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    ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›: 4ยท19 ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 8. ๊ฐ•์›ํƒ.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ •์˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์ œ๋„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํž˜์„ ์กฐ์งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ํ•˜์—์„œ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ 1948๋…„ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ 5์›” 10์ผ ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ 198๋ช…์˜ ์ œํ—Œ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ œํ—Œ๊ตญํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 8์›” 15์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ•์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์š”๊ฑด์ด ๊ตฌ๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ, ์˜๋ฌด, ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ „๋ฌดํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฒ•์ , ์ œ๋„์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ? ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ? ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์˜์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๊ธด์žฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์• ์ดˆ์— ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์ด 4ยท19 ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 4ยท19 ํ˜๋ช… ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์˜ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์‚ฌ์  ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์—์„œ 3์›” 15์ผ๊ณผ 4์›” 19์ผ์„ ์ฃผ์š”๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง€์‹์ธต, ํ•™์ƒ, ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜, ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ณต๋ก ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์žก์ง€ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€๋ฅผ 1์ฐจ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ธต์˜ ์ด์Šน๋งŒ ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3ยท15 ๋ถ€์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ดํ›„ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ 4์›” 19์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ ์žฌํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋˜์–ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ, ๊ฒฉ๋ฌธ, ํ˜ธ์†Œ๋ฌธ, ์„ ์–ธ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ฐจ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์•„์ผ๋ณด์™€ ๋ณต๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋“ฏ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์˜ ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ 4ยท19 ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํƒ„์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ 6ยท25 ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ์ •์น˜์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ •์น˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด 4.19 ํ˜๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 4ยท19 ํ˜๋ช…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์™ธ์„ธ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด๋ž€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4ยท19 ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๋ฏธ์™„์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๋„, ์œ ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๋„, ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋œ ํ˜๋ช…๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋œ ํž˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทœ์ •๋œ, ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ, ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์—†์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค(No Citizen, No Democracy)๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 4.19 ํ˜๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 5 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 12 ์ œ 2์žฅ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ 6์›” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ•ญ์Ÿ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋งน์•„๋ก  15 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 16 ์ œ 3์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 19 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐ”ํƒ• 19 1. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ด๋ก  ๊ฒ€ํ†  19 2. ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด ๋ถ„์„ 21 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 4์žฅ ๋ถ„์„: 419 ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง€์‹์ธต ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์žฌํ™•์‚ฐ์กฐ์งํ™” 38 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ €ํ•ญ-์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ 51 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 58 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  60 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 63 Abstract 76Maste

    Pilgrimage imagination in the poetic space of Kim Jongsam

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    ๊น€์ข…์‚ผ์€ 1953๋…„ ์— ์‹œ ๏ฝข์›์ •๏ฝฃ(ๅœ’ไธ)์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊น€๊ด‘๋ฆผโ‹…์ „๋ด‰๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚ธ 3์ธ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์‹œ์ง‘ (1957) ์ดํ›„์— (1969), (1977), (1982) ๋“ฑ 3๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์‹œ์ง‘์„ ์ƒ์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, 30์—ฌ ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๋ ฅ(่ฉฉๆญท)์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ํŽธ์ด ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ž‘(ๅฏกไฝœ)์˜ ์‹œ์ธ์ธ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ˆ ๊ณผ์Œ์•…์—๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊น€์ข…์‚ผ์€ ๊น€ํ˜„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋นŒ์ž๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ถˆํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋น„๊ทน์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ์‹์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊น€์ข…์‚ผ ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊น€์ข…์‚ผ์˜ ๊ณผ์ž‘์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์  ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์›Œ๋‚™ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊น€ ์ข…์‚ผ ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์—†๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ๋™๊ทœ๋Š” ๊น€์ข…์‚ผ ์‹œ ๏ฝข๋ถ์น˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋…„๏ฝฃ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋นŒ์–ด, ๊น€์ข…์‚ผ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๋‚ด์šฉ์—†๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ํํ—ˆ ์†์—์„œ ์”Œ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ๋“ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘๊ณ ์™€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ ์”Œ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์˜๋กฑํ•œ ๋‚ ๋น›์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ž์กฑ(่‡ช่ถณ)์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊น€์ข…์‚ผ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ™ฉ๋™๊ทœ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ•™์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ•œ ๊ทน์น˜๋กœ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    (A)Study on the perception of space in the 1960`s Korean modernism poetry

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Docto

    Dynamic evolution model of cooperative alliance in technology inferior firms : Focused on the Korean dram semiconductor industry

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :็ถ“็‡Ÿๅญธ็ง‘ ็ถ“็‡Ÿๅญธๅฐˆๆ”ป,1996.Docto

    ์†Œ์›”์˜ ้ญ‚๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

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    This study is to analyze Sowol"s essay on poetry. Sowol"s poems are very important in 1920"s, but usually it is evaluated by emtions in his poem, for example, solitude, sadness. And these feelings are called as Han that is considered as national and comunal sentiment. Nevertheless, the reason that Sowol"s poems are significant is not in there, but in his knowledge that poetry is based on poetic soul of subject and it has eternity in it. He presented this in his essay on poetry and it shows to us his consciousness of the poetry. In a lyric poem, a subject and a world are united to a same thing, but in connection with a real world this unity is just like a dazzlement. SoWol shows to us in his essay that he knows this limit of a lyric, so sadness in his poem is a sense of failure caused by unsurmountability of this limit

    ๊น€์ถ˜์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋‚˜๋ฅด์‹œ์‹œ์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,1998.Maste

    How long should patients remain in the supine treatment position after intratympanic dexamethasone injection?

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    OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Intratympanic dexamethasone injection (ITDI) is a widely accepted treatment for patients with sudden hearing loss. We investigated the appropriate patient wait time in the supine treatment position after ITDI. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: In an in vivo animal study, 24 mice were injected intratympanically with dexamethasone. Perilymphatic fluid was sampled at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes postinjection. The dexamethasone concentration was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. In a separate prospective clinical study, 79 patients with refractory sudden hearing loss underwent intratympanic injection. After the injection, patients remained in the supine position with the head rotated 45ยฐ to the unaffected side. Patients were divided into two groups according to the wait time in this treatment position postinjection: 30 minutes (nโ€‰=โ€‰47) and 10 minutes (nโ€‰=โ€‰32). Final hearing assessments were conducted 2 months after salvage treatment. RESULTS: In the in vivo animal study, the perilymphatic concentration of dexamethasone showed no significant increase after 10 minutes. In the clinical setting, hearing improvement according to Siegel's criteria was similar in the 30-minute (14/47) and 10-minute (10/32) groups (Pโ€‰=โ€‰0.999). No significant differences in relative hearing gain was observed between the two groups (13.80โ€‰ยฑโ€‰19.9 dB and 12.57โ€‰ยฑโ€‰14.9 dB, respectively; Pโ€‰=โ€‰0.766). CONCLUSION: We suggest that 10 minutes is a sufficient time to remain in the supine treatment position after ITDI in patients with sudden hearing loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:2807-2810, 2014.ope

    ์ธ์ฒด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” MCF-7 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ PTEN์˜ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ 15-deoxy-โ–ณ12,14-prostaglandin J2์˜ Akt ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ์œ ๋„๊ธฐ์ „

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ถ„์ž์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ์„œ์˜์ค€.Cyclopeptenone prostaglandin์€ ํ•ญ ์—ผ์ฆ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์„ธํฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 15-deoxy-โ–ณ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2)๋Š” ฮฑ,ฮฒ-unsaturated carbonyl moiety๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ cyclopeptenone prostaglandin์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ์˜ 15d-PGJ2์˜ ์ถ•์ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ (MCF-7) ์—์„œ 15d-PGJ2๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ด‰์ง„์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ Akt๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MCF-7 ์„ธํฌ์— 15d-PGJ2๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ Akt์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, Akt์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ์ธ์ž์ธ phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ €ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. MCF-7 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ PTEN์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ siRNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ, Akt์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 15d-PGJ2๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ฮฑ,ฮฒ-unsaturated carbonyl group์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ cysteine thiol group๊ณผ Michael reaction์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 15d-PGJ2์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” Akt์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋Š” PTEN๊ณผ 15d-PGJ2์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ PTEN์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Biotin์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ 15d-PGJ2๋ฅผ MCF-7 ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์žฌ์„ฑ PTEN๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PTEN์˜ cysteine 124๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฐํ™”-ํ™˜์› ์กฐ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž”๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. MCF-7 ์„ธํฌ์— PTEN์˜ cysteine 124๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ๋ณ€์ด์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด PTEN์˜ cysteine 124๋ฅผ serine์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ(C124S-PTEN)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 15d-PGJ2์™€ PTEN์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ C124S-PTEN ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œํ‚จ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Docking study๋˜ํ•œ 15d-PGJ2๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ์„œ PTEN์˜ cysteine 124๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ 15d-PGJ2๋Š” PTEN์˜ cysteine 124์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ MCF-7์„ธํฌ์—์„œ Akt ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•”ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) have diverse physiologocal functions including anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. 15-Deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a representative J-series cyPG that contains an ฮฑ,ฮฒ-unsaturated carbonyl moiety, has bi-phasic roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis. In the present study, I have investigated the role of 15d-PGJ2 in the activation of Akt, a cell survival protein, and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanisms. Treatment of human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells with 15d-PGJ2 led to induction of Akt phosphorylation. Akt is negatively regulated by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The si-RNA-mediated silencing of PTEN caused the elevation of Akt phosphorylation in MCF-7 cells. Since the ฮฑ,ฮฒ-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in the cyclopentenone ring of 15d-PGJ2 is known to cause thiol modification of various proteins, I hypothesize that 15d-PGJ2-induced Akt phosphorylation may result from the covalent modification of PTEN by this cyPG. Covalent binding of 15d-PGJ2 to PTEN was verified by incubation of endogenous PTEN with biotin-conjugated 15d-PGJ2. PTEN harbors cysteine 124 (Cys124) in its catalytic domain, which is subjected to redox modulation. To determine whether Cys124 is a critical site for covalent modification by 15d-PGJ2, MCF7 cells were transiently transfected with expression vectors for wild-type PTEN or mutants PTEN in which cysteine were replaced by serine. PTEN binding after treatment with biotinylated 15d-PGJ2 was abolished in the mutant cells (C124S-PTEN). A docking study further supports that Cys124 of PTEN is a putative target of 15d-PGJ2. These observations suggest that 15d-PGJ2 binds to PTEN presumably at Cys124, thereby stimulating Akt phosphorylation in MCF-7 cells, which may account for the oncogenic role of 15d-PGJ2 in human breast carcinogenesis.Maste
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