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    κ²°μ • 경계와 μ–΄ν…μ…˜ 캑슐 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„ νŠΉμ„±λ°±ν„° 뢄석

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μžμ—°κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ ν˜‘λ™κ³Όμ • 계산과학전곡, 2022.2. κ°•λͺ…μ£Ό.While the deep learning model produces overwhelming performance in many domains, it is not known what latent space the deep learning model embedding, what features it learns, and how it separates features. An accurate understanding of the learning process of deep learning is not perfect until now and is still an open problem. In this thesis, we try to broaden our understanding of the latent space of the deep neural network in two ways. In the first chapter, we experimentally investigate the relationships with the vision boundary in the latent space of the deep neural network through several toy experiments. The decision boundary is obtained by using and adversarial attack methods in the latent space where deep neural network embeds. We analyze the relationship between the decision boundary and the latent space manual obtained by perturbing the image. In the second chapter, the characteristics of the latent space is examined by constraining a network architecture design. We propose a new network module called an attention-style capsulenet with improved version of capsulenet. The value of each capsule is perturbed to determine which image feature is trained by the deep neural network.λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ λ§Žμ€ λ„λ©”μΈμ—μ„œ 압도적인 μ„±λŠ₯을 λ‚΄λŠ”λ° λ°˜ν•΄ λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ μ–΄λ–€ 잠재 곡간을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€, μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ§•λ₯Ό ν•™μŠ΅ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅ 과정에 λŒ€ν•œ μ •ν™•ν•œ μ΄ν•΄λŠ” ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ μ™„λ²½ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ—΄λ¦° λ¬Έμ œμ΄λ‹€. 이번 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 크게 2가지 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹μ΄ ν•™μŠ΅ν•œ μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이해λ₯Ό λ„“νžˆκ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 첫번째 μ±•ν„°μ—μ„œλŠ” λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹ λͺ¨λΈμ˜ μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ κ²°μ • 경계λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ„ 톡해 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ λŒ€μ  곡격 방법을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 결정경계 벑터λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  인풋에 λ…Έμ΄μ¦ˆλ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•˜μ—¬ μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ˜ 닀양체 벑터λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 결정경계 벑터와 μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ˜ 닀양체 벑터 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό 톡해 μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ²΄μ˜ ꡬ성을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ μ±•ν„°μ—μ„œλŠ” μΊ‘μŠμ΄λΌλŠ” νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ„€κ³„λ‘œμ„œ μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ„ μ œν•œν•˜μ—¬ ν•™μŠ΅λœ μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” μΊ‘μŠλ„·μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•œ μ–΄ν…μ…˜ μŠ€νƒ€μΌμ˜ μΊ‘μŠλ„·μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•˜κ³ , 각 μΊ‘μŠλ“€μ„ 값을 λ³€λ™μ‹œμΌœ λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ μ‹€μ œ μ΄λ―Έμ§€κ³΅κ°„μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ§•μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ 캑슐 μž μž¬κ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ λ§€ν•‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜κ³  인풋 λ°μ΄ν„°μ—μ„œμ˜ λ³€ν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•œ μΊ‘μŠκ°’μ˜ 변동을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.1 Introduction 1 2 Relation between Feature Manifold and Decision Boundary 4 2.1 Related Work 7 2.1.1 Manifold Hypothesis 7 2.1.2 Manifold Learning Methods 8 2.1.3 Adversarial Attack 12 2.1.4 Explain AI (Visualization methods) 14 2.2 Distribution of angles between latent manifold and the decision boundary 16 2.2.1 Experiment detail 16 2.2.2 Experiment results 18 2.3 Near-local manifold curvature 23 2.3.1 Experiment detail 23 2.3.2 Experiment results 23 2.4 Miscellaneous experiments 28 2.4.1 Does adversarial attack really mean a vulnerability in deep learning models 28 2.4.2 Is the manifold's shape related to the performance of the model 30 3 Attention style Capsulenet 32 3.1 Related Works 36 3.2 Proposed Method 39 3.2.1 Primary Caps Layer 40 3.2.2 Capsule Activation 40 3.2.3 Conv Caps Layer 41 3.2.4 Fully Conv Caps Layer 44 3.2.5 Margin Loss and Reconstruction Regularizer 44 3.3 Experiments 46 3.3.1 Classiffication Results on MNIST and affNIST 47 3.3.2 Classiffication Results on CIFAR-10 49 3.3.3 Robustness to hyperparameters 51 3.3.4 Transformation Equivariance 52 4 Conclusion and Future Works 57λ°•

    The Settlement of Korean Residential Bathroom in the 1910~1970s

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    ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 주택화μž₯싀은 1910~70λ…„λŒ€λ₯Ό 톡해 μ„œμ–‘μ‹ ν†΅ν•©ν˜•, λΉ„μ™ΈκΈ° λ‚΄λΆ€μ‹€ 그리고 μŠ΅μ‹κ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄νŽΈν™”λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 70λ…„λŒ€ 이후 뢀가적인 κ΅¬μ„±μ˜ 변화와 μ„€λΉ„, 재료의 κ°œμ„ μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 기본ꡬ성은 큰 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺ지 μ•Šκ³  ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ μœ μ§€λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 1970λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν™”ν•΄μ™”λŠ”μ§€μ˜ μƒμ„Έν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 70λ…„λŒ€ 이후 ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ μ•½ 50μ—¬ λ…„κ°„ κΈ°λ³Έκ΅¬μ„±μ˜ λ³€ν™” 없이 μœ μ§€λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν•œκ΅­ 주택화μž₯μ‹€μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 이에 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­ 주택화μž₯싀에 κ·ΌλŒ€μ μΈ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ‹œμž‘λœ μΌμ œκ°•μ κΈ°λΆ€ν„° ν˜„μž¬μ™€ 같은 κ΅¬μ„±μœΌλ‘œ 자리 μž‘μ€ 1970λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 정착과정을 λ„λ©΄μˆ˜μ§‘μ— κ·Όκ±°ν•΄μ„œ κ³΅κ°„μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ , λ³€ν™”μ˜ μš”μΈκ³Ό νŠΉμ„±μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•œλ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μΌμ œκ°•μ κΈ°(1910~1945)와 ν•΄λ°© ν›„ μ£Όνƒν˜Όμž¬κΈ°(1945~70), μ•„νŒŒνŠΈμ •μ°©κΈ°(1970λ…„λŒ€)둜 μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ 주택평면도λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κ³  λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν–ˆλ‹€. λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ„œμ–‘λ¬Έν™”μ˜ λ„μž…μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹λ˜μ–΄μ˜¨ ν•œκ΅­ 주택 ν™”μž₯μ‹€μ˜ 변화과정은 그리 λ‹¨μˆœν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 일본식에 ν•œκ΅­μ‹ 그리고 μ„œμ–‘μ‹μ΄ 겹쳐지고, μ£Όνƒμ˜ 변화과정에 λΆ€μ‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ, κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 기술의 λ²”μœ„ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ, ν•œκ΅­μΈμ˜ μƒν™œλ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό λ‹΄μ•„μ˜¨ 과정이 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μ•žμœΌλ‘œλ„ 주택화μž₯싀은 기본ꡬ성, 뢀가ꡬ성, μ„€λΉ„, 재료 등이 κ°œμ„ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺ을 것이닀. κ·Έ λ³€ν™”μ˜ 바탕에 ν•œκ΅­ 주택화μž₯μ‹€μ˜ 역사와 νŠΉμ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ˜μ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€.N

    A study on the direct dehydrogenation of n-butane over Pt/Sn/Al2O3catalyst: Effect of promoter

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 화학생물곡학뢀, 2014. 8. μ†‘μΈκ·œ.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” 곡정을 톡해 λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-뢀텐 및 1,3-뢀타디엔을 μ œμ‘°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 촉맀 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ¨Όμ € κΈ°λ³Έ μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œ Pt/Sn/Al2O3 촉맀λ₯Ό μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , λΉ„ν™œμ„±ν™”λ₯Ό μ–΅μ œν•˜κ³  ν™œμ„±μ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰촉맀λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ¨Όμ €, λ‹΄μ²΄μ˜ 산점을 μ‘°μ ˆν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ•ŒμΉΌλ¦¬ κΈˆμ†μ„ μ‘°μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œ λ„μž…ν•œ Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) 촉맀λ₯Ό 순차적 ν•¨μΉ¨λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ‘°ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 상기 μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ μ•ŒμΉΌλ¦¬ κΈˆμ†μ˜ λ„μž…μ΄ μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„±μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. XRD, ICP-AES 및 XPS 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 촉맀가 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 제쑰된 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ μ‚°νŠΉμ„±μ΄ λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„±μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ•”λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ•„ μŠΉμ˜¨νƒˆμ°©μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ μ‚°λŸ‰μ΄ κ°μ†Œν•¨μ— 따라 코크 ν˜•μ„±μ΄ κ°μ†Œν•˜κ³  뢀텐 및 1,3-λΆ€νƒ€λ””μ—”μ˜ μƒμ„±λŸ‰μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ ν™œμ„±μ¦μ§„μ„ μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ•ŒμΉΌλ¦¬ κΈˆμ†μ™Έμ— λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 전이 κΈˆμ†μ„ μ‘°μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œ λ„μž…ν•œ Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Zn, In, Y, Bi, Ga) 촉맀λ₯Ό 순차적 함침법을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ œμ‘°ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘μ— μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 상기 μ΄‰λ§€λŠ” XRD, ICP-AES 및 XPS 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 촉맀가 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 제쑰된 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κΈˆμ†-담체간 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μŠΉμ˜¨ν™˜μ› 뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ 뢄산도와 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μ†Œ 화학흑착 뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, 상기 μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ 경우 κΈˆμ†-담체간 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ κ°•ν• μˆ˜λ‘ ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ† μž…μžν¬κΈ°κ°€ κ°μ†Œν•˜λ©°, 담체 내에 고루 λΆ„μ‚°λ˜μ–΄ μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ ν™œμ„±μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  뢀텐 및 1,3-λΆ€νƒ€λ””μ—”μ˜ μƒμ„±λŸ‰ λ˜ν•œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 상기 μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„°, μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ κΈˆμ†-담체간 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 및 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό 규λͺ…ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° λ³Έ λ°˜μ‘μ— μ ν•©ν•œ 촉맀 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ ν™•λ¦½ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ‘°μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œμ„œ κ²€ν† ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κΈˆμ†λ“€ 쀑, Zn κΈˆμ†μ„ μ‘°μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œ λ„μž…ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ 촉맀 ν™œμ„±μ΄ κ°€μž₯ μš°μˆ˜ν•¨μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, νƒμƒ‰ν•œ 쑰촉맀 쀑 κ°€μž₯ ν™œμ„±μ΄ μš°μˆ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ˜ Pt/Sn/Zn/Al2O3 μ΄‰λ§€μ—μ„œ Zn의 ν•¨λŸ‰ λ³€ν™”κ°€ λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘μ—μ„œμ˜ 촉맀 ν™œμ„±μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ Pt/Sn/XZn/Al2O3 (X=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) 촉맀λ₯Ό 순차적 함침법을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ œμ‘°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. XRD, ICP-AES 및 XPS 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 촉맀가 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 제쑰된 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κΈˆμ†-담체간 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μŠΉμ˜¨ν™˜μ› 뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ 뢄산도와 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μ†Œ 화학흑착 뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, κΈˆμ†-담체간 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©κ³Ό ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ 뢄산도 및 ν‘œλ©΄μ μ΄ λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œμ˜ λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„±μ„ κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ μΈμžλ‘œμ„œ μž‘μš©ν•¨μ„ λ‹€μ‹œ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 제쑰된 촉맀듀 μ€‘μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ† ν‘œλ©΄μ μ„ 가진 Pt/Sn/0.5Zn/Al2O3 촉맀가 λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 μ΄‰λ§€ν™œμ„±μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€.Catalysts for direct dehydrogenation of n-butane to n-butene and 1,3-butadiene were investigated in this work. A series of Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 catalysts with different third metal (M = Li, Na, K, and Rb) were prepared by a sequential impregnation method, and they were applied to the direct dehydrogenation of n-butane to n-butene and 1,3-butadiene. Successful formation of Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 catalysts was well confirmed by XRD, and ICP-AES measurements. Surface acidity of Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 catalysts was measured by NH3-TPD experiments. A correlation between catalytic performance and surface acidity of Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 catalysts revealed that the catalytic performance increased with increasing surface acidity of the catalyst. In order to decrease deactivation rate of Pt/Sn/Al2O3 catalysts, various transition metals were also investigated as a promoter of Pt/Sn/Al2O3 catalysts. A series of Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 catalysts with different third metal (M = Zn, In, Y, Bi, and Ga) were prepared by a sequential impregnation method with a variation of promoter (M), and they were applied to the direct dehydrogenation of n-butane to n-butene and 1,3-butadiene. Successful formation of Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 catalysts was well confirmed by XRD, ICP-AES, and XPS measurements. Metal-support interaction was measured by TPR experiments, and Pt surface area was measured by H2-chemisorption experiments, respectively, to elucidate the effect of metal-support interaction and Pt dispersion on the catalytic performance in the reaction. Amount of n-butene and 1,3-butadiene increased with increasing both metal-support interaction and Pt surface area of the catalysts. Among the catalysts tested, Pt/Sn/Zn/Al2O3 catalyst also showed the best catalytic performance in the direct dehydrogenation of n-butane. In order to investigate the effect of zinc content on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of Pt/Sn/Zn/Al2O3 catalysts, a series of Pt/Sn/XZn/Al2O3 catalysts with different zinc contents (X= 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) were prepared by a sequential impregnation method with a variation of Zn content (X, wt%). Successful formation of Pt/Sn/XZn/Al2O3 catalysts was confirmed by XRD, ICP-AES, and XPS measurements. Metal-support interaction was measured by TPR experiments, and Pt surface area was measured by H2-chemisorption experiments, respectively, to elucidate the effect of metal-support interaction and Pt dispersionon the catalytic performance in the reaction. Correlationsbetween catalytic performance and TPR peak temperature, and between catalytic performance and Pt surface area revealed that the catalytic performance increased with increasing metal-support interaction and Pt surface area. Thus, both metal-support interactionand Pt surface area of the catalysts played important roles in determining the catalytic performance in the direct dehydrogenation of n-butane to n-butene and 1,3-butadiene. Among the catalysts tested, Pt/Sn/0.5Zn/Al2O3 catalyst, which retained the strongest metal-support interaction and the highest Pt surface area, showed the best catalytic performance in terms of yield for TDP and conversion of n-butane. Suitable addition of Zn (0.5 wt%) can reduce the size of the platinum ensembles by geometric effect, thus increasing the Pt surface area. However, when the content of Zn is excessive, the character of active metal has been modified by the formation of PtZn alloy and the decrease of Pt surface area is observed.1. μ„œ λ‘  2. 이둠 및 λ°°κ²½ 2.1. λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-뢀텐 및 1,3-뢀타디엔 제쑰 곡정 2.2. νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ 촉맀 및 곡정 2.3. 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ 3. μ‹€ ν—˜ 3.1. 촉맀 제쑰 3.1.1. μ‹œμ•½ 3.1.2. Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ 제쑰 3.1.3. Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Zn, In, Y, Bi, Ga) μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ 제쑰 3.1.4. Pt/Sn/XZn/Al2O3 (X=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ 제쑰 3.2. 촉맀 νŠΉμ„± 뢄석 3.2.1. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) 3.2.2. ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) 3.2.3. N2 adsorption-desorption measurement 3.2.4. H2 Chemisorption 3.2.5. NH3-TPD (Temperature Programmed Desorption) 3.2.6. CHNS 3.2.7. TPR (Temperature Programmed Reduction) 3.2.8. XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) 3.3. λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ 3.3.1. 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 3.3.2. 촉맀λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘μ˜ ꡬ성 4. μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³Ό 및 κ³ μ°° 4.1. Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) 촉맀λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ 4.1.1. Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ 제쑰 및 κ²°μ • ꡬ쑰 확인 4.1.2. λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± 4.1.3. μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ μ‚° νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계 4.2. Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Zn, In, Y, Bi, Ga) 촉맀λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ 4.2.1. Pt/Sn/M/Al2O3 (M=Zn, In, Y, Bi, Ga) μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ 제쑰 및 κ²°μ • ꡬ쑰 확인 4.2.2. λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± 4.2.3. μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ κΈˆμ†-담체간 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 및 ν™˜μ› νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„±μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계 4.2.4. 촉맀 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ 뢄산도 및 ν‘œλ©΄μ κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계 4.2.5. ν™˜μ›λœ μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ μ „μžμ  νŠΉμ„± 4.2.6. μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ ν™˜μ› νŠΉμ„± 및 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계 4.3. Pt/Sn/XZn/Al2O3 (X=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) 촉맀λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ 4.3.1. Pt/Sn/XZn/Al2O3 (X=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ 제쑰 및 κ²°μ • ꡬ쑰 확인 4.3.2. λ…Έλ₯΄λ§-λΆ€νƒ„μ˜ 직접 νƒˆμˆ˜μ†Œν™” λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± 4.3.3. μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ κΈˆμ†-담체간 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 및 ν™˜μ› νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„±μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계 4.3.4. 촉맀 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ 뢄산도 및 ν‘œλ©΄μ κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계 4.3.5. ν™˜μ›λœ μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ μ „μžμ  νŠΉμ„± 4.3.6. μ΄‰λ§€μ˜ ν™˜μ› νŠΉμ„± 및 ν™œμ„±κΈˆμ†μ˜ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘ ν™œμ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계 5. κ²° λ‘  μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ AbstractMaste

    An Analysis of Apartment Complex’s Main Entrance’s Architectural Expression Based on the Changes of an Apartment’s Social Perception

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    Β© 2022 Architectural Institute of Korea.This study aims to analyze the transformation of architectural expressions involving an apartment complex’s main entrance and reveal the changes made on an apartment’s social perception. An apartment’s social perception was segmented into five distinct stages of time based on previous research that include the bourgeosify stage, commercialize stage, recession stage, differentiation stage and the intense-differentiation stage. Photographs of the architectural expressions of the main entrances were taken at actual apartment complex visits to use as data. The collected photographs were analyzed and placed into two categories: the physical forms of the main entrances and the apartment brand locations. The main entrance of an apartment complex’s physical transformation occurred when an underground parking lot was built due to the increase in vehicles and traffic in the area. For pedestrian safety, vehicle roads and pedestrian walkways were separated at the main entrance. The location of an apartment complex’s brand dramatically changed following the increase of social value regarding these brand-name apartments. Throughout the branding process, apartments showcased an ostentatious display of wealth due to the residents’ change in social perception of apartments. During the early 2000s to early 2010s, to satisfy these architectural expression changes, gate-shaped structures were installed at a complex’s main entrance during the differentiation stage. The gate-shaped structure not only functioned to separate the vehicle and pedestrian pathways, but also served as a display of a complex’s name as their prominent ostentation strategy.N
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