20 research outputs found
μ°λ£¨κ³Όμ΄ λ§λ¦¬νλ ν©λ²ν, λΌν΄μλ©λ¦¬μΉ΄ λ§μ½λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό νΈλ μ€λ§λ¦¬ λ κΉ
μ£Όλ§μ μλ μ₯(feria)μ κ°μ, λλΈλΌλΌκ³ λΆλ¦¬λ λͺ¬ν
λΉλ°μ€ ν΄λ³κ°λ₯Ό λ°λΌ κ±·λ€λ³΄λ©΄ μ΄λ ΅μ§ μκ² λ§λ¦¬νλ λμλ₯Ό 맑μ μ μλ€. κ΄κ΄κ°λ€μ΄ λΉ λ¨λ¦¬μ§ μκ³ λ€λ₯΄λ λͺ¬ν
λΉλ°μ€ ꡬ(θ) λμ¬μμλ μμ λ§λ¦¬νλ ν‘μ°λꡬλ₯Ό κΈΈκ°μ λ΄λκ³ ν맀νλ€. μ¬μ€ μ΄ κ΄κ²½μ μ§λν΄ 12μ λ§λ¦¬νλλ₯Ό ν©λ²ν λ²μμ΄ ν΅κ³ΌνκΈ°λ μ μλ μ½κ² λͺ©κ²©ν μ μλ νν κ΄κ²½μ΄μμΌλ©°, λΆλ²μ΄ μλμλ€. κ³Όκ±° λλ§μ΄ κ΄λ ¨λ²μ λ§λ¦¬νλμ μ¬λ°°μ ν맀λ₯Ό κΈμ§νμ§λ§ κ°μΈμ μΈ μλΉ λͺ©μ μ μμ§μ ν‘μ°μ νμ©νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. 2012λ
6μ νΈμΈ 무νμΉ΄ μ°λ£¨κ³Όμ΄ λν΅λ Ήμ΄ λ§λ¦¬νλ ν©λ²νμ λν μμ§λ₯Ό μ²μμΌλ‘ λ°ν ν 2013λ
12μ 10μΌ λλμ΄ ν©λ²ν λ²μμ΄ μμμ ν΅κ³Όνλ€. μ°λ£¨κ³Όμ΄λ κ΅λ΄λ λ¬Όλ‘ μΈκ³ μΈλ‘ μ ν΅ν΄ λ§λ¦¬νλμ μμ°, μ ν΅, ν맀λ₯Ό μ΅μ΄λ‘ ν©λ²νν κ΅κ°λ‘μ μ λ‘μλ μ€ν¬νΈλΌμ΄νΈλ₯Ό λ°μλ€. μ΅μ΄ ν©λ²ν κ΄λ ¨ μνλ Ή λ°ν¨ μμ μΈ 2014λ
5μ 6μΌλ‘λΆν° λ λ¬μ΄ μ§λ μ§κΈ νμ¬, μ΄κΈ° κ³νκ³Όλ λ¬λ¦¬ μ°λ§κΉμ§ μ½κ΅ν맀λ₯Ό μ°κΈ°ν μνλ€
The Defense Framework in Postwar Japan: The Design and Practical Procedures of the SDF by the Japanese Right-Wings
μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμ μ ν μΌλ³Έμ μ¬κ΅°λΉ κ³Όμ , μ¦ μμλμ μ°½μ€ κ³Όμ μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ 1948λ
μμ 1950λ
λμ κ±Έμ³ μΌλ³Έμ μ¬κ΅°λΉ ꡬμμ΄ μ΄λ»κ² μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘μΌλ©° κ·Έ μ€μ² κ³Όμ μ νΉμ§μ 무μμ΄μλκ°λ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ κ³ μ°°ν λ
Όλ¬Έμ΄λ€.
1950λ
λμ 본격νν μΌλ³Έ μ¬κ΅°λΉ κ³Όμ μμ μ΄κΈ°μλ λ°°μ λμλ ꡬ μ‘Β·ν΄κ΅°μ κ΅°μΈ κ΄λ£λ€μ κΈ°μ©μ λΆκ°κ²°ν μμλ‘ λ±μ₯νκ² λλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ μμ GHQ μμ¬κ³Όμ ν«ν 리그룹μ λΉλ‘―ν ꡬ μ‘κ΅° μΆμ μ λλ―Ένλ ₯κΈ°κ΄ λ° μμλ€ μμμ κ΅°μ¬κ³ λ¬Έλ€μ νλμλ μ£Όλͺ©ν΄μΌ νλ€. ννΈ κ΅¬ ν΄κ΅°μ κ²½μ°λ μ‘κ΅°μ λΉν΄μ κ·Έ ν΄μ²΄μ μ λκ° λ―Έμ½ν΄ ν¨μ ν 곡μμ μΌλ‘λ μ‘Β·ν΄κ΅°μ΄ ν΄μ²΄λμμ§λ§, ν΄κ΅°μ κ²½μ° μν΄(ζζ΅·)λΆλλ₯Ό μ μΈνκ³ ν΄μ²΄λμλ€λ μ μ λ¨Όμ μ§μ ν νμκ° μλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ 1948λ
μ μ€μΉλ ν΄μ보μμ²μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ ꡬ ν΄κ΅°μ μΈλ§₯μ μ‘κ΅°μ λΉν΄ μΌμμ μΌλ‘ κ΄λ¦¬λλ μ°½κ΅¬κ° μ‘΄μ¬νκ³ , ꡬ ν΄κ΅° κ΅°μΈ μ€μ μμλ€ μμκ³Όμ μΈμ°μ΄ κΉμ κ΅°μΈλ€μ΄ λ€μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ€λ μ λ μ£Όλͺ©ν΄μΌ νλ€. Yμμνμ μ‘΄μ¬μ μ£Όλͺ©νλ κΉλμ΄ λ°λ‘ κ·Έλ¬ν μ λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. 1954λ
3μμ MSA νμ μ΄ μ²΄κ²°λμλλ°, μ΄λ λ―Έκ΅μ΄ λμλ ¨ μ λ΅μ μν΄ μλ°© μ κ΅μκ² μμ‘°λ₯Ό μ 곡νκ³ κ·Έ λκ°λ‘ νΌμμ‘°κ΅μ κ΅°μ¬λ ₯μ κ°νν μ무λ₯Ό μ§λ€λ λ΄μ©μΌλ‘μ μΌλ³Έμ λ―Έκ΅μκ² λ³Έκ²©μ μΈ μ¬κ΅°λΉλ₯Ό μ½μνλ€. μ΄λ κ² νμν μμλλ μ΄λ¦ μλ κ΅°λ, κ΅°λκ° μλ κ΅°λλ‘μ μΌλ³Έμ λ°©μλ₯Ό λ΄λΉνλ 물리μ μ₯μΉλ‘μ κΈ°λ₯ν΄ κ°κ² λμλ€.
μ§κΈ μΌλ³Έμμλ μ§λ¨μ μμκΆμ μΈμ ν΄μΌ νλ€λ μ
μ₯κ³Ό λΆμ νλ μ
μ₯μ΄ λ립νκ³ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ 체μ μΈ ν μμμλ λλ§Ήκ΅κ°μΈ λ―Έκ΅μ΄ 곡격μ λΉνλ κ²½μ°μ μΌλ³Έμ΄ μ΄λ₯Ό λ°©μ΄ν΄μΌ νλ€λ μ μ λν΄μλ μ΄μλ₯Ό μ κΈ°νμ§ μλ μ
μ₯μ΄ μ£Όλ₯λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨κ³ μλ€. λ€λ§ λ²λ¦¬μ ν΄μμ λ¬Έμ λ‘μ λ―Έκ΅μ λ°©μ΄νλ λ° λ²μ κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό κ°λ³μ μμκΆμ νλλ‘μ λμν κ²μΈμ§, μλλ©΄ μ§λ¨μ μμκΆμ νμ¬λ‘μ λμν κ²μΈκ° νλ λ¬Έμ κ° μ¬μ ν λ¨μ μλ€. λ§μ½ μ§λ¨μ μμκΆ νμ¬κ° κ°λ₯νλ€λ μ
μ₯μ μ·¨νλ©΄ λ―Έκ΅κ³Όμ 곡쑰 무λ ₯ νμ¬μ μ μ½μ΄ κ±°μ μ€μ΄λ€κ² λμ΄ μλͺ»νλ©΄ λ―Έκ΅μ΄ μ£Όλνλ κ΅μ λΆμμ μΌλ³Έμ΄ ν©μΈλ € λ€μ΄κ° κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λμμ§λ€. κ²°κ΅ μ΄λ¬ν λ¬Έμ μ μ λ§μ½ μΌλ³Έμ΄ κ°νμ΄λΌλ μλ¨μ μ¬μ©νλ€λ©΄ μΌκ±°μ ν΄κ²°λ μ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ μμ λ°λνλ μΌλ³Έμ κ΅λ―Ό μ μλ κ°νκΉμ§λ νμ©ν μ μλ€λ μ
μ₯μ΄ μ¬μ ν κ°νκ² μλνκ³ μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μν© μμμ ν΄μκ°νμ΄λΌλ μλ¨μ΄ μ΄λ λ¨κ³κΉμ§ ν΅μ©λ μ μμ κ²μΈκ°μ λν΄μλ μμΌλ‘λ μμμ£Όμν΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄λΌκ³ μκ°λλ€.This paper analyzes the process of rearmament in postwar Japan from 1948 to 1950s during which the Self-Defense Force was established, and tries to understand how Japans rearmament was designed and what characterized its practical procedures. As the rearmament process became fully in progress in the 1950s, the recruitment of the military officials of the Imperial Army, the idea which was originally rejected, became inevitable. In this sense, it is essential to pay attention to the activities of the cooperative organizations such as Hattori Group (formerly organized by Imperial Army officials) as well as military advisor to prime minister Yoshida.
On the other hand, even though both army and navy were officially dismissed after the war ended, the minespweeper units of the Imperial Navy remained undissolved. Unlike the case of the army, the networks of the navy personnel which centered around Japan Coast Guard was administered in a unified manner, and it is noteworthy that some of the former military personnel who assumed office had close personal connection with Yoshida. That is why this paper sheds light on the role of Commssion Y. Japan promised a large-scale rearmament to the US after the two signed MSA agreement in March 1954, which obliged the US to provide support for its allies and the US allies to strengthen their military capabilities. The SDF, often called military without name or nonmilitaristic military, which was the product of this agreement, began to function as a physical apparatus to take over Japans defense. Recently, there have been two conflicting arguments regarding Japans right of collective self-defense. When we look at the overall framework of these arguments, however, most agree that Japan should provide defense to the US in such times as the United States is under attack by a third party. In this reasoning, however, there still remains a crucial question as to whether defending of the United States is to be classified as individual or collective selfdefense. If Japan accords itself the right of collective self-defense, the possibility for Japan to get involved in international conflicts led by the US becomes higher, because virtually there would be no restrictions on the use of force. After all, all these issues can be resolved if Japan takes on the constitutional revision. Yet there still remains a strong anti-revisionist sentiments among the Japanese people. Under these circumstances, it is crucial to pay attention how far the interpretational revision can suffice in dealing with Japans changing defense framework
SeΓ±as de identidad, Don JuliΓ‘n y Juan sin Tierra de Juan Goytisolo: El proceso para despojarse de la identidad espaΓ±ola
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μΈλ¬Έλν μμ΄μλ¬Ένκ³Ό, 2018. 8. κΉμΆμ§.λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ νμ κ³ μ΄λ μλ‘μ μμ μ μΌλΆμμΈ γμ 체μ±μ νμ§γ, γλ ν리μγ, γμ‘°κ΅ μλ νμγμ μκ°κ° μν° μκ³ λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ κ°μΈμ μ 체μ±μ λλμλ³΄κ³ λ³ΈμΈμ μμλ₯Ό μ΅μνλ μ 체μ±μ κ΅¬μ± μμλ₯Ό νκ°ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μμμ€νμ λ¬μ±νλ λ΄μ μ±μ°°λ‘ νμ
νκ³ λΆμνλ€. λΉλ‘ μΌλΆμμμ λ€λ£¨μ΄μ§λ μκΈ°λ νλμ½ μ΄μ μ μ€νμΈμΌλ‘ νΉμνμ§λ§ μ 체μ±μ λν μκ°μ λ¬Έμ μμμ 보νΈμ μ΄λ€. λ°λΌμ κ·Έκ° μ€λ κ³ λ―Όμ κ±°μ³ κ΅¬νν μμμ€ν κ³Όμ μ νλμ λ
μλ€μκ²λ μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ°μ§ μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.
λ΄μ©μ μΈ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ μΌλΆμμ νμλ μνμ΄ μ§νλλ λμ λ³ΈμΈμκ² κ°μ λ μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ μμ ν λ²μ΄ λ²λ¦¬κ³ μμ λΆν° λλ¦Όμ λκΌλ μλμΈμΌλ‘μμ μμλ₯Ό νλνλ€. νμμ μΈ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ μΌλΆμμ κ΄ν΅νλ νμλ μν λ΄μμ λ³ΈμΈμ μ 체μ±μ ν
μ€νΈλ‘μ λ
ν΄νλ λ
μλ‘ κΈ°λ₯νλ λμμ μ€μ€λ‘λ₯Ό 2μΈμΉμΌλ‘ μΌμ»¬μΌλ©° μ μ²΄μ± ν
μ€νΈμ λ
μμ 거리λ₯Ό λλ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ λ
ν΄ μνμμ ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μμλ‘ λλμ΄μ§ λ
μκ° ν
μ€νΈ μ μ λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μκΈ° μμ μ λν μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό λνκ³ μμλ₯Ό λ³νμν¨λ€λ ν΄ λ¦¬μΎ¨λ₯΄μ ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μ μ΄λ‘ μ μ΄λ‘ μ νλ‘ μΌμ μΌλΆμμ μ‘°λ§νλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μΈ μνμ λ³λμ νμλ‘ λ±μ₯νλ λͺ©μ리λ€, μλ°λ‘ 뻬λμ λ μ€, 보μ€ν¬ λ±μ λ΄μ κ²μ΄κ΄μ²λΌ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ κ°μνλ κ²½μμ ν΄μμμ΄μ νμμ μμλ‘ νμ
νμ¬, μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ νκ°μ κ²°κ΅ μ 체μ±μ νμ§μ λν κ°μλ ν΄μμ λν΄ μκ°μ μν° μκ³ μ μ£Όκ΄μ μ΄κ³ μλ°μ μΈ ν΄μμ΄ μΉλ¦¬νλ κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ λΆμνλ€. μ΄λ μν μμμ νμμ μμμ ν΄μ²΄μ νκ΄΄λ‘ νμνλλ€.
γμ 체μ±μ νμ§γμμ γλ ν리μγ, γμ‘°κ΅ μλ νμγμΌλ‘ κ°μλ‘ λ
μμ μμΉλ μ€νμΈμμ λ©μ΄μ§κ³ κ·Έ μ 체λ μ μ°¨ λͺ¨νΈν΄μ§λ©΄μ μ μ²΄μ± ν
μ€νΈ μ μ μ νμ΄ μ»€μ§λ€. λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ γμ 체μ±μ νμ§γλ₯Ό λ§λͺ
μ μ£ΌμΈκ³΅μ΄ κ³ ν₯μμ λ³ΈμΈμ μ μ²΄μ± ν
μ€νΈλ₯Ό μ§λ©΄νκ³ μ£Όκ΄μ μΌλ‘ ν΄μνλ©΄μ λ΄λ©΄μ κ°μΈλ μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ΄ μμμ€νμ μ ν΄νλ€λ κΉ¨λ¬μμ μ»κ³ κ·Έκ²μ νκ°ν νμμ±μ μκ°νλ κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ νμ
νλ€. νμμ μμ μμ λ°κ²¬λλ μμμ€νμ λ°©ν΄νλ μμλ€μ λ΄μ μ΄ν νλμ½ μΉν μ€νμΈ μ¬λλ€μκ² λ§μ°ν κ²μΌλ‘, κΆμμ£Όμ, νκ΄΄μ±, λ§μ μ μ‘°λ ₯μ λ± μ리ν ν둬μ μμ λ‘λΆν° λνΌνλ λ©μ»€λμ¦ κ°λ
μΌλ‘ λΆμνλ€.
μ΄μ΄ γλ ν리μγκ³Ό γμ‘°κ΅ μλ νμγμ μμ λ‘λΆν°μ λνΌλ₯Ό λ©μΆκ³ μμμ€νμ μ΄λ£¨κΈ° μν΄ λ
μκ° μΈλΆμμ μμ μ μ‘΄μ¬ μμμ κ°μ νλ νμμ μμ, μ¦ μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ μ μ²΄μ± ν
μ€νΈμ μ μ λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ€μ€λ‘μκ²μ λ°°μ νλ κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ νμ
νλ€. νμκ° νκ°μ λμμΌλ‘ μΌλ ν΅μ¬μ μΈ μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ κ΅κ° μ 체μ±, μΉ΄ν¨λ¦¬μμ¦, λΆλ₯΄μ£Όμ κ°λ¬Έμ μμ¬, 리μΌλ¦¬μ¦ λ±μ΄λ€. γλ ν리μγμμλ μ€νμΈ κ΅κ° μ 체μ±μ νκ°μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§λλ°, λ
μλ μ΄λ² 리μ λ°λμ μλκ΅°μ μλ₯μν¨ λ ν리μ λ°±μμ μ μ€μ λͺ¨ν°νλ‘ νμ¬ μ μ²΄μ± ν
μ€νΈλ₯Ό μ μ νλ€. λ
μλ λ κ½λΌμ€λ°λ‘ μΆλ°©λ μλμ΄ κ·Έ κ·Όκ°μ μ리νλ€κ³ λ³΄κ³ μ€νμΈ κ΅κ° μ 체μ±μ΄ λΉμ²΄λ‘μμ μλμ νμ‘΄κ³Ό μΉ¨λ΅μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ νκ΄΄λλ λ°°μ μ μμ¬λ₯Ό μ£Όκ΄μ± μμμ μ¬ννλ€. γμ‘°κ΅ μλ νμγμμ λ
μλ μ μ λ―Έμμ μκ°λ‘ λ±μ₯νλ©΄μ κΈμ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μΉ΄ν¨λ¦¬μμ¦, λ
Έμ μ°©μ·¨μ κΈ°λ°ν μ£ΌμΈκ³΅μ λΆλ₯΄μ£Όμ κ°λ¬Έμ μμ¬, 리μΌλ¦¬μ¦ μ¬μ‘° λ±μ μ΅μμ λ΄λ‘ μ λ΄μ λͺ¨μκ³Ό μμ μ μ§μ νκ³ ν¬νννλ©° μ‘°λ‘±νλ©΄μ λ³ΈμΈμ μ 체μ±μμ μ κ±°νλ€. νμλ κ²°κ΅ μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ λ§μ§λ§ λ³΄λ£¨μΈ μ€νμΈμ΄κΉμ§ λ²λ¦¬κ³ μλμ΄λ‘ μνμ λλ§ΊμμΌλ‘μ¨ μλ μΈκ³μμ μλ‘μ΄ μ‘΄μ¬ μμμ μ°ΎμμΌλ©° μλ°μ μΌλ‘ μμλ₯Ό μ€ννμμμ μ μΈνλ€. μ΄μ²λΌ νμ κ³ μ΄λ μλ‘λ μ¨μ ν μκΈ° μμ μ΄ λκΈ° μνμ¬ κ·Έμκ² κ°μ λ μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ μ΅μμ μμλ€μ μΆμ νκ³ λ°°μ νλ μ 체μ±μ λν λΉνμ μ±μ°°μ μΌλΆμμ ν΅ν΄ ꡬνν κ²μ΄λ€.I. μλ‘ 1
1. νλμ½ μ κΆ μΉνμ μ€νμΈ μμ€ κ²½ν₯ 3
2. νμ κ³ μ΄λ μλ‘μ κΈμ°κΈ° 9
3. μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±μ νκ° κ³Όμ μΌλ‘μμ μΌλΆμ 13
II. μ μ²΄μ± ν
μ€νΈμ μ μ : λ
μλ‘μμ νμ 18
1. ν
μ€νΈλ‘μμ μ 체μ±κ³Ό ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μ μ΄λ‘ 19
2. ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μ μ΄λ‘ κ³Ό μΌλΆμμ ꡬ쑰 26
III. μ 체μ±μ νμ§λ€: νκ°μ κ³κΈ° 35
1. μ€νμΈμ μ 체μ±: λνΌμ μ§λ©΄ 37
2. μ€νμΈμ λ¬Έμ μ γμμ λ‘λΆν°μ λνΌγ 43
2.1. κΆμμ£Όμμ νκ΄΄μ± 44
2.2. λ°νμ κΆμμ£Όμμ μλ μμμ± 50
2.3. λ§μ μ μ‘°λ ₯μμ μκΈ° νκ΄΄ 57
3. λͺ©μ리λ€: νμμ μμ/νμ 62
4. γλ ν리μγκ³Ό γμ‘°κ΅ μλ νμγμ μ 체μ±μ νμ§λ€ 70
IV. μ 체μ±μ νκ°: κ²½κ³μ μκ³Ό λ° 76
1. λΉμ²΄λ‘μμ μλ 81
2. γλ ν리μγμμμ μ μ²΄μ± νκ° 94
3. γμ‘°κ΅ μλ νμγμμμ μ μ²΄μ± νκ° 111
V. κ²°λ‘ 131
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 137
Resumen 144
κ·Έλ¦Ό λͺ©μ°¨
[κ·Έλ¦Ό 1] ν΄ λ¦¬μΎ¨λ₯΄μ ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μ μ΄λ‘ ꡬ쑰 23
[κ·Έλ¦Ό 2] ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μ μ΄λ‘ μ μ μ©ν μΌλΆμμ μΈμ ꡬ쑰 24
[κ·Έλ¦Ό 3] ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μ μ΄λ‘ μ μ μ©ν μΌλΆμμ λ΄μ ꡬ쑰 24
[κ·Έλ¦Ό 4] ν
μ€νΈ ν΄μ μ΄λ‘ μ μ μ©ν μΌλΆμ λΆμλ 31Maste
On the distribution of penultimate activations of classification networks
This paper studies probability distributions of penultimate activations of classification networks. We show that, when a classification network is trained with the cross-entropy loss, its final classification layer forms a Generative-Discriminative pair with a generative classifier based on a specific distribution of penultimate activations. More importantly, the distribution is parameterized by the weights of the final fully-connected layer, and can be considered as a generative model that synthesizes the penultimate activations without feeding input data. We empirically demonstrate that this generative model enables stable knowledge distillation in the presence of domain shift, and can transfer knowledge from a classifier to variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks for class-conditional image generation.1