20 research outputs found

    우루과이 λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜ 합법화, 라틴아메리카 λ§ˆμ•½λ¬Έμ œλ₯Ό ν‘ΈλŠ” μ‹€λ§ˆλ¦¬ 될까

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    주말에 μ„œλŠ” μž₯(feria)에 κ°€μ„œ, λžŒλΈ”λΌλΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¬ν…ŒλΉ„λ°μ˜€ ν•΄λ³€κ°€λ₯Ό 따라 걷닀보면 어렡지 μ•Šκ²Œ λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑을 수 μžˆλ‹€. 관광객듀이 λΉ λœ¨λ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šκ³  λ“€λ₯΄λŠ” λͺ¬ν…ŒλΉ„λ°μ˜€ ꡬ(舊) λ„μ‹¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„μ˜ˆ λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜ 흑연도ꡬλ₯Ό 길가에 내놓고 νŒλ§€ν•œλ‹€. 사싀 이 광경은 μ§€λ‚œν•΄ 12μ›” λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜λ₯Ό 합법화 λ²•μ•ˆμ΄ ν†΅κ³Όν•˜κΈ°λ„ 전에도 μ‰½κ²Œ λͺ©κ²©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν”ν•œ κ΄‘κ²½μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λΆˆλ²•μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ³Όκ±° λŒ€λ§ˆμ΄ˆ 관련법은 λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜μ˜ μž¬λ°°μ™€ 판맀λ₯Ό κΈˆμ§€ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ 개인적인 μ†ŒλΉ„ λͺ©μ μ˜ μ†Œμ§€μ™€ 흑연은 ν—ˆμš©ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. 2012λ…„ 6μ›” ν˜Έμ„Έ 무히카 우루과이 λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ΄ λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜ 합법화에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜μ§€λ₯Ό 처음으둜 밝힌 ν›„ 2013λ…„ 12μ›” 10일 λ“œλ””μ–΄ 합법화 λ²•μ•ˆμ΄ 상원을 ν†΅κ³Όν–ˆλ‹€. μš°λ£¨κ³Όμ΄λŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  세계 언둠을 톡해 λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜μ˜ 생산, μœ ν†΅, 판맀λ₯Ό 졜초둜 ν•©λ²•ν™”ν•œ κ΅­κ°€λ‘œμ„œ μœ λ‘€μ—†λŠ” 슀포트라이트λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜λ‹€. 졜초 합법화 κ΄€λ ¨ μ‹œν–‰λ Ή 발효 μ‹œμ μΈ 2014λ…„ 5μ›” 6μΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 넉 달이 μ§€λ‚œ μ§€κΈˆ ν˜„μž¬, 초기 κ³„νšκ³ΌλŠ” 달리 μ—°λ§κΉŒμ§€ μ•½κ΅­νŒλ§€λ₯Ό μ—°κΈ°ν•œ μƒνƒœλ‹€

    The Defense Framework in Postwar Japan: The Design and Practical Procedures of the SDF by the Japanese Right-Wings

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    이 논문은 μ „ν›„ 일본의 μž¬κ΅°λΉ„ κ³Όμ •, 즉 μžμœ„λŒ€μ˜ μ°½μ„€ 과정을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 1948λ…„μ—μ„œ 1950λ…„λŒ€μ— 걸쳐 일본의 μž¬κ΅°λΉ„ ꡬ상이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμœΌλ©° κ·Έ μ‹€μ²œ κ³Όμ •μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μ°°ν•œ 논문이닀. 1950λ…„λŒ€μ— λ³Έκ²©ν™”ν•œ 일본 μž¬κ΅°λΉ„ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ—λŠ” λ°°μ œλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ ꡬ μœ‘Β·ν•΄κ΅°μ˜ ꡰ인 κ΄€λ£Œλ“€μ˜ κΈ°μš©μ€ λΆˆκ°€κ²°ν•œ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ μ—μ„œ GHQ μ—­μ‚¬κ³Όμ˜ 핫토리그룹을 λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ ꡬ 윑ꡰ μΆœμ‹ μ˜ λŒ€λ―Έν˜‘λ ₯κΈ°κ΄€ 및 μš”μ‹œλ‹€ μˆ˜μƒμ˜ κ΅°μ‚¬κ³ λ¬Έλ“€μ˜ ν™œλ™μ—λ„ μ£Όλͺ©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. ν•œνŽΈ ꡬ ν•΄κ΅°μ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” μœ‘κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έ ν•΄μ²΄μ˜ 정도가 λ―Έμ•½ν•΄ νŒ¨μ „ ν›„ κ³΅μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μœ‘Β·ν•΄κ΅°μ΄ ν•΄μ²΄λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, ν•΄κ΅°μ˜ 경우 μ†Œν•΄(ζŽƒζ΅·)λΆ€λŒ€λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³  ν•΄μ²΄λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을 λ¨Όμ € 지적할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 그리고 1948년에 μ„€μΉ˜λœ ν•΄μƒλ³΄μ•ˆμ²­μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ꡬ ν•΄κ΅°μ˜ 인λ§₯은 μœ‘κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄ μΌμ›μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€λ¦¬λ˜λŠ” 창ꡬ가 μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆκ³ , ꡬ ν•΄κ΅° ꡰ인 쀑에 μš”μ‹œλ‹€ μˆ˜μƒκ³Όμ˜ 인연이 κΉŠμ€ ꡰ인듀이 λ‹€μˆ˜ μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 점도 μ£Όλͺ©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. Yμœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ μ‘΄μž¬μ— μ£Όλͺ©ν–ˆλ˜ κΉŒλ‹­μ΄ λ°”λ‘œ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 점 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. 1954λ…„ 3월에 MSA ν˜‘μ •μ΄ μ²΄κ²°λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” 미ꡭ이 λŒ€μ†Œλ ¨ μ „λž΅μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ„œλ°© μ œκ΅­μ—κ²Œ 원쑰λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  κ·Έ λŒ€κ°€λ‘œ 피원쑰ꡭ은 ꡰ사λ ₯을 κ°•ν™”ν•  의무λ₯Ό μ§„λ‹€λŠ” λ‚΄μš©μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 일본은 λ―Έκ΅­μ—κ²Œ 본격적인 μž¬κ΅°λΉ„λ₯Ό μ•½μ†ν–ˆλ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ νƒ„μƒν•œ μžμœ„λŒ€λŠ” 이름 μ—†λŠ” κ΅°λŒ€, κ΅°λŒ€κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ κ΅°λŒ€λ‘œμ„œ 일본의 λ°©μœ„λ₯Ό λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 물리적 μž₯μΉ˜λ‘œμ„œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•΄ κ°€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆ μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 집단적 μžμœ„κΆŒμ„ 인정해야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μž…μž₯κ³Ό λΆ€μ •ν•˜λŠ” μž…μž₯이 λŒ€λ¦½ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 전체적인 ν‹€ μ†μ—μ„œλŠ” 동맹ꡭ가인 미ꡭ이 곡격을 λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μ— 일본이 이λ₯Ό λ°©μ–΄ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 점에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 이의λ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μž…μž₯이 μ£Όλ₯˜λ₯Ό 이루고 μžˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ§Œ 법리적 ν•΄μ„μ˜ λ¬Έμ œλ‘œμ„œ 미ꡭ을 λ°©μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” 데 법적 κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό κ°œλ³„μ  μžμœ„κΆŒμ˜ ν™•λŒ€λ‘œμ„œ λŒ€μ‘ν•  것인지, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 집단적 μžμœ„κΆŒμ˜ ν–‰μ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ λŒ€μ‘ν•  것인가 ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 남아 μžˆλ‹€. λ§Œμ•½ 집단적 μžμœ„κΆŒ 행사가 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μž…μž₯을 μ·¨ν•˜λ©΄ 미ꡭ과의 곡쑰 무λ ₯ 행사에 μ œμ•½μ΄ 거의 μ€„μ–΄λ“€κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ 잘λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄ 미ꡭ이 μ£Όλ„ν•˜λŠ” ꡭ제 λΆ„μŸμ— 일본이 νœ©μ“Έλ € λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ κ°€λŠ₯성이 높아진닀. κ²°κ΅­ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ μ€ λ§Œμ•½ 일본이 κ°œν—Œμ΄λΌλŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 일거에 해결될 수 μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ „μŸμ— λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 일본의 κ΅­λ―Ό μ •μ„œλŠ” κ°œν—ŒκΉŒμ§€λŠ” ν—ˆμš©ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” μž…μž₯이 μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 상황 μ†μ—μ„œ ν•΄μ„κ°œν—Œμ΄λΌλŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄ μ–΄λŠ λ‹¨κ³„κΉŒμ§€ ν†΅μš©λ  수 μžˆμ„ 것인가에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•žμœΌλ‘œλ„ μ˜ˆμ˜μ£Όμ‹œν•΄μ•Ό ν•  것이라고 μƒκ°λœλ‹€.This paper analyzes the process of rearmament in postwar Japan from 1948 to 1950s during which the Self-Defense Force was established, and tries to understand how Japans rearmament was designed and what characterized its practical procedures. As the rearmament process became fully in progress in the 1950s, the recruitment of the military officials of the Imperial Army, the idea which was originally rejected, became inevitable. In this sense, it is essential to pay attention to the activities of the cooperative organizations such as Hattori Group (formerly organized by Imperial Army officials) as well as military advisor to prime minister Yoshida. On the other hand, even though both army and navy were officially dismissed after the war ended, the minespweeper units of the Imperial Navy remained undissolved. Unlike the case of the army, the networks of the navy personnel which centered around Japan Coast Guard was administered in a unified manner, and it is noteworthy that some of the former military personnel who assumed office had close personal connection with Yoshida. That is why this paper sheds light on the role of Commssion Y. Japan promised a large-scale rearmament to the US after the two signed MSA agreement in March 1954, which obliged the US to provide support for its allies and the US allies to strengthen their military capabilities. The SDF, often called military without name or nonmilitaristic military, which was the product of this agreement, began to function as a physical apparatus to take over Japans defense. Recently, there have been two conflicting arguments regarding Japans right of collective self-defense. When we look at the overall framework of these arguments, however, most agree that Japan should provide defense to the US in such times as the United States is under attack by a third party. In this reasoning, however, there still remains a crucial question as to whether defending of the United States is to be classified as individual or collective selfdefense. If Japan accords itself the right of collective self-defense, the possibility for Japan to get involved in international conflicts led by the US becomes higher, because virtually there would be no restrictions on the use of force. After all, all these issues can be resolved if Japan takes on the constitutional revision. Yet there still remains a strong anti-revisionist sentiments among the Japanese people. Under these circumstances, it is crucial to pay attention how far the interpretational revision can suffice in dealing with Japans changing defense framework

    SeΓ±as de identidad, Don JuliΓ‘n y Juan sin Tierra de Juan Goytisolo: El proceso para despojarse de la identidad espaΓ±ola

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μΈλ¬ΈλŒ€ν•™ μ„œμ–΄μ„œλ¬Έν•™κ³Ό, 2018. 8. κΉ€μΆ˜μ§„.λ³Έ 논문은 ν›„μ•ˆ κ³ μ΄λ μ†”λ‘œμ˜ μžμ „μ  μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μΈ γ€Žμ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ ν‘œμ§€γ€, γ€Žλˆ ν›Œλ¦¬μ•ˆγ€, γ€Žμ‘°κ΅­ μ—†λŠ” ν›„μ•ˆγ€μ„ μž‘κ°€κ°€ μ•Œν„° 에고λ₯Ό 톡해 개인의 정체성을 λ˜λŒμ•„λ³΄κ³  본인의 μžμ•„λ₯Ό μ–΅μ••ν•˜λŠ” μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό νƒˆκ°ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μžμ•„μ‹€ν˜„μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 내적 μ„±μ°°λ‘œ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³  λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. 비둝 μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ‹œκΈ°λŠ” ν”„λž‘μ½” μ΄μ „μ˜ 슀페인으둜 νŠΉμˆ˜ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 정체성에 λŒ€ν•œ μž‘κ°€μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ˜μ‹μ€ λ³΄νŽΈμ μ΄λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ κ·Έκ°€ 였랜 고민을 거쳐 κ΅¬ν˜„ν•œ μžμ•„μ‹€ν˜„ 과정은 ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ λ…μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ 의미λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀. λ‚΄μš©μ μΈ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ˜ ν™”μžλŠ” μž‘ν’ˆμ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λ³ΈμΈμ—κ²Œ κ°•μ œλœ 슀페인적 정체성을 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ²—μ–΄ 버리고 μ˜ˆμ „λΆ€ν„° λŒλ¦Όμ„ 느꼈던 μ•„λžμΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ μžμ•„λ₯Ό νšλ“ν•œλ‹€. ν˜•μ‹μ μΈ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ„ κ΄€ν†΅ν•˜λŠ” ν™”μžλŠ” μž‘ν’ˆ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 본인의 정체성을 ν…μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œμ„œ λ…ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λ…μžλ‘œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ— 슀슀둜λ₯Ό 2인칭으둜 일컬으며 정체성 ν…μŠ€νŠΈμ˜ λ…μžμ™€ 거리λ₯Ό λ‘”λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 독해 μˆ˜ν–‰μžμ™€ ν…μŠ€νŠΈ ν•΄μ„μžλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ§„ λ…μžκ°€ ν…μŠ€νŠΈ μ „μœ λ₯Ό 톡해 자기 μžμ‹ μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό λ„“νžˆκ³  μžμ•„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” 폴 리쾨λ₯΄μ˜ ν…μŠ€νŠΈ 해석 이둠을 이둠적 ν‹€λ‘œ μ‚Όμ•„ μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ„ μ‘°λ§ν•œλ‹€. 그리고 μ„Έ μž‘ν’ˆμ— λ³„λ„μ˜ ν™”μžλ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€, μ•Œλ°”λ‘œ λ»¬λž€μˆ λ ˆμŠ€, 보슀크 등을 내적 κ²€μ—΄κ΄€μ²˜λŸΌ 기쑴의 슀페인적 정체성을 κ°•μš”ν•˜λŠ” 경쟁적 ν•΄μ„μžμ΄μž νƒ€μžμ  μžμ•„λ‘œ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ—¬, 슀페인적 μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ νƒˆκ°μ€ κ²°κ΅­ μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ ν‘œμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°•μš”λœ 해석에 λŒ€ν•΄ μž‘κ°€μ˜ μ•Œν„° μ—κ³ μ˜ 주관적이고 자발적인 해석이 μŠΉλ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μž‘ν’ˆ μ†μ—μ„œ νƒ€μžμ  μžμ•„μ˜ 해체와 파괴둜 ν˜•μƒν™”λœλ‹€. γ€Žμ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ ν‘œμ§€γ€μ—μ„œ γ€Žλˆ ν›Œλ¦¬μ•ˆγ€, γ€Žμ‘°κ΅­ μ—†λŠ” ν›„μ•ˆγ€μœΌλ‘œ 갈수둝 λ…μžμ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λŠ” μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ—μ„œ 멀어지고 κ·Έ μ •μ²΄λŠ” 점차 λͺ¨ν˜Έν•΄μ§€λ©΄μ„œ 정체성 ν…μŠ€νŠΈ μ „μœ μ˜ 폭이 컀진닀. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” γ€Žμ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ ν‘œμ§€γ€λ₯Ό 망λͺ…μž 주인곡이 κ³ ν–₯μ—μ„œ 본인의 정체성 ν…μŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μ£Όκ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 내면에 각인된 슀페인적 정체성이 μžμ•„μ‹€ν˜„μ„ μ €ν•΄ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κΉ¨λ‹¬μŒμ„ μ–»κ³  그것을 νƒˆκ°ν•  ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ μžκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ νŒŒμ•…ν•œλ‹€. ν™”μžμ˜ μ„œμˆ μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” μžμ•„μ‹€ν˜„μ„ λ°©ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” μš”μ†Œλ“€μ€ λ‚΄μ „ 이후 ν”„λž‘μ½” μΉ˜ν•˜ 슀페인 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ§Œμ—°ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ, κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜, νŒŒκ΄΄μ„±, 마술적 μ‘°λ ₯자 λ“± μ—λ¦¬νžˆ ν”„λ‘¬μ˜ μžμœ λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ„ν”Όν•˜λŠ” λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜ κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. 이어 γ€Žλˆ ν›Œλ¦¬μ•ˆγ€κ³Ό γ€Žμ‘°κ΅­ μ—†λŠ” ν›„μ•ˆγ€μ€ μžμœ λ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ 도피λ₯Ό λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  μžμ•„μ‹€ν˜„μ„ 이루기 μœ„ν•΄ λ…μžκ°€ μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ μžμ‹ μ˜ 쑴재 양식을 κ°•μ œν•˜λŠ” νƒ€μžμ  μžμ•„, 즉 슀페인적 정체성을 정체성 ν…μŠ€νŠΈμ˜ μ „μœ λ₯Ό 톡해 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œμ„œ λ°°μ œν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ νŒŒμ•…ν•œλ‹€. ν™”μžκ°€ νƒˆκ°μ˜ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚ΌλŠ” 핡심적인 슀페인적 정체성은 κ΅­κ°€ 정체성, μΉ΄ν†¨λ¦¬μ‹œμ¦˜, λΆ€λ₯΄μ£Όμ•„ κ°€λ¬Έμ˜ 역사, λ¦¬μ–Όλ¦¬μ¦˜ 등이닀. γ€Žλˆ ν›Œλ¦¬μ•ˆγ€μ—μ„œλŠ” 슀페인 κ΅­κ°€ μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ νƒˆκ°μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”λ°, λ…μžλŠ” 이베리아 λ°˜λ„μ— μ•„λžκ΅°μ„ 상λ₯™μ‹œν‚¨ 돈 ν›Œλ¦¬μ•ˆ λ°±μž‘μ˜ 전섀을 λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ 정체성 ν…μŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ „μœ ν•œλ‹€. λ…μžλŠ” λ ˆκ½λΌμŠ€λ”°λ‘œ μΆ”λ°©λœ μ•„λžμ΄ κ·Έ 근간에 μžλ¦¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  보고 슀페인 κ΅­κ°€ 정체성이 λΉ„μ²΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ•„λžμ˜ ν˜„μ‘΄κ³Ό 침랡으둜 인해 νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜λŠ” λ°°μ‹ μ˜ 역사λ₯Ό μ£Όκ΄€μ„± μ†μ—μ„œ μž¬ν˜„ν•œλ‹€. γ€Žμ‘°κ΅­ μ—†λŠ” ν›„μ•ˆγ€μ—μ„œ λ…μžλŠ” 신원 λ―Έμƒμ˜ μž‘κ°€λ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κΈ€μ“°κΈ°λ₯Ό 톡해 μΉ΄ν†¨λ¦¬μ‹œμ¦˜, λ…Έμ˜ˆ 착취에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ 주인곡의 λΆ€λ₯΄μ£Όμ•„ κ°€λ¬Έμ˜ 역사, λ¦¬μ–Όλ¦¬μ¦˜ 사쑰 λ“±μ˜ 얡압적 담둠을 내적 λͺ¨μˆœκ³Ό μœ„μ„ μ„ μ§€μ ν•˜κ³  ν¬ν™”ν™”ν•˜λ©° μ‘°λ‘±ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 본인의 μ •μ²΄μ„±μ—μ„œ μ œκ±°ν•œλ‹€. ν™”μžλŠ” κ²°κ΅­ 슀페인적 μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 보루인 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄κΉŒμ§€ 버리고 μ•„λžμ–΄λ‘œ μž‘ν’ˆμ„ 끝맺음으둜써 μ•„λž μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 쑴재 양식을 μ°Ύμ•˜μœΌλ©° 자발적으둜 μžμ•„λ₯Ό μ‹€ν˜„ν•˜μ˜€μŒμ„ μ„ μ–Έν•œλ‹€. 이처럼 ν›„μ•ˆ κ³ μ΄λ μ†”λ‘œλŠ” μ˜¨μ „ν•œ 자기 μžμ‹ μ΄ 되기 μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ κ°•μ œλœ 슀페인적 μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ 얡압적 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ μΆ”μ ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ œν•˜λŠ” 정체성에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„νŒμ  성찰을 μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ„ 톡해 κ΅¬ν˜„ν•œ 것이닀.I. μ„œλ‘  1 1. ν”„λž‘μ½” μ •κΆŒ μΉ˜ν•˜μ˜ 슀페인 μ†Œμ„€ κ²½ν–₯ 3 2. ν›„μ•ˆ κ³ μ΄λ μ†”λ‘œμ˜ κΈ€μ“°κΈ° 9 3. 슀페인적 μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ νƒˆκ° κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘ 13 II. 정체성 ν…μŠ€νŠΈμ˜ μ „μœ : λ…μžλ‘œμ„œμ˜ ν™”μž 18 1. ν…μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 정체성과 ν…μŠ€νŠΈ 해석 이둠 19 2. ν…μŠ€νŠΈ 해석 이둠과 μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ˜ ꡬ쑰 26 III. μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ ν‘œμ§€λ“€: νƒˆκ°μ˜ 계기 35 1. 슀페인적 정체성: 도피와 직면 37 2. 슀페인의 λ¬Έμ œμ™€ γ€Žμžμœ λ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ 도피』 43 2.1. κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ™€ νŒŒκ΄΄μ„± 44 2.2. λ°˜ν•­μ  κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ™€ μžλ™ μˆœμ‘μ„± 50 2.3. 마술적 μ‘°λ ₯μžμ™€ 자기 파괴 57 3. λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€: νƒ€μžμ  μžμ•„/ν™”μž 62 4. γ€Žλˆ ν›Œλ¦¬μ•ˆγ€κ³Ό γ€Žμ‘°κ΅­ μ—†λŠ” ν›„μ•ˆγ€μ˜ μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ ν‘œμ§€λ“€ 70 IV. μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ νƒˆκ°: κ²½κ³„μ˜ μ•ˆκ³Ό λ°– 76 1. λΉ„μ²΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ•„λž 81 2. γ€Žλˆ ν›Œλ¦¬μ•ˆγ€μ—μ„œμ˜ 정체성 νƒˆκ° 94 3. γ€Žμ‘°κ΅­ μ—†λŠ” ν›„μ•ˆγ€μ—μ„œμ˜ 정체성 νƒˆκ° 111 V. κ²°λ‘  131 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 137 Resumen 144 κ·Έλ¦Ό λͺ©μ°¨ [κ·Έλ¦Ό 1] 폴 리쾨λ₯΄μ˜ ν…μŠ€νŠΈ 해석 이둠 ꡬ쑰 23 [κ·Έλ¦Ό 2] ν…μŠ€νŠΈ 해석 이둠을 μ μš©ν•œ μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ˜ 외적 ꡬ쑰 24 [κ·Έλ¦Ό 3] ν…μŠ€νŠΈ 해석 이둠을 μ μš©ν•œ μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘μ˜ 내적 ꡬ쑰 24 [κ·Έλ¦Ό 4] ν…μŠ€νŠΈ 해석 이둠을 μ μš©ν•œ μ‚ΌλΆ€μž‘ 뢄석도 31Maste

    On the distribution of penultimate activations of classification networks

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    This paper studies probability distributions of penultimate activations of classification networks. We show that, when a classification network is trained with the cross-entropy loss, its final classification layer forms a Generative-Discriminative pair with a generative classifier based on a specific distribution of penultimate activations. More importantly, the distribution is parameterized by the weights of the final fully-connected layer, and can be considered as a generative model that synthesizes the penultimate activations without feeding input data. We empirically demonstrate that this generative model enables stable knowledge distillation in the presence of domain shift, and can transfer knowledge from a classifier to variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks for class-conditional image generation.1
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