์Œ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Parkinson''s disease can result in hypokinetic dysarthria in which speech impairments of the patients are involved in any or all of the respiratory, phonatory, resonatory and articulatory levels. Their characteristics are most evident in voice, articulation and prosody including speech rate. //The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the subthalamic nucleus stimulation and dopaminergic drugs on the speech of the patients with Parkinson''s disease. Speech assessments were performed under four conditions (โ… ; medication-off, stimulation-on, โ…ก; medication-off, stimulation-off, โ…ข; medication-on, stimulation-on, โ…ฃ; medication-on, stimulation-off). The results were as follows: //1. At the phonatory level, the maximum phonation time of the /a/ and /i/ vowel prolongation was significantly longer under the conditions with stimulation or with medication. //2. Among the data of the acoustic analysis, amplitude perturbation(shimmer) decreased significantly under the condition โ…ข(medication-on, stimulation-on), comparing with the condition โ…ฃ(medication-on, stimulation-off). However, pitch perturbation(jitter) and tremor index did not change consistently under four conditions, but two patients with severe resting tremor showed decreased tremor index upon stimulation.//3. At the articulatory level, no significant changes were found in the diadochokinetic rate under any conditions. //According to the results of this study, the patients benefited from STN stimulation and medication in vowel prolongation task at the phonatory level. Among the variables of the acoustic analysis, shimmer decreased significantly under stimulation-on and medication-on conditions. At the articulatory level, no difference was noted in the diadochokinetic rate. This study was not designed on the basis of the speech impairments, moreover none of the patients showed rapid speech rate. Therefore, further study including patients with primarily articulatory impairments is needed to reveal any core articulatory characteristics of patients with Parkinson''s disease.ope
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