20 research outputs found
์ฌ์๋ถ๋๋นํ์์ ํ ๋ก๋ฏธ์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ ์ฒด์ธํฌ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์ญ์ต์ ์ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์๊ณผ๋ํ ์ํ๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์ด๋์.We investigated the frequencies of cytogenetic aberrations and somatic mutations of prognostic relevance in 393 patients with aplastic anemia (AA). Clonality was determined by G-banding/fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (n = 245), and targeted capture sequencing was performed for 88 hematopoiesis-related genes (n = 70). The telomere length (TL) of bone marrow nucleated cells was measured at the single cell level by FISH (n = 135). Eighteen (4.6%) patients showed disease progression, and monosomy 7 (50.0%) was the most predominant cytogenetic evolution at disease transformation. One third of patients (32.9%) presented at least 1 mutationthe most frequently mutated genes were NOTCH1, NF1, SCRIB, BCOR and DNMT3A. The patient group with clonal changes (30.7%) showed an adverse response to immunosuppressive treatment (IST), compared to the non-clonal group, but this finding did not show statistical significance. The TL of AA patients was significantly shorter than normal control and patients with clonal changes showed significantly shorter TLs. Patients with TL>5.9 showed a higher response rate to IST (P = 0.048). In conclusion, the patients with clonal changes or TL attrition showed a poor response to IST. Shorter TL can be used not only as a biomarker, but also as a predictive marker for treatment response to IST.1. Introduction. 1
2. Materials and Methods 5
2.1. Patients 5
2.2. BM histological examination 9
2.3. Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding 10
2.4. FISH for 5/5q-, -7/7q-, +8, -20/20q-, and +1/1q+. 11
2.5. Quantitative measurement of telomere length using interphase FISH (Q-FISH). 12
2.6. Targeted capture sequencing 13
2.7. Variant calling 14
2.8. Statistical analysis. 15
3. Results. 16
3.1. Abnormal cytogenetics detected by conventional G-banding and/or FISH 15
3.2. Quantitative size of clonal fraction in AA 20
3.3. Patients with disease progression. 22
3.4. Treatment response according to cytogenetic aberrations and/or somatic mutation 27
3.5. Targeted sequencing 30
3.6. Distribution of telomere lengths in AA 35
3.7. Treatment response to IST in correlation with telomere length in AA 36
3.8. The assessment of post-BMT endpoints in patients with AA 38
4. Discussion 42
References 45
Supplementary Table 50
Abstract in Korean. 52Docto
Theoretical Studies on Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํํ๋ถ(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํํ์ ๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์ ์๋ฏผ.์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ด๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณ์ฐ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ ์๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ํ์ ์์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐํฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊นจ์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ฐจ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ค. ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ ์ด์ฐจ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋์นญ์ฑ์ด ๊นจ์ง๋ฉด์, ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ ์ชฝ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋์ ์คํ ์ํ๊ฐ ๊ตญํ๋์ด ์์ชฝ์ ์ํ๋ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ๋๋น์ ์ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ด์ ธ์์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์์ชฝ ๋ชจ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ตญํ๋์ด์ ์ด๊ณณ ์ ์์ ์คํ ์ํ๊ฐ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ชจํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ ์๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ํํ๋ฐ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ ์์ ํก์ฐฉ๋ ๋ถ์์ ์ํฅ์ ์ํ ์ ์๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ฉด์ ์ด์ํจ๊ป ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ์ ๊ฐํด์ก์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ํน์ฑ๋ค๋ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค.
์ 1 ์ฅ์์๋, ๊ทธ๋ํ๊ณผ ๊ทธํจํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ํน์ง์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์์์ ํ๋ฅด๋ฏธ ์๋์ง ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ณํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์, ์ค๋นํ์ ์ ๋ณํ์ ํ์ ๋ฒกํฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋
ผํ๋ฉด์ ์์๊ฐ ์ค๊ณต๊ฐ์์ ์์นํ ๋ฐฐ์ด๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ญ๊ณต๊ฐ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ํ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์คํ๋ค์ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ํ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ํ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ๋ฉด์, ํน์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ํฉ์ฑํ๋ ์ผ์ ๋ง์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ 2 ์ฅ์์, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ณ์ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฒ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฒํจ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ํด ํํธ๋ฆฌ-ํญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉฐ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ํ์ฅ๋ ๊ณ์์, ํ๋ฉดํ๋ ํ๋ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฒํจ์ ์ด๋ก ๊ณ์ฐ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ k ์ ํ๋ณธ ์ถ์ถ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๋
ผํ๋ค.
์ 3 ์ฅ์์, PBE (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof) ๋ฒํจ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฒํจ์ ์ด๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊นจ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ํน์ฑ๋ฅผ ์ป๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ตํ๋ค.
์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ป์ ๊นจ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ํน์ฑ๋ค์ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋น๊ตํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ง๊ทธ์ฌ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ๋ง์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๋ํ๋ฉด, ์ง๊ทธ์ฌ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ํน์ดํ ์ ์์ , ์๊ธฐ์ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฅ์น์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ด์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ง๊ทธ์ฌ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ์์ ๋ถ์๋ค์ ์ ๋ ฌ์ด๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ 4 ์ฅ์์, ํผ๋ฆฌ๋์ ํก์ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ์ด ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ธ์์ฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฒํจ์ ์ด๋ก ๋ฒ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค.
ํผ๋ฆฌ๋๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐํฉ ๋ฐฐ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ง๊ทธ์ฌ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ด ๋ฐ์ชฝ ๊ธ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ ์ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ, ๋ ฮฑ ์ ฮฒ ์คํ ์ํ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋น๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋จธ์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ์ BF3 ๋ฅผ ํผ๋ฆฌ๋๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ๋ ค๋์ผ๋ฉด์ ํฅ์๋๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ ์ญ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ด ๋ฐ์ชฝ ๊ธ์์ฑ์ด ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ๋๋๋ก ๋จ์ํ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํน์ง๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋ฉด ์์์ ํก์ฐฉ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐฐ์ด ๋ชจ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋๋
ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
์ฐํ๋ ์ง๊ทธ์ฌ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์์ ๋ฒ์ง ๋ชจ์์ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ์ง์๊ณ ์ํญ์ฌ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ง์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ 5 ์ฅ์์, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ข์ ์ง๊ทธ์ฌ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ์ค๊ฐ์ ์๋ ์ํญ์ฌ์ด๋๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ๋๋น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ํญ์ฌ์ด๋์ ์ด๋๊ณผ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ์์ ํผํ
์
์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ ธ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์์ด ๊ฒฝ์์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ชจ๋, ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ง ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ์ ๊ฐํ๋ฉด ํผํ
์
์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ตญํ๋ ํํ ๋ฐ์์ด๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ ํ์๋ฌผ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ ๊นจ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ ์ ์๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ ๋ ์ ์๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ค. ๊ทํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค๊ณํ๊ธฐ์ํด, ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ํ ๋๋ก ๊ทธ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ 6 ์ฅ์์ ๋
ผํ์๋ค.In this thesis, we have performed theoretical and computational studies on the properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). The electronic structure of a graphene nanoribbon is different from that of graphene. As the bonds of graphene are broken in order to form edge structures, the two-dimensional structure turns into a one-dimensional-like structure. The zero band gap of the pristine graphene becomes open by the broken symmetry for graphene nanoribbons. In addition, either ฮฑ- or ฮฒ-spin state is localized at an edge with the spatial separation between different spin states. We have studied the model systems of chemically modified graphene nanoribbons by first-principle calculations on the band structure and the chemical reactions. We investigated the effects of the adsorption of small molecules and the application of external electric fields on the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons.
In Chapter 1, features of the band structures for graphene and graphene nanoribbons are introduced. In order to understand the change of the band structure near the Fermi energy in periodic boundary conditions, it is necessary to explain how the atomic arrangement in real space is related with the band structure in reciprocal space, as discussed in terms of the wave vector for the orbital phases. We also introduced some of the experimental studies for the synthesis and the characterization of graphene and grapheme derivatives. These studies illustrated that controlled synthesis of graphene derivatives with particular properties could be very challenging. In Chapter 2, as a main computational method, general features of density functional theory (DFT) were described as compared with Hartree-Fock method.
For the calculations of extended systems, DFT calculations with planewave wavefunctions as well as k-points sampling are explained.
In Chapter 3, our calculations with the DFT-PBE (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof) method on pristine graphene nanoribbons were compared with other reported DFT calculations. The electronic structures of pristine graphene nanoribbons are analyzed as a reference to show the differences from chemically modified graphene nanoribbons. Graphene nanoribbons with zigzag edge structures are attracting attentions in the field of material research, because they are anticipated to be promising for future devices such as spintronics and transistors due to the unique electronic and magnetic properties. The properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) can be tuned by the interactions with small molecules or under the effect of external field. In Chapter 4, the influence of pyridine adsorption and the applied electric field on the band structure and metallicity of ZGNRs was investigated by using DFT calculations. The semiconducting ZGNRs became half-metallic or remained semiconducting depending on the configuration of covalent bonds between pyridine and the ZGNRs. In addition, the band gap of the different spin states of the ZGNRs could be tuned by non-covalent bonds. This effect was enhanced when BF3 was introduced simultaneously at the opposite edge. The applied external electric field can also modulate the band structures of the ZGNRs, making them half-metallic or semiconducting to some extent. These features suggest that the well-arranged adsorption of small molecules could be used to tune the band structures of nano-scale electronic devices based on graphene.
Removal of an epoxide group from oxidized ZGNR without damaging honeycomb structure of graphene is a challenging problem. In Chapter 5, we have studied the reaction mechanism of the epoxide group on the middle of narrow ZGNR. It was found that barriers for competing processes of migration and reduction depend on the widths of ZGNRs. It was also shown that the transition state energies were lowered by the application of perpendicular electric field with respect to the surface of ZGNR. Our studies illustrated that the electronic properties of graphene derivatives can be controlled by the modification of local structures of graphene chemically or electrically. Implications of such results, with the perspective of designing noble functional molecular systems, are discussed in Chapter 6.Abstract i
Contents vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xx
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Graphene and its derivatives synthesis 2
1.1.1 Graphene 3
1.1.2 Graphene oxide 4
1.1.3 Reduced graphene oxide 5
1.1.4 Graphene Nanoribbon 6
1.2 Band structure of GNR 7
1.2.1 C-C bonds and allotropes 7
1.2.2 Chemical bonding in solids: orbitals in a repeated potential 8
1.2.3 Graphene 17
1.2.4 Graphene nanoribbon 22
1.2.5 Localized state in periodic boundary conditions and external electric field 24
2 Theory and Methodology 31
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 The Born-Oppenheimer approximation 32
2.3 Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham equations 33
2.3.1 Hartree-Fock (HF) 34
2.3.2 Density Functional Theory (DFT) 37
2.4 Reciprocal space and k-points 43
2.4.1 Reciprocal space 43
2.4.2 Brillouin zone sampling 47
3 Computational Studies on the Properties of Pristine GNRs 51
3.1 Computational details: preliminary calculations 53
3.1.1 Lattice constants 53
3.1.2 Planewave cutoff 54
3.1.3 k-points sampling 57
3.2 Electronic and magnetic structure 59
3.2.1 Supercell and band structure 59
3.2.2 Band gaps related with the width of ZGNR 63
3.2.3 Magnetism of pristine GNR 64
3.3 DFT-PBE calculations of GNRs 67
4 Tuning of the Band Structures of GNRs by an Electric Field and adsorption of molecules 71
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Computational Details 73
4.3 Results and discussion 77
4.3.1 Covalent and noncovalent interactions 77
4.3.2 External electric field 89
4.4 Conclusions 93
5 Migration and Removal of an Epoxide in Graphene Nanoribbons by the Width and an Electric Field 97
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Computational Methods 101
5.3 Results and discussion 103
5.3.1 Epoxide migration 104
5.3.2 Reduction of an epoxide 108
5.4 Conclusions 113
6 Concluding Remarks 117
A Band structures under an external electric field 125
B Band structures of 8-ZGNR with an epoxide group 129
Bibliography 132
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก (Abstract in Korean) 157
๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๋ง (Acknowledgements) 161Docto
๋ ํฐ๋ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ฒด์ ๊ทผ๋ฅ ํฅ์์ ์ํ ์์ค์ ์ ํ ์๋ฉ์ , ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ ์, ํฌ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ํน์ฑ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์์คํ
ยท์์ฌํ๋ถ(๋ฐ์ด์ค์์คํ
๊ณตํ), 2018. 8. ๊น์ฉ๋
ธ.๋ ํฐ๋์ ์ง์ฉ์ฑ ๋นํ๋ฏผ์ธ ๋นํ๋ฏผ A๋ก, ํญ๋
ธํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ๋ผ ๋ฟ๋ง
์๋๋ผ ํญ์, ํญ์ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฉํ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌผ์
๋ํ ๋ฎ์ ์ฉํด๋์ ์์ธ์ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ถํด๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ ์ ์ํ์
์์ฉํจ์ ์ ํ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ ํฐ๋์ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ
์์ฒด์ ๊ทผ๋ฅ ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํฌ ์ ๋ฌ์์คํ
๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฌ
์์คํ
์ผ๋ก๋ O/W emulsion, ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด, ํํ์๋ฐ๋ก์ค๋ฅผ
๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ๋ ํฐ๋์ ์ต์ ํ ์์ผ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์์ฒด์ ๊ทผ๋ฅ ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฌ์์คํ
์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ O/W emulsion์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ ์ค์ผ๋๋์
๋ฐ๋ผ, ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด๋ stabilizer์ coating agent์ ๋ฐ๋ผ,
๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํํ์๋ฐ๋ก์ค๋ ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ์์ ์ฑ์ UV, pH,
์จ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ์ฅ์์ ์ฑ์, ๋ ํฐ๋์ ์๋ฅ๋์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ๋ค.
O/W emulsion๋ด์ ๋ ํฐ๋์ 10wt% ์ด์์ ์ค์ผ๋๋์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์
UV์ ์์ ํ๋ค (24์๊ฐ ์กฐ์ฌ ์, 80% ์๋ฅ). Negative charge๋ฅผ
๊ฐ๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์๋ ์์ฉ์ก ์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ฏธ๋์
๊ธ์์ด์จ๊ณผ์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์ฅ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค (WPI
์ฌ์ฉ์, 20% ์๋ฅ). ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ๋ด์ ๋ ํฐ๋์ ๋ค๋น๋ฅ๋ก ์ฝํ
ํ
๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ loading efficiency๊ฐ 90% ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฒ
๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. pectin์ผ๋ก ์ฝํ
ํ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์์ ๋ ํฐ๋์ UV,
pH์์ ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์์ง๋ง ์๋ฅ๋์ด ์ฝ 20%์ ๊ทธ์ณค๋ค.
ํํ์๋ฐ๋ก์ค ๋ด์ ๋ ํฐ๋์ phase solubility๋ฅผ ํ์ธํด๋ณธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 1:1์
๋น์จ๋ก ๊ฒฐํฉํ๊ณ , ํํ์๋ฐ๋ก์ค์ ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ UV ๋ฐ ์ ์ฅ์์ ์ฑ์
์ฐจ์ด๋ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์๋ค (p<0.05). UV ์กฐ์ฌ ์ ๋ ํฐ๋์ ์๋ฅ๋์
์ฝ 50%์๊ณ , ์จ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์๋ ์ฝ 80% ์ด์์ด ์๋ฅํ๋ค. ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก,
๋ ํฐ๋์ ์์ฒด์ ๊ทผ๋ฅ ์ O/W emulsion์์ ์ฝ 50%, ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์
ํํ์๋ฐ๋ก์ค๋ ์ฝ 80% ์ด์์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์์ํ ๋ ํฐ๋์
์์ฒด์ ๊ทผ๋ฅ ์ด 20%์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด๋ณด์ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ
์์ฒด์ ๊ทผ๋ฅ ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, O/W emulsion๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ
ํํ์๋ฐ๋ก์ค๋ ๋ ํฐ๋์ ํฌ์ ํ์ฌ, ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ฒด์ ๊ทผ๋ฅ ์
ํฅ์์์ผ์ฃผ๋ ์ ๋ฌ์์คํ
์ผ๋ก ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด์
๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฌ์์คํ
์ ์ํ ๋ฐ ํ์ฅํ ์ฐ์
์ ํ์ฉ๋
๋์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin A, which not only exhibits anti-aging
function, but also has useful physiological activities such as anti-cancer and antiinflammation.
However, it is difficult to apply to foods because of its low solubility
in water and instability in UV and heat. Therefore, this study aimed to develop
delivery systems to increase retinol stability and bioaccessibility. O/W emulsion,
protein complex and cycloamylose were developed and optimized for retinol as
delivery systems to improve its stability and bioaccessibility.
O/W emulsion, protein-based particle and cycloamylose, respectively, were
compared in terms of retinol stability and bioaccessibility as functional of emulsifier
type, coating agent type, and host material concentration. The stability of
incorporated retinol was analyzed under UV irradiation and storage at different
temperatures (4, 25, 40ยฐC). Finally, bioaccessibility of retinol was estimated in each
delivery system with the most stable conditions.
UV stability of retinol in the O/W emulsion was significantly improved at an oil
concentration of 10 wt% or more. With anionic emulsifier, the storage stability of
retinol was lowered due to interaction with a trace amount of metal ion present in the
aqueous solution. When protein-based particles containing retinol were coated with
polysaccharide, the loading efficiency reached to more than 90%. Retinol was found
to have the highest UV and pH stability in protein-based particles coated with pectin.
Residual amount of retinol increased with cycloamylose during UV and storage test
periods regardless of cycloamylose concentration used in this study. Finally, when
using the delivery systems, the bioaccessibility of retinol was significantly improved
to at least 50% to 80% depending on the delivery systems, compared to less than 20%
for pure retinol.
This study showed that O/W emulsion, protein-based particle and cycloamylose
were effective delivery systems that improved retinol stability and bioaccessibility
by encapsulation. These delivery systems could be highly useful for the food and
cosmetic industry who utilize functional ingredients such as retinol.ABSTRACT โฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.... I
CONTENTS .โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆ... III
LIST OF TABLES โฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆ. VIII
LIST OF FIGURES โฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆ........ IX
1. Introduction โฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.....1
2. Objectives โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.....2
3. Background and Literature review ...........................................................3
3.1. Efficacy and unstable properties of retinol โฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ...3
3.2. Types and composition of emulsion โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ.โฆ...โฆโฆ...4
3.2.1. Characteristics of O/W emulsion โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.....4
3.2.2. Characteristics of emulsifier โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ5
3.3. Composition of protein based nanoparticles โฆโฆ.โฆโฆ...โฆ.........โฆ..7
3.3.1. Hydrophobic characteristics of corn protein zein โฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ......7
3.3.2. Characteristics of sodium caseinate as a stabilizer โฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆ..8
3.3.3. Characteristics of polysaccharides as a coating agent โฆโฆ...โฆ.....9
3.4. Characteristics of cyclic glucans โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ11
3.5. Definition and necessity of bioaccessibility โฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.13
4. Materials and Methods โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆ15
4.1. Materials โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..15
4.2. Methods โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.....โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆ.....16
4.2.1. Preparation and characteristics of retinol-loaded O/W emulsion
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ........16
4.2.1.1. Preparation of retinol-loaded O/W emulsion
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.......โฆโฆ.โฆ.16
4.2.1.2. Characteristics of retinol-loaded O/W emulsion
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆ..โฆโฆ18
4.2.1.2.1. Particle size distribution and zeta potential
analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ18
4.2.1.2.2. Turbidity analysis of O/W emulsion โฆโฆ.....โฆ...โฆ.18
4.2.1.3. Stability of retinol in O/W emulsion โฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆ....19
4.2.1.3.1. UV stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆ19
4.2.1.3.2. Storage stability at different temperature โฆโฆ..........19
4.2.1.4. Retinol contents analysis in O/W emulsion โฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆ..โฆ20
4.2.1.5. Statistical analysis โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆ..20
4.2.2. Preparation and characteristics of protein based nanoparticles
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆ.21
4.2.2.1. Preparation of retinol-loaded zein particles โฆโฆ.....โฆโฆ..โฆ21
4.2.2.1.1. Preparation of retinol-zein complex nanoparticles
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆ.โฆ.21
4.2.2.1.2. Preparation of polysaccharide coated nanoparticles
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ........21
4.2.2.2. Characteristics of retinol-loaded zein particles โฆ.............โฆ22
4.2.2.2.1. Particle Size distribution and zeta potential
analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ........22
4.2.2.2.2. Particle yield and loading efficiency analysis
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆ.โฆ22
4.2.2.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...........โฆ...24
4.2.2.2.4. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆ..โฆ...24
4.2.2.2.5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆ...25
4.2.2.3. Stability of retinol in zein particle โฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆ26
4.2.2.3.1. pH stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆ.26
4.2.2.3.2. UV stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆ26
4.2.2.4. Retinol contents analysis in zein particles โฆโฆ...โฆโฆโฆ......27
4.2.2.5. Statistical analysis โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆ.......27
4.2.3. Preparation and characteristics of inclusion complexes of retinol
and cyclic glucans โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ...28
4.2.3.1. Preparation of retinol inclusion complexes โฆโฆ....โฆ.โฆโฆ...28
4.2.3.2. Characteristics of retinol inclusion complexes โฆโฆโฆ...โฆ...29
4.2.3.2.1. Phase solubility โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ....29
4.2.3.2.2. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) โฆ.โฆโฆโฆ.29
4.2.3.2.3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ....30
4.2.3.2.4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) โฆโฆโฆ...โฆ...30
4.2.3.3. Stability of retinol in inclusion complex โฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ...31
4.2.3.3.1. UV stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ31
4.2.3.3.2. Storage stability at different temperature โฆโฆ...โฆ...31
4.2.4. Bioaccessibility analysis for encapsulated retinol โฆโฆ.โฆโฆ..โฆ.32
4.2.4.1. Sample preparation โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ....32
4.2.4.2. In vitro digestion test โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆ....33
4.2.4.3. Bioaccessibility analysis for encapsulated retinol โฆโฆโฆ......34
5. Result and Discussion โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..35
5.1. Characteristics and stability of retinol-loaded O/W emulsion
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ.โฆ.35
5.1.1. Characteristics of retinol-loaded O/W emulsion โฆโฆโฆ.......โฆ...35
5.1.1.1. Effect of emulsifier types in O/W emulsion โฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆ.....35
5.1.1.2. Effect of oil concentration in O/W emulsion โฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ....37
5.1.2. Stability of retinol in O/W emulsion โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ..โฆ.41
5.1.2.1. UV stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...41
5.1.2.2. Storage stability at different temperature โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆ47
5.2. Retinol-loaded protein based nanoparticles โฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆ..โฆโฆ...61
5.2.1. Characteristics of retinol-loaded zein particles โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆ..61
5.2.1.1. Particle size distribution and zeta potential analysis โฆ.........61
5.2.1.1.1. Effect of materials used in particle formation
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆ61
5.2.1.1.2. Effect of freeze drying โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ.....63
5.2.1.2. Particle yield and loading efficiency analysis โฆโฆโฆโฆ....โฆ66
5.2.1.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆ68
5.2.1.4. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) โฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆ..โฆ71
5.2.1.5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) โฆโฆ..โฆ.โฆ73
5.2.2. Stability of retinol in zein particles โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆ..โฆ75
5.2.2.1. pH stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ..โฆ75
5.2.2.2. UV stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...82
5.3. Characteristics and stability of inclusion complexes of retinol and
cyclic glucans โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ......โฆโฆ84
5.3.1. Characteristics of retinol inclusion complexes โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..84
5.3.1.1. Phase solubility โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆ84
5.3.1.2. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ....86
5.3.1.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.87
5.3.1.4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) โฆโฆโฆ....โฆ93
5.3.2. Stability of retinol in inclusion complexes โฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆโฆ.....95
5.3.2.1. UV stability โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ95
5.3.2.2. Storage stability at different temperature โฆโฆ...โฆโฆโฆโฆ.....97
5.4. Comparison of retinol stability using different delivery system
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.................99
5.4.1. Stability of retinol in different delivery system โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ99
5.4.2. Bioaccessibility analysis for encapsulated retinol โฆโฆโฆโฆ...โฆ103
6. Conclusions โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...107
7. Summary โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆ..109
8. References โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.115Maste
๋ง๊ฒฐํฉํ ํ๊ธฐ์ฑ ์ํ์์ ๋ถ๋งํ์ฑํ ์ฒจ๊ฐ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้ข :ๅทฅๆฅญๅๅญธ็ง,1997.Maste
๋ถ์ฐํญ ํญ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ฅ์ ๋ณด์์คํ ์ฐ๊ณ์๋ฃ์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
2011๋
๋ถํฐ 3๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ถ์ฐํญ๋ง๊ณต์ฌ์์ ๊ตฌ์ถ์ค์ธ ๋ถ์ฐํญ ํญ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ฅ์ ๋ณด์์คํ
(BPA-NET)์ ๊ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ณ๋ก ์ฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํ๋ฅผ ์ทจํฉํ์ฌ ONE-STOP ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ์์๊ฒ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์์คํ
์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ์
์ฒด๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ดํ์ ์ค๋ฅ, ๋๋ฝ,๋ถ์ผ์น ใ
๋ถ์ ๋ํด ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผํตํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ์์ธ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ๋ณด์์ฑ
์ ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ
์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์
์ 2 ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ
์ 2 ์ฅ PCS ์์คํ
์ ํํฉ
์ 1 ์ PCS ์์คํ
๊ฐ์
์ 2 ์ ๋ถ์ฐํญ์ PCS ์์คํ
ํํฉ
์ 3 ์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ PCS ์ฌ๋ก
์ 3 ์ฅ ๋์ ์์คํ
์ ํํฉ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์
์ 1 ์ ํ ์์คํ
์ ์๊ฐ
์ 2 ์ ํ ์์คํ
์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค
์ 3 ์ ํ ์์คํ
์ table layout
์ 4 ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ค์ผ์ฅด ์์คํ
์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค
์ 5 ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ทจํฉ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์
์ 4 ์ฅ ์์ธ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ๋์ฒ ๋ฐฉ์
์ 1 ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ค๋ฅ ํํฉ
์ 2 ์ ์๋ฃ ์ค๋ฅ ๋ฐ์ ์์ธ
์ 3 ์ ์ค๋ฅ ์์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธ
ๆฑ่ฐฟ ่ถ๏คๅฝ ้่จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๋ฐํฌ๋ณ.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋ ๆฑ่ฐฟ ่ถ๏คๅฝ(1693~1737)์ ้่จ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฐ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ฌํญ์ ๋จผ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ๋ฒ์ด๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฝํ ์์ ๋ก์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋งค์งํ ๊ทธ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ ์ดํผ๊ณ ๋์, ์๋ช
ํ์ ์งํฅ์ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ทธ์ ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฌธ์๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ํน์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ ์ฐฝ์์ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ๋ง๋ช
์ํ๋ฌธ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค.
์ด์ด์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ์ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ ์ดํ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ํ๋๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง๋ช
์ํ๋ฌธ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋น๊ตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์์ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์ฑ์ด ์ธ์๋๋ ์์์ ์ดํ๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์์์ด ๋ํ๋จ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์์๊ฐ ๆๆ
ๅ๋๋ ์์์ ํ๊ตฌํ์๋ค.
์์ ๋ถ์์ ์ด์ด ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ํํ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ ์ ๋น์ ์์๋ ฅ์ ์ํ ์๋ก ํ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๋ํ๋จ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค์ํ ๋น์ ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฏ์ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ด๋
์ด์ฉ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ดํ๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ์๋ต๊ณผ ํจ์ถ์ ํตํ ์์์ ๋ฌ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋จ์ ์ดํ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๏ฝข่ฟฝ่จๆฑๅณฝ้่ณ๏ฝฃ์ ๋
ํนํ ๋ฌธ์ฒด๊ฐ ์๊ต๋์ ์์ฌ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ใๅฑฑๆตท็ถใ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋ฒ๋ค์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๊ณ ์ข
ํฉํ์ฌ ๋ง๋ ๋
์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐํํ์ฌ, ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์์ ์ดํ๋ค. ์ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ํ์ฃผ์ํ์ ์์๋ ฅ์ ๊ณ์นํ๋ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ ์ฐ์์ ๊ธฐ ์ค์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ๅฐ็ฏๅ์ ์์์ ์ฑ์ฉํ ๏ฝข์ถ๊ธฐ๋ํ์ ์๏ฝฃ์ ํ์์ด ์ง๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก 19์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ๏ฝข์ถ๊ธฐ๋ํ์ ์๏ฝฃ์ ํํ๋ค์ด ๋ณํ๋ ์ฑ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง๊ฑฐ๋ ์ธ์ฉ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ธ์ฉํ์ง ์์ด ํ์ ๋์๋ ์์๊ณผ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ง๋ ๋
ํนํ ์ฃผ๊ด์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ฐ๊ด์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ์ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์์๊ฐ ๊ต๊ฐํ๋ ํน๋ณํ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋๋ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ์น์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ค.This thesis examines Jo Guimyeong's travel writing. I preceded the actual explanation of the texts with an investigation on biological, philosophical, and cultural background of the author and the creation of texts. As an result I confirmed that the author himself was a high aristocrat who suffered from innate illness and concentrated on literature very seriously. Also it has been found that his philosophical thinking has shown relevance to that of Yangmingxue, one of the most prominent Neo-confucianist schools in Ming Dynasty, and his literary opinion strongly advocated individuality, all of which are very closely related with Late-Ming 'Informal Essay(Xiaopinwen)' movement, a cultural phenomenon in Joseon Dynasty at the time.
Then I undertook the actual examination of Jo Guimyeong's travel diaries, Yugi in Korean, where I identified these four main characteristics in theme: curiosity toward the mysterious, aesthetic perception mediated by art, consciousness on mortality, and lyrical transformation of the ego. These thematic characteristics reverberated in those in expression, namely: argumentation through analogy and imagination, various modes of figures of speech and unfamiliar vehicles, and syntactic anomalies and distinctive style. In doing so I have applied a comparative analysis in order to ascertain the influence of other works in Jo Guimyeongโs texts, especially of those from Informal Essay movement, Yuan Hongdao and Wang Siren, and of those of a more distant origin, Classic of Mountains and Seas(Shanhaijing).
Finally, the meaning of Jo Guimyeong's travel writing in light of literary history was discussed under these three points of view: Deploying unorthodox imagination, Introducing a new form, and Setting up a new standard.
Through the process above I reached to a conclusion that the distinctive characteristics of Jo Guimyeong's travel writing lie in its anthropocentric subjectivity, which is unusual in East-Asian travel writing, and its continuous attempts to create one's own style from the influence of previous eminent writers. I also argued that despite its artificialness and abstruseness, Travel Account of a Previous Trip to Eastern Canyon(Chugidonghyeopyusang) displayed one of those rare moments when a man and nature sympathized with each other.1. ์๋ก
2. ์๋น์ ๊ฒํ
2.1. ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌํญ
2.2. ์๋ช
ํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ฌธ์๋ก
2.3. ๆฉๆ ๅฐๅๆ์ ์ํฅ
3. ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ํน์ฑ
3.1. ์ ์ดํ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ
3.2. ์์ ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ฌ๋ฏธ ์ธ์
3.3. ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์์
3.4. ์์์ ๆๆ
ๅ
4. ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ํํ์ ํน์ฑ
4.1. ๏งๆฏ์ ์์๋ ฅ์ ์ํ ่ญฐ่ซๅ
4.2. ๋ค์ํ ๋น์ ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฏ์ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ด๋
์ด์ฉ
4.3. ์๋ต๊ณผ ํจ์ถ์ ํตํ ์์์ ์๋ฒ
4.4. ๆงๆ่ซ็ ํ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋
ํนํ ๋ฌธ์ฒด
5. ์กฐ๊ท๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ์ ์์
5.1. ่ซๆฑๅญๅญธ็ ์์๋ ฅ์ ๊ณ์น
5.2. ๅฐๅๆ ํ์์ ์ ์ฐฉ
5.3. ไธน้ฝ ้่จ์ ์ ๋ฒ ์๋ฆฝ
6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
AbstractMaste
On the Official Title of Joseon Missions to Imperial China
This paper aims to find out which term was the official title of Joseon missions to Imperial China, and whether the widespread term yeonhangsa(็่กไฝฟ), which is much more frequently used in Korea, China, Japan, and Taiwan after Fuma Susumus book is published, is a suitable to cover whole Joseon Missions to Ming and Qing dynasty. To clarify that, we investigated the government official records such as Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty and Journal of the Royal Secretariat. Our research findings indicate that during the early Joseon period(1392~1636), bugyeongsa(่ตดไบฌไฝฟ) was the most frequently used term for Joseon missions to Ming dynasty, while jocheonsa(ๆๅคฉไฝฟ), contrary to common belief, was much less used than anticipated, almost exclusively in the early 17th century. In the late 17th century, both bugyeongsa and buyeonsa(่ตด็ไฝฟ) was used for Joseon missions to Qing dynasty. After 1706, buyeonsa was the frequently used term for Joseon missions to Qing dynasty. Meanwhile, throughout the late Joseon period yeonhaengsa was rarely used. Such transition of official titles of Joseon missions to Imperial China, namely bugyeongsa in Ming dynasty to buyeonsa in Qing dynasty, shows a change of attitude and perception of Joseon elites toward Ming and Qing dynasty, as bugyeongsa implies more respectful attitude toward Ming China while buyeonsa tries to maintain more neutral attitude toward Qing as a conquest dynasty ruled by yi(barbarians). As the both terms reflect crucial ideas and thoughts of the ruling elites of Joseon, suggesting that we should replace them with much rarely used, non-historical, ungrammatical term yeonhaengsa seems improper and ungrounded. If we are to avoid traditionally used bugyeongsa and buyeonsa and coin a new term for Joseon missions to Imperial China instead of yeonhaengsa, immyeongsa(ๅ
ฅๆไฝฟ) and ipcheongsa(ๅ
ฅๆทธไฝฟ) should be used as they follow the traditional word formation of Korean missions to China