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    접착식 λ¦¬ν”„νŠΈ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ œμž‘λœ λΉ„κ· μΌν•œ λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± 막을 따라 ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ” 농도경계측에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 전기·정보곡학뢀, 2022. 8. κΉ€μ„±μž¬.λ‚˜λ…Έμ±„λ„μ€ λ‚˜λ…Έμ±„λ„μ˜ λ…νŠΉν•œ νŠΉμ„±μœΌλ‘œ 인해 마이크둜/λ‚˜λ…Έμœ μ²΄ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ 널리 ν™œμš©λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. λ‚˜λ…Έμ±„λ„μ˜ λ…νŠΉν•œ νŠΉμ„± 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ μ „κΈ° μ΄μ€‘μΈ΅μ˜ 겹침에 μ˜ν•΄ μœ λ„λ˜λŠ” 이온 선택성이 μžˆλ‹€. 이온 선택성을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬, λ‚˜λ…Έ 채널을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ „κΈ°μˆ˜λ ₯학적 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. 마이크둜/λ‚˜λ…Έ 유체 ν”Œλž«νΌμ€ ν™•μž₯μ„±κ³Ό κ°€μ‹œμ„±μ΄λΌλŠ” μž₯점으둜 인해, μ „κΈ°μˆ˜λ ₯ν•™ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬ에 ν™œμš©λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 마이크둜 μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” μ‹€μ œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ λͺ¨μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹€μ œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λͺ¨λ°©ν•˜λŠ” λ””μžμΈμœΌλ‘œ μ œμž‘λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜λ…Έμ±„λ„ μ œμž‘ 기술의 ν•œκ³„λ‘œ 인해 μž₯치의 섀계에 μ œν•œμ΄ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„±λ§‰ νŒ¨ν„°λ‹ 방법을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  ν•΄λ‹Ή νŒ¨ν„°λ‹ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ œμž‘λœ 마이크둜/λ‚˜λ…Έμœ μ²΄ ν”Œλž«νΌμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν”Œλž«νΌ λ‚΄μ˜ 농도 경계측을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ¨Όμ € μž„μ˜μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘을 가진 λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± λ§‰μ˜ μ œμž‘μ„ μœ„ν•œ 접착식 λ¦¬ν”„νŠΈ 방식을 μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•΄λ‹Ή 방식은 μ‚°μ†Œ ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλ§ˆ μ²˜λ¦¬μ™€ μŠ€ν•€ μ½”νŒ…μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ κ· μΌν•˜κ³  μ •λ°€ν•œ λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± λ§‰μ˜ νŒ¨ν„°λ‹μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. μ œμž‘ λ°©μ‹μ˜ μœ νš¨μ„±μ„ μž…μ¦ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, μ‚¬κ°νŒŒ, μ‚¬μΈνŒŒ, ν†±λ‹ˆνŒŒ, μ‚Όκ°νŒŒ, ν”„λž™νƒˆ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘을 가지며, 5 m, 15m, 150m 의 λ‘κ»˜λ₯Ό 가진 λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œμ±„λ„μ„ 따라 νŒ¨ν„°λ‹ 된 λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± 막이 μžˆλŠ” 마이크둜/λ‚˜λ…Έμœ μ²΄ ν”Œλž«νΌμ„ μ œμž‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. νŒ¨ν„°λ‹μ˜ 정확성은 이온 농도 λΆ„κ·Ήμ˜ μ„Έ 가지 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜ (ν‘œλ©΄ 전도, μ „κΈ°μ‚Όνˆ¬μœ λ™, μ „κΈ°μ‚Όνˆ¬ λΆˆμ•ˆμ •)의 κ°€μ‹œν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ „κΈ°μ‚Όνˆ¬μœ λ™ μ˜μ—­κ³Ό μ „κΈ°μ‚Όνˆ¬ λΆˆμ•ˆμ • μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œμ˜ ꡴곑진 ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ 이온 농도 뢄극에 λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯의 차이λ₯Ό 직접적인 κ°€μ‹œν™”μ™€ 전기적인 츑정을 톡해 ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ œμ•ˆλœ λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± 막 μ œμž‘ 방식이 μ‹€μ œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 마이크둜/λ‚˜λ…Έ 유체 ν”Œλž«νΌμ˜ μ œμž‘μ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  것이라 κΈ°λŒ€ν•œλ‹€. λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ 이온 κ΅ν™˜ λ§‰μ˜ 물리적 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ ν™œμš©λ˜μ–΄μ˜¨ κ°•ν™” ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ 전기와λ₯˜μ˜ 정렬에 λŒ€ν•΄ μž…μ¦ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹€ν—˜ μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” 접착식 λ¦¬ν”„νŠΈ 방식을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ œμž‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ 전기와λ₯˜λŠ” κ°•ν™” 체의 폭이 λ„“κ³  μ΄μ˜¨κ³΅ν•μΈ΅κ³Ό κ°€κΉŒμšΈ λ•Œ μ •λ ¬λœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ „μ‚° λͺ¨μ‚¬μ™€ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 와λ₯˜ 정렬을 μœ„ν•œ κ°•ν™”μ²΄μ˜ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  쑰건을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 강화체λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 혼돈 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œλ„ μ „κΈ° 와λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ •λ ¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ „κΈ° 와λ₯˜λŠ” μ •λ ¬λ‘œ 인해 μ•ˆμ •ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, ν•΄λ‹Ή μ•ˆμ •ν™”λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ ν‰κ· ν•œ μ–‘μ΄μ˜¨ 농도 뢄포(μ „μ‚° λͺ¨μ‚¬) 및 ν˜•κ΄‘ μ„ΈκΈ° 뢄포(μ‹€ν—˜)을 톡해 μˆ˜μΉ˜ν™”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 또, μ „λ₯˜ λ˜ν•œ λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± 막 λ‚΄μ˜ 강화체λ₯Ό 톡해 μ•ˆμ •ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŒμ„ μž…μ¦ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 강화체가 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 농도 λΆ„κ·Ή μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ λ‚΄μ˜ μ „κΈ° 와λ₯˜μ˜ μ•ˆμ •ν™”μ— ν™œμš©λ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 이온 κ΅ν™˜μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ ν™•μ‚°μ˜λ™μ„ 기반으둜 ν•œ 연속적이고 자발적인 λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μž 뢄리 μž₯치λ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν™•μ‚°μ˜λ™ 기반의 뢄리 μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” 접착식 λ¦¬ν”„νŠΈ 방식을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ œμž‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄리 μž₯치 λ‚΄μ˜ 배제 거리에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²½ν–₯성은 기쑴의 자발적 ν™•μ‚°μ˜λ™ 기반의 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ κ²½ν–₯성을 λ”°λžλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 크기의 차이(40 nm, 200 nm, 2 m)둜 μΈν•œ ν™•μ‚°μ˜λ™μ  이동도λ₯Ό 띈 νŒŒν‹°ν΄μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ Tris 버퍼 μš©μ•‘μ˜ μΆ”κ°€λ₯Ό 톡해 이온 농도 ꡬ배λ₯Ό ν–₯μƒμ‹œμΌœ 뢄리 νš¨μœ¨μ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€. Trisλ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€λŠ” λΆ„λ¦¬λœ 버퍼 μš©μ•‘μ΄ pH에 λ―Όκ°ν•œ 생체 λΆ„μžμ— μ ν•©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 역할도 ν–ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ œμ•ˆλœ 연속적이고 자발적인 ν™•μ‚°μ˜λ™ 기반의 뢄리 ν”Œλž«νΌμ΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ‚˜λ…Έ 생체 λΆ„μžμ˜ 뢄석에 ν™œμš©λ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ κΈ°λŒ€ν•œλ‹€.Nanochannels have been widely utilized in micro/nanofluidic systems due to the unique characteristics of the nanochannels. One of the most unique characteristics is ion selectivity induced by the overlap of electrical double layer. Using ion selectivity, electrokinetic systems employing nanochannels have been widely developed. Due to the scalability and visibility, micro/nanofluidic platforms have been utilized for the fundamental studies of the electrokinetic systems. To simulate the realistic macro systems, the micro platforms have been fabricated with a design which mimics the systems. However, the designs of the platforms have been limited due to the limitations in the nanojunction fabrication methods. Therefore, in this thesis, a nanoporous membrane patterning method was developed and concentration boundary layers were investigated with micro/nanofluidic platforms fabricated with the patterning method. First, an arbitrary-shaped nanoporous membrane fabrication with adhesive lift method was presented. The presented method utilizes oxygen plasma treatment and spin coating for the uniform and precise patterning of the nanoporous membrane. To demonstrate the fabrication method, we fabricated micro/nanofluidic platforms with membranes patterned along microchannels with surface shape of square, sine, sawtooth, triangle and fractal wave and with depth of 5 m, 15 m and 150 m. The conformal patterning was confirmed by direct visualization of ion concentration polarization in three mechanisms (surface conduction, electroosmotic flow and electroosmotic instability). Furthermore, the different effect of undulated surface on ion concentration polarization in electroosmotic flow regime and electroosmotic instability regime was evaluated with direct visualization and electric measurements. Therefore, we suggest that the presented nanoporous membrane fabrication method would enable the fabrication of near-practical micro/nanofluidic platforms. Secondly, we demonstrated the alignment of electroconvection utilizing reinforcing structures which have been utilized as physical component of ion selective membrane. The experimental devices were fabricated with the adhesive lift method. Through numerical simulation and experiments, we confirmed that the stable electroconvection was aligned with reinforcements which was wide in width and close to ion depletion zone, and the geometric conditions of reinforcements for the stable vortex alignment was confirmed. Furthermore, the electroconvection in chaotic regime was also aligned with reinforcing structures. Due to the alignment, the chaotic electroconvection was stabilized and the stabilization was quantified with time-averaged profiles of cation concentration (simulation) and fluorescence intensity (experiment). Moreover, we demonstrated that the electric current was stabilized with the reinforcing structures inside the ion selective membranes. Thus, we present that the reinforcing structures would be utilized for the stabilization of electroconvection in various concentration polarization systems. Finally, we presented a continuous and spontaneous nanoparticle separator based on diffusiophoresis induced by ion exchange. The diffusiophoretic separator was fabricated with the adhesive lift method. In the separator, the exclusion distance followed the scaling law of the conventional spontaneous diffusiophoretic system. Thus, we separated particles with different diffusiophoretic mobility due to the difference of size (40 nm, 200 nm and 2 m). Furthermore, the separation resolution was increased by enhanced concentration gradient induced by addition of Tris buffer. The addition of Tris also played a role as a pH regulator so that the separated buffer stream can be appropriate for pH-sensitive biomolecules. Therefore, we expect the presented continuous and spontaneous diffusiophoretic separation platform to be utilized for analysis of various nanoscale biomolecules.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Ion-selectiviy of a Nanochannel 1 1.2. Ion Concentration Polarization 4 1.2.1. Mechanisms of Overlimiting Conductance 6 1.2.2 Electroconvection 9 1.3. Diffusiophoresis 11 Chapter 2. Adhesive Lift Method for Patterning Arbitrary-shaped Thin Ion-selective Films in Micro/nanofluidic Device 13 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. Methods 18 2.2.1. Fabrication of Micro/Nanofluidic Device with Arbitrary-shaped Membrane 18 2.2.2. Chemicals and Experimental Setup 26 2.3. Results and Discussion 28 2.3.1. Arbitrary-shaped Nanoporous Membrane along the Main Channel 28 2.3.2. An IDZ along Arbitrary-Shaped Membrane 30 2.3.3. Near-practical Electro-desalination Platform using the Arbitrary-shaped Membrane 36 2.3.3.1. Device Configuration 36 2.3.3.2. Direct Visualization of IDZ in Near-practical Electro-desalination Platform 40 2.3.3.3. Overlimiting Conductance in EOI and EOF Regime 43 2.4. Conclusions 47 Chapter 3. Non-negligible Effects of Reinforcing Structures inside Ion Exchange Membrane on Stabilization of Electroconvective Vortices 49 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. Methods 54 3.2.1. Numerical Methods 54 3.2.2. Experimental Methods 60 3.3. Results and Discussion 64 3.3.1. Demonstration of Electric Field Focusing due to Reinforcing Structure 64 3.3.2. Demonstration of EC Alignment depending on Geometry of Reinforcing Structure 67 3.3.3. Alignment of EC by Reinforcing Structures in Chaotic Regime 78 3.3.4. Stabilization of Electric Current using Reinforcing Structures in Chaotic Regime 83 3.4. Conclusions 89 Chapter 4. Continuous and Spontaneous Nanoparticle Separation by Diffusiophoresis 91 4.1. Introduction 91 4.2. Materials and Methods 94 4.2.1. Fabrication of Diffusiophoretic Separation Device 94 4.2.2. Chemical Preparation 95 4.2.3. Experimental Setups 95 4.3. Results and Discussion 96 4.3.1. Concept of Diffusiophoretic Separation 96 4.3.2. Diffusiophoretic Exclusion near Ion-exchange Medium 99 4.3.3. Continuous Separation of Nano-sized Colloidal Suspensions 104 4.3.4. Separation Efficiency Improvement by Enhanced Concentration Gradient 107 4.4. Conclusions 111 Chapter 5. Concluding Remarks 112 Appendix 114 A. Numerical Modeling of Concentration Boundary Layer near the Ion-selective Membrane with Water Absorption 114 A.1. Numerical Methods 114 A.1.1. 2D Numerical Model for Diffusiophoretic Separation 114 A.1.2. 1D Numerical Model for Concentration Boundary Layer with Tris Buffer 117 A.2. Results and Discussions 120 A.2.1. Taylor Dispersion of the Nanoparticle Suspensions 120 A.2.2. Numerical Results of Ion Concentration with Injection of Tris 125 Bibliography 128 Abstract in Korean 139λ°•
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