A Case Study on Communication Design Classroom with application of Problem-based Learning : A focused on ‘graphic design’ at a Specialized High School

☞ 이 논문은 저자가 원문공개에 동의하지 않은 논문으로, 도서관 내에서만 열람이 가능하며, 인쇄 및 저장은 불가합니다.고도로 분화된 구조의 사회일수록 일반적인 지식을 두루 갖춘 인재보다는 전문지식과 능력을 가진 전문가형의 인재를 필요로 한다. 이러한 사회의 요구는 교육에도 영향을 미쳐 전문가 양성을 목적으로 하는 학교가 출현하게 되었는데, 대표적인 예로 특성화 고등학교를 꼽을 수 있다. 특성화 고등학교는 기존 실업계 고등학교의 대안적인 학교 모형으로 디자인, 공예, 인터넷, 멀티미디어, 패션, 금은 등의 보석 세공, 관광, 애니메이션, 원예, 영상 등 여러 분야에 소질이 있는 학생들에게 해당 분야의 특화된 전문교육을 실시하는 학교이다. 즉 특성화 고등학교란 유사한 소질과 적성을 가진 학생을 대상으로 하여 특성화 고등학교로 인가받을 때 지정받은 특화 분야의 인재양성을 목적으로 하는 교육을 전문적으로 실시하는 고등학교를 말하며, 특성화 고등학교의 설립목적 및 교육목표 역시 해당 분야의 실무능력을 갖춘 전문가의 양성에 있다. 그러나 일부 특성화 고등학교는 본래의 설립 취지를 제대로 살리지 못하고, 일반 인문계 고등학교 혹은 예전의 실업계 고등학교 때의 교육과정의 틀에서 크게 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 연구자가 근무하고 있는 디자인 특성화 고등학교의 경우를 살펴보면, 국영수 등의 국민공통이수과목에 대해서는 인문계 고등학교의 교육방식과 유사하게 운영되고 있으며, 디자인 교과와 같은 전문계 과목에 대해서는 예술계 고등학교의 미술전공 수업과 유사하게 운영되고 있었다. 본 학교의 특화된 전문교과인 디자인 관련 과목의 수업을 살펴보았을 때, 디자인 실무능력을 향상시키는 차별성 있는 수업을 지향하기보다는 디자이너가 되기 위해 필요한 소양 중 하나일 뿐인 표현력 향상에만 치중하는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 현상은 교육현장에서 기존의 방식으로 수업을 운영하는 것이 교사의 수업진행과 평가에서 수월하고, 특성화 고등학교임에도 불구하고 디자인 분야의 전문가로서 창업하거나 취업하려는 학생보다는 여전히 대학에 진학하고자 하는 학생이 훨씬 높기 때문에 미대입시에서의 실기고사를 대비하기 위한 것으로 보인다. 연구자는 특성화 고등학교의 수업이 전문가 양성이라는 학교 설립 취지에 부합하지 못하는 것에 아쉬움을 느껴 기존의 수업에서 다루고 있는 필수적인 학습내용에 대해서는 교수-학습이 이루어지도록 하되, 학습에 접근하는 방식에서 문제중심학습모형을 적용하여 학생이 주체적으로 작업하면서, 작업과정이 중시되고 디자인 실무능력을 향상 시킬 수 있는 디자인 전공 수업 프로그램을 설계하고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 문제중심학습모형을 적용하여 특성화 고등학교에 적절한 디자인 수업 프로그램을 설계하고, 수업의 교육적 효과성을 확인하는 것이다. 전통적 교사중심의 교수법에서는 먼저 기본이 되는 이론을 제시하고 구체적인 문제에 적용하며 이론의 활용 범위를 넓혀 간다. 본 연구에서는 문제중심학습모형을 적용하여, 처음부터 학생들에게 구체적이고 실용적인 문제를 제시하고 학생 스스로 그것을 해결해가며 주체적으로 작업하도록 하였다. 연구자는 이러한 방식이 디자인 전문 인력이 갖추어야 할 필수적인 소양인 디자인 실무능력을 향상시키는데 긍정적인 도움이 될 것이라는 기대 하에 기존의 전통적 교사중심의 수업과 차별화되는 학생의 자기주도적 수업을 진행하였으며, 이를 통해 문제중심학습법이 디자인 특성화 고등학교의 전공 수업에서 미치는 교육적인 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 내용 및 방법은 다음과 같다. 먼저 문헌 연구를 통해 문제중심학습의 개념과 전개과정, 특성화 고등학교의 성격 및 교육과정, 그리고 디자인 특성화 고등학교의 전공 수업에서 문제중심학습모형의 적용에 대해 고찰하였다. 그런 다음 문제중심학습모형을 적용하기에 적절한 단원을 선정하여 교과서를 분석한 후 수업을 설계하고, 수업설계에 따른 교수-학습 지도안 작성하였다. 수업 전에는 작품계획서 등의 학생활동지와 평가도구로서 수행평가계획서를 작성하여 평가계획을 세웠고, 수업 후에는 사전에 계획된 평가도구와 학생만족도 설문 조사지를 통해 학생의 학업성취도를 평가하고 수업에 대한 만족도를 확인하였다. 본 연구는 서울특별시 은평구에 위치한 Y 특성화 고등학교의 2학년을 연구 대상으로 4학급 25명씩 총 100명을 선정하였으며, 50분 수업에 총 16차시로 4주에 걸쳐 진행하였다. 100명은 각각 50명의 실험집단과 50명의 통제집단으로 나누어 동질성을 확인한 후 실험집단에는 문제중심학습모형을 적용한 전달디자인 수업을 실시하고, 통제집단에는 전통적인 교수법으로 전달디자인 수업을 실시하였다. 문제중심학습모형을 적용한 디자인 수업의 실효성을 검증하기 위해서 실험집단과 통제집단의 수행평가를 통한 학업성취도와 학생만족도조사 결과를 분석하여 결론을 도출하였다. 수행결과물 평가에는 공정성을 기하기 위해서 연구자 본인을 포함하여 특성화 고등학교에 근무하고 있는 디자인 교사 6명이 공동 채점 하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 문제중심학습모형을 적용한 전달디자인 수업을 실시한 실험집단 학생의 수행평가 평균점수가 전통적인 교수법으로 전달디자인 수업을 실시한 통제집단 학생의 수행평가 평균점수에 비해 높게 나타났다. 수업 후에 학생만족도 설문조사를 한 결과 실험집단의 학생들이 통제집단 학생들에 비해서 디자인 실무능력이 향상되었으며 과제를 수행할 때 자기 효능감을 많이 느꼈다고 응답했으며, 수업의 만족도도 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 문제중심학습모형을 적용한 디자인 수업이 특성화 고등학교 학생들에게 자기주도적인 문제해결력과 디자인 실무능력을 향상시키는데 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다고 할 수 있다.;Society with highly differentiated structure requires talented personnel who have professional and expertise knowledge and capability than those who are equipped with general and comprehensive knowledge. This social requirement affects to education system and lead a specific type of schools to be emerged which focus on educating student to be a professional expertise. An example of this type of school is called Specialized High Schools, which is an alternative school model of existing commercial high schools. This school provides students with specialized courses such as design, handcraft, internet, multimedia, fashion, jewelry such as gold and silver, tourism, animation, gardening and media, etc. This school is offered to students that have talents in one of these areas. That means, Specialized High Schools are high schools that provide students who have similar talents and aptitude in specific areas which schools are designated and certified when founded as a specialized high school. The mission and purposes of this specialized school is to educate student to be a experts in related areas by equipping them with practical capability. However, some of these specialized schools are not able to comply with principles of foundation. Its curriculum indicated that it failed to differentiate from other ordinary high schools or former vocational high schools. For an example, if you look at design specialized school where the researcher has worked, Korean, English and mathematics courses, which are common compulsory subjects, are operated in a similar manner with other general high school, whereas design course, which is one of the specialized subject, is operated in a similar manner with Art major course at other Art High Schools. When design related classroom is examined, which is one of the major subject in the specialized school, it does not seem to be oriented to provide differentiated class focusing on design practical capability, but was a simple liberal art course to become a designer and have tendency focusing on improving expression skills. This phenomenon can be interpreted in a way that it is convenient for teachers to manage classroom with existing method in terms of classroom activity and evaluation. Also, even if this is a specialized school, in fact, more students wish to enter university than to start up their own business in design field as an expert. Therefore classroom is managed as a preparatory course for entering Art University. The researcher felt a sense of dissatisfaction to see that classroom at a specialized high school does not comply with the missions of school foundation, which is to educate students to become a talented profession. So, the researcher attempted to develop design major class program, in which essential learning contents covered by existing classroom will be applied with teaching-learning method, whereas problem-based learning is applied as learning approaches, so that students initiatively involve their work and focused on work process to improve their practical capability. Therefore, the purposes of this research are to develop appropriate design class program with application of problem-based learning model and to verify educational effectiveness of the class for specialized high school. First, theory of conventional teacher-oriented teaching method will be addressed first as the foundation, and then will be applied into specific matters to extend utility of the theory. In this study, problem-based learning model is applied, and specific and practical problems were introduced to students and let them solve by themselves. This is designed for student to be involved initiatively. The researcher has expectation that this method may give positive contribution to student to develop and equip necessary knowledge and attitude to become design related professionals. Therefore the researcher conducted students-initiative class that was differentiated from conventional teacher-oriented teaching method and attempted to verify educational effectiveness of problem?based learning method in major subject class in design specialized high school. The contents and method of this research are as follows: first of all, from the literature review, I have examined concept and process of problem-based learning, characteristics and curriculum of specialized high school and applicability of problem-based learning in major class of a design specialized high school. Then I have selected proper unit to apply problem-based learning and analyzed a textbook for develop classroom plan and prepared teaching plan based on classroom plan. Before the class, I have prepared student activity sheet such as work plan and performance assessment plan as evaluation tool. After class, I have evaluated student academic achievement assessment through pre-planned evaluation tool and survey sheet about student satisfaction and checked student satisfaction about class. This study was conducted at Y specialized high school located in Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, total 100 students were selected and consisted of 25 each from 4 classes at year 2. Total 16 classes with 50 minutes long were provided during 4 weeks. 100 students were divided into an experimental group with 50 students and control group with other 50 students. After checking homogeneity, experimental group was provided with communication design class with application of problem-solving learning, whereas control group was provided communication design class with application of conventional teaching method. In order to verify effectiveness of design class with application of problem-solving learning, I have analyzed the result of student academic achievement assessment and student satisfaction through performance assessment of experimental group and control group, respectively and have drawn results. In order to give fairness in assessing performance result, 6 design teachers at the specialized high school including the researcher have involved with marking together. The analysis result of this study is summarized as follows: Average score of performance assessment of students from experimental group in communication design class which was applied with problem-based learning was higher than the ones of performance assessment of students from control group in communication design class which was applied with conventional teaching method. A survey that was conducted about students? satisfaction after class also indicated that students from experimental group improved more design practical ability and felt higher self-efficacy and higher satisfaction about the class than the ones from control group. In conclusion, design class with application of problem-based learning gives positive effects on specialized high school students in terms of improving self-initiative problem-solving capability and design practical capability.Ⅰ.서론 1 A.연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 B.연구의 내용 및 방법 3 Ⅱ.이론적 배경 5 A.문제중심학습 5 1.문제중심학습의 개념 5 2.문제중심학습의 전개과정 8 B.특성화 고등학교에서 디자인 수업의 문제중심학습 12 1.특성화 고등학교의 성격 및 교육과정 12 2.디자인 수업에서 문제중심학습의 적용 19 Ⅲ.연구방법 23 A.연구대상 및 절차 23 1.연구대상 23 2.연구절차 24 B.연구도구 24 1.수업도구 24 2.평가도구 70 Ⅳ.연구결과 및 논의 72 A.연구결과 72 B.논의 79 Ⅴ.결론 82 참고문헌 84 부록 86 ABSTRACT 9

Visual Analytics for Pattern Discovery in Home Care Clinical Relevance for Quality Improvement

Background: Visualization can reduce the cognitive load of information, allowing users to easily interpret and assess large amounts of data. The purpose of our study was to examine home health data using visual analysis techniques to discover clinically salient associations between patient characteristics with problem-oriented health outcomes of older adult home health patients during the home health service period. Methods: Knowledge, Behavior and Status ratings at discharge as well as change from admission to discharge that was coded using the Omaha System was collected from a dataset on 988 de-identified patient data from 15 home health agencies. SPSS Visualization Designer v1.0 was used to visually analyze patterns between independent and outcome variables using heat maps and histograms. Visualizations suggesting clinical salience were tested for significance using correlation analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 80 years, with the majority female (66%). Of the 150 visualizations, 69 potentially meaningful patterns were statistically evaluated through bivariate associations, revealing 21 significant associations. Further, 14 associations between episode length and Charlson co-morbidity index mainly with urinary related diagnoses and problems remained significant after adjustment analyses. Through visual analysis, the adverse association of the longer home health episode length and higher Charlson co-morbidity index with behavior or status outcomes for patients with impaired urinary function was revealed. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the use of visual analysis to discover novel patterns that described high-needs subgroups among the older home health patient population. The effective presentation of these data patterns can allow clinicians to identify areas of patient improvement, and time periods that are most effective for implementing home health interventions to improve patient outcomes

CMS Nonpayment Policy, Quality Improvement, and Hospital-Acquired Conditions: An Integrative Review

This integrative review synthesized evidence on the consequences of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) nonpayment policy on quality improvement initiatives and hospital-acquired conditions. Fourteen articles were included. This review presents strong evidence that the CMS policy has spurred quality improvement initiatives; however, the relationships between the CMS policy and hospital-acquired conditions are inconclusive. In future research, a comprehensive model of implementation of the CMS nonpayment policy would help us understand the effectiveness of this policy. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved

Triggers Contributing to Health Care Clinicians' Disruptive Behaviors

Objectives This study's objective was to explore the possible triggers of clinicians' disruptive behavior and to consider whether the type of trigger resulting in disruptive behavior differed by type of clinician, clinician characteristics, professional role, and ethnic background. Methods Using data collected from 1559 clinicians working at an urban academic medical center in the United States, we examined intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational triggers. In addition, we measured 3 subscales of disruptive behavior including incivility, psychological aggression, and violence. Multivariate regression and logit models were used to examine the relationship between triggers and disruptive behavior. Results We found that higher levels of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational triggers related to a greater frequency of disruptive behaviors after controlling for clinician characteristics. Among nurses, all 3 types of triggers were significantly related to disruptive behaviors with the same direction and magnitude of difference. However, in the physician/affiliate group, only intrapersonal and interpersonal triggers were statistically significant factors for disruptive behavior. Conclusions In the present study, important triggers were found to contribute to clinicians' disruptive behaviors. Strategies to prevent disruptive behaviors should be multipronged and reflect intrapersonal and interpersonal features for both clinician groups. For nurses, organizational triggers should be addressed through process and system improvements. Because disruptive behavior continues to be frequent among clinicians, efforts to implement evidence-based practices to prevent disruptive behaviors must continue, and future research should evaluate them

SUMO-1이 HIF-1a의 안정성과 전사활성에 미치는 영향

Thesis(master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :약학과 의약생명과학전공,2005.Maste

BDI의 요인분석을 이용한 암환자의 우울 성향 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 보건대학원 :보건학과 보건의료경영전공,2003.Maste

Nurse practitioners' work hours and overtime: How much, and under what working conditions?

PurposeTo explore the nature and prevalence of nurse practitioner (NP) overtime, work hours, and their relationship to practice within NP work conditions. Data sourcesA secondary analysis of data extracted from the 2012 National Sample Survey of Nurse Practitioners. The focus in this study was on data from NPs in active practice in clinical settings. The final analytic sample consisted of 9010 NPs. Conclusions/implications for practiceNPs working in hospitals and long-term care settings tended to work more than 40 h/week (p < .001). When healthcare facilities used electronic health records (p < .001) or had recently adopted electronic health records (p = .002), NPs were found to work more hours per week than those who did not. Regarding the type of relationships with physicians, NPs who worked more than 40 h/week either had hierarchical relationships with them (p < 0.001), or relationships in which the physician examined and signed off on patients whom the NP had examined (p < .001). These analyses provide a preliminary description of the nature and prevalence of NP work hours/overtime and work conditions related to longer work hours. Further study is indicated to assess the potential impact of work hours/overtime on NP roles and patient outcomes

Nursing teams: behind the charts

Aims: To examine the nature and characteristics of both received and provided mutual support in a social network within an acute care hospital unit. Background: Current evidence regarding the social network in the health care workforce reveals the nature of social ties. Most studies of social network-related support that measured the characteristics of social support used self-reported perception from workers receiving support. There is a gap in studies that focus on back-up behaviour. Methods: The evaluation included a social network analysis of a nursing unit employing 54 staff members. A 12 item electronic survey was administered. Descriptive statistics were calculated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Social network analyses were carried out using ucinet, r 3.2.3 and gephi. Results: Based on the study findings, as providers of mutual support the nursing staff claimed to give their peers more help than these peers gave them credit for. Those who worked overtime provided more mutual support. Conclusion: Mutual support is a key teamwork characteristic, essential to quality and safety in hospital nursing teams that can be evaluated using social network analysis. Implications for nursing management: Because of a discrepancy regarding receiving and providing help, examining both receiver and provider networks is a superior approach to understanding mutual support. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Lt

Health care provider social network analysis: A systematic review

Objectives: Although considerable progress has been made in understanding networks, their structure, and their development, little has been known about their effectiveness in the health care setting and their contributions to quality of care and patient safety. The purpose of this study was to examine studies using social network analysis (SNA) in the health care workforce and assess factors contributing to social network and their relationships with care processes and patient outcomes. Methods: We identified all published peer-reviewed SNA articles in CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, JSTOR, Medline (OVID), and Web of Science databases up to April 2013. Results: Twenty-nine published articles met the inclusion criteria. Current evidence of the health care workforce's social networks reveals the nature of social ties are related to personal characteristics, practice setting, and types of patients. A few studies also revealed the social network effects adoption and the use of a health information system, patient outcomes, and coordination. Conclusions: Current studies on the social ties of health care workforce professionals include several assessments of inefficiencies. The level of technical sophistication in these studies tended to be low. Future study using enhanced sophistication in study design, analysis, and patient outcome testing are warranted to fully leverage the potential of SNA in health care studies

Assessing the relationships between nurse work hours/overtime and nurse and patient outcomes: Systematic literature review

Background: The effects of work hours/overtime on nurse and patient outcomes and specific components of work hours (per shift and per week) and overtime on these effects have not been systematically examined. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate the effect of nurse overtime and long work hours on nurse and patient outcomes. Methods: An online search of six electronic bibliographic databases was conducted for research published from 2000 to 2013. Discussion: Twenty-one nurse outcome measures and 19 patient outcome measures were found in relationships with work hours and overtime. A total of 67 relationships to nurse outcomes and 41 relationships to patient outcomes were examined. Conclusions: The findings of this review suggested that evidence supporting positive relationships between working long hours and adverse outcomes to the nurses is strong. However, to make a conclusion of the positive relationship between long work hours and adverse patient outcomes, more evidence is needed