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    ์ข…์ด์˜ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋น„๋‹์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ํ•จ์นจ์˜ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์˜ค์Šค ๋‚˜๋…ธํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2018. 8. ์œคํ˜œ์ •.High durable papers are required to the specific area where their shape or properties have to be conserved for a long time. Banknote, poster, and passport are representative papers which need durability. In order to develop the durability of papers, long service life, high mechanical strength and anti-soiling property should be considered. Anti-soiling property means resistance against moisture and contaminants. The conventional method of manufacturing durable papers is the impregnation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). However, the durability of papers should be improved for a long circulation use. This study focuses on the use of another additive in PVA solution, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). The application of CNF to PVA impregnation was analyzed in terms of mechanical strength and anti-soiling property. The addition level of CNF was controlled when prepared CNF-PVA suspension and the miscibility of the suspension was good enough to apply PVA-CNF suspension to the impregnation. 5% CNF content improved tensile strength and folding endurance despite of lower pickup weight of impregnated papers. It points out the impregnated papers by PVA-CNF suspension could be made use of lightweight papers with good mechanical strength. However, the anti-soiling properties under dry and wet condition were not improved, which PAE was introduced as another additive of impregnating agent. . As PVA-CNF suspension including PAE showed high low shear viscosity, impregnated papers by the suspension presented lower pickup weight and folding endurance than impregnated papers by PVA solution. However, anti-soiling property of impregnated papers dramatically increased. While the paper impregnated by PVA-CNF(5%) suspension was destroyed after 20 min-soiling, the paper by PVA-CNF(5%)+PAE suspension was well preserved. Lastly, silylated CNF suspension (SCNF) was applied as an additive of PVA solution instead of CNF. SCNF suspension was obtained by the silylation of CNF suspension using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) under an aqueous system. The miscibility of PVA-SCNF suspension was good but anti-soiling of this part did not show any significant increase. The water contact angle of impregnated papers by PVA-SCNF suspension was higher than PVA-CNF suspension, which can have the possibility to increase the anti-soiling by using other silane agents instead of using MTMS.1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 2.1 Manufacture of durable papers 2.2 Application of cellulose nanofibrils(CNF) as a reinforcing element 2.3 Hydrophobization of cellulose nanofibrils 3. Materials and Methods 3.1 Raw materials 3.2 Preparation of impregnating agent 3.2.1 Preparation of PVA solution 3.2.2 Preparation of CNF suspension 3.2.3 Preparation of PVA-CNF suspension 3.2.4 Addition of PAE to PVA-CNF suspension 3.2.5 Hydrophobizaiton of CNF 3.3. Evaluation of properties of PVA-CNF suspension 3.3.1 Dispersion stability 3.3.2 Sedimentation behavior 3.3.3 Rheological properties 3.4. Impregnation of PVA-CNF suspension into base paper 3.4.1 Process of impregnation 3.4.2 Evaluation of properties of the impregnated paper 3.4.2.1 Mechanical strength 3.4.2.2 Surface properties 3.4.2.3 Penetration behavior of the suspension into paper by impregnation 3.4.2.4 Anti-soiling performance 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Properties of PVA-CNF suspension 4.1.1 Dispersion stability 4.1.2 Rheological properties of PVA-CNF suspension 4.2 Application of CNF to PVA impregnation 4.2.1 Mechanical strength of impregnated papers 4.2.2 Surface property of impregnated papers 4.2.3 Soiling-resistance of impregnated papers 4.2.4 Penetration of PVA-CNF suspension into paper 4.3 Effect of PAE as an additive of PVA-CNF suspension 4.3.1 Low shear viscosity of the PVA-CNF suspension containing PAE 4.3.2 Impregnation of PVA-CNF suspension containing PAE 4.3.2.1 Mechanical strength of impregnated papers 4.3.2.2 Surface property of impregnated papers 4.3.2.3 Soiling-resistance of impregnated papers 4.4. Effect of the hydrophobization of cellulose nanofibrils 4.4.1. Evaluation of silylation of CNF 4.4.1.1. Water contact angle of SCNF film 4.4.1.2. FTIR analysis of silylated CNF 4.4.2. Characterization of PVA-SCNF suspension 4.3.3. Impregnation of PVA-SCNF suspension 4.3.3.1. Properties of impregnated papers by PVA-SCNF suspension 4.3.3.2. Soiling-resistance of impregnated papers 5. Conclusions 6. ReferencesMaste

    Dynamics of the presidential veto in South Korea: Functional typology and institutional compatibility assessment of presidential veto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 8. ๊ฐ•์›ํƒ.๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์™€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ œ์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ-์œตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ—Œ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์€ ์ œ์™•์  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๊ตฐ๋ฆผ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ์ œ์ถœ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น-์˜ํšŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์ •๊ตญ์ด ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ํŒŒ์žฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ฐฐ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•ฉ์น˜์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์€ ํ™œ์šฉ ์˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ , ๊ท ํ˜•์ž์ , ํ‰ํŒ-๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„๊ตฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ท ํ˜•์ž์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•ญ, ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ํ•ฉ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ์˜๋„ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ž˜ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ด 27ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์ •๊ตญ ์ค‘ 20ํšŒ(74%)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ๊ท ํ˜•์ž์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์ด ์‚ผ๊ถŒ๋ถ„๋ฆฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ—Œ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ํ•ฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์–ด์™”์Œ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์€ ํ‰ํŒ-๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์Šค์ณ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์  ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜คยท๋‚จ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ์ข… ์ง€์ง€์œจ, ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ์˜ํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ •์น˜์  ์ž์› ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—„ํฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ… ์–‘๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์œ„ํ˜‘ ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ์ •์น˜-์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์ •๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ • ์ถ”์ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์€ ์˜ํšŒ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๋ถ„๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ—Œ์ •๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Political observers have concerned that the presidential veto accelerates the so-called imperial presidency, thereby undermining the separation of powers. It is often argued that the executive veto slants the playing field toward executive branch by granting excessive authority to the president, because the president can control the beginning and end of the legislative process by holding both legislative initiative and veto power. Motivated by the scholarly neglect of the presidential veto despite its huge political ramification, this study aims to analyze and categorize the veto cases by their functions, and assess the institutional compatibility of the veto power in the institutional arrangement of South Korea. The presidential veto can be classified into four categories by its function: defensive veto, counterbalancing veto, reputation-managing veto, and instrumental veto. The defensive and counterbalancing veto among them seems to be aligned with the purpose of the presidential veto in that the former functions as president's shield against the encroachments of the legislature and the latter reduces particularistic spending by the legislature. The analysis shows that 20 out of total 27 veto cases (74%) after the democratization are classified into the defensive or counterbalancing veto. Although the veto power was used as a gesture for reputation-managing or an instrument to meet public's expectations in some cases, in most cases it was exercised for the president to block improper legislations and keep the legislature in check. The large portion of the defensive and counterbalancing veto demonstrates that the presidential veto serves to preserve the delicate balance of executive-legislative relation. The implications of this study are as follows. First, this study develops an integrated framework to understand the veto politics. As to avoid judging the veto power as a powerful device the president can exploit, this framework incorporates variation in political resources of the presidents and political contexts, which includes the approval rates, public opinion, the contents of bills, the composition of the National Assembly, and electoral cycle. Second, the findings of this study show that the veto threat can be used as a valid strategy of the president to secure political leverage by eliciting legislative concession. Thus this study appreciates the political relevance of the veto threat, which has been overlooked in the presidency studies of South Korea for a long time, as a vital research subject. Lastly, through the in-depth case study combined with the process tracing, this study attempts to provide an evaluation of the institutional significance of veto power in the Korean political structure. Rather than being disruptive or detrimental to the executive-legislative relation, this studysuggests that veto power can serve to uphold the separation of powers. Indeed, veto politics is the moment in which the constitutional value of the separation of powers is revealed most dramatically.โ… . ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ 1 โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  3 1. ๋ฏธ์‹œยท๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ 3 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 โ…ข. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 11 1. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์™€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ 11 2-1. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์™œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? 16 2-2. ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘ 19 3. ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 22 โ…ฃ. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 24 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 24 2. ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ 27 3-1. ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์  ํ™œ์šฉ 34 3-2. ํ‰ํŒ-๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์  ํ™œ์šฉ 42 3-3. ๊ท ํ˜•์ž์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์  ํ™œ์šฉ 47 3-4. ๋„๊ตฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์  ํ™œ์šฉ 53 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 57 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  59 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 62 Abstract 69Maste

    Automatic Plane Detection with Fine-Grained Transformation Network for the Identification of the Mandibular Canal in Dental CT

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2020. 2. ์‹ ์˜๊ธธ.์น˜๊ณผ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์น˜๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋จผ์ € ์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์™€ CT(Computed Tomography)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด๋ฉฐ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์น˜๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์น˜๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ƒ๋ฉด์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„, ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ์ƒ๋ฉด์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊นŠ์€ ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐ•์ฒด ๋ณ€ํ™˜(Rigid Transformation)์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๋ฉด ํ›„๋ณด๋“ค์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ • ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ 2์ฐจ์› ํ‰๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ƒ๋ฉด์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € 3D-CT ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์—์„œ ๋žœ๋ค ํ‰๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ‰๋ฉด์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ƒ๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ ์œ„์น˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ํ‰๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ƒ๋ฉด์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•™์Šต๋œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ‰๋ฉด์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ํ‰๋ฉด์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ ‘์„  ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฒ•์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์น˜๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ ์‹œ์ƒ๋ฉด(Ground Truth)๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ตœ์‹  ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ์ธก ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ƒ๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์ด ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฒ•์ด ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ณ„ํš ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์œ„์น˜ ํŒŒ์•…์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Identification of the mandibular canal is important in terms of improving surgical accuracy and preventing damage to the mandibular canal in dental implantology. In implant planning, the sagittal plane which allows best observation of the mandibular canal is first detected and then the course of the mandibular canal is manually traced in the sagittal plane using medical software and CT by dentists. However, it is time-consuming and requires the dentist equipped with an extensive knowledge of the anatomy of the mandibular canal. Thus, automatic approach needs to be developed for supporting the mandibular canal extraction. However, since the mandibular canal has poorly defined border in CT images and high shape variation, previous works require user's intervention or are not accurate enough for clinical purpose. In this paper, we proposed a deep learning based method to automatically detect the sagittal plane where the mandibular canal course is best observed, which is inspired by the process that dentists find the sagittal plane for identification of the mandibular canal. This is composed of initial estimation to obtain plane candidates using a transformation network that predicts a 3D rigid transformation, and optimization process to explore the sagittal plane using a classification network that recognizes the mandibular canal in 2D image. Given a 3D-CT volume, we first sample a random plane and extract an image of the plane and pass it to the transformation network which predicts a 3D transformation that will move the input plane to a new position close to the sagittal plane. Then, the plane image at new position is input to the transformation network again. Repeating this process, we collect the newly predicted planes. We evaluate the plane images with a CNN classifier which is trained to classify the sagittal plane, and we get the most qualified plane image. Next, from the plane, we perform an optimization process where we explore the plane which allows best observation of the mandibular canal. To evaluate our method, we prepared the sagittal plane(Ground truth) and mandibular canal which are manually detected by dentists. Our method improved plane detection results compared to the state-of-the-art plane detection method and the mandibular canal course was clearly observed in all prediction planes. In addition, we verified the effect of transfer learning on ImageNet for the sagittal plane classification by analyzing the model performance and visualizing the model prediction. As a result, we confirmed that this approach assists dentists in the accurate localizing of the mandibular canal in dental implant planning.1 ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 3 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 2 ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 2.1 ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ 7 2.2 ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ถœ 8 2.3 ์ „์ด ํ•™์Šต 10 2.4 ์ขŒํ‘œ ํ•˜๊ฐ• 11 3 ํ‰๋ฉด ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฒ€์ถœ 12 3.1 ํ‰๋ฉด ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ฐœ์š” 12 3.2 ํŠน์ง•์  ๊ฒ€์ถœ 12 3.3 ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ‰๋ฉด ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ 14 3.3.1 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 14 3.3.2 ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ•™์Šต 16 3.3.3 ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ถ”๋ก  19 3.3.4 ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 20 4 ํ‰๋ฉด ์ตœ์ ํ™” 22 4.1 ํ‰๋ฉด ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ฐœ์š” 22 4.2 ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 23 4.2.1 ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ 23 4.2.2 ์ „์ด ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ • 24 4.2.3 ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ถ”๋ก  25 4.3 ์ขŒํ‘œ ํ•˜๊ฐ•๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ์ตœ์ ํ™” 26 5 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 28 5.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 28 5.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 28 5.2.1 ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต 29 5.2.2 ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต 31 5.2.3 ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ„์„ 34 6 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  40 6.1 ์ •๋ฆฌ 40 6.2 ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 41 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 42 Abstract(In English) 50Maste
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