Population genetic variation of rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus Temminick & Schlegel, 1884) revealed by mtDNA (COI) sequence in Korea and China

The rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, is a common rocky reef game fish in East Asia and recently becomes an aquaculture species. Although being commercial and economically important species, the population genetic structure remains poorly understood. In the current study, one hundred and sixty-three specimens have been collected from 6 localities along the coastal waters of Korea and China including Kangnung (KN; East Sea), Goseong (GS; Korea Strait), Heuksando (HS; Yellow Sea), Ieodo (ID; Ieodo Ocean Research Station of Korea), Jiaonan (JN; Yellow Sea), and Zhoushan (ZS; East China Sea near China/Taiwan) to analyze population genetic variation of the species using mitochondrial DNA COI sequences. A total of 34 polymorphic sites were detected and 30 haplotypes were defined. The genetic diversity of O. fasciatus shows a pattern of low level of nucleotide diversity (0.04±0.003) and high level of haplotype diversity (0.83±0.02). The individuals from Zhoushan (ZS) in the East China Sea near China/Taiwan presented the highest genetic diversity in terms of nucleotide diversity (0.009±0.005), haplotype diversity (0.81±0.06), and average pairwise nucleotide differences (5.65±2.79) among the six groups. Two major genealogical clades were identified in the 30 haplotypes through Bayesian and statistical parsimony analyses, and the net genetic distance between two clades were 0.018±0.004 nucleotide difference per site. The analyses of the AMOVA, Fst, and the exact p test yielded a significant population differentiation between the Zhoushan group and the rest of the populations. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analyses indicated recent population expansion of the species inhabiting the coastal waters of Korea and China approximately 133-183 kyr before present. The results suggest that the East Asian rock bream was divided into the north and south populations having the mouth of the Yangtze river as a boundary and has experienced demographic expansion at the late Pleistocene. Such population genetic structure needs to be considered in the establishment of the stock management strategies for this fisheries species.List of Tables v List of Figures vi Abstract ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.1.1. Role of Population Genetic Diversity and Structure 1 1.1.2. Characteristics of Rock Bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. 2 1.2. Preceding Studies and Purpose 2 1.2.1. Preceding Studies 3 1.2.2. Purpose 4 2. Materials and Methods 6 2.1. Materials and Sequencing 6 2.1.1. Sample Collection 6 2.1.2. DNA Extraction 11 2.1.3. PCR Amplification 12 2.1.4. Electrophoresis 12 2.1.5. Sequencing 13 2.2. Data Analysis 13 2.2.1. Haplotypes 13 2.2.2. Molecular Diversity 14 2.2.3. Population Genetic Structure 14 2.2.4. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Haplotypes 15 2.2.5. Minimum Spanning Network 15 2.2.6. Demographic History 16 3. Results 17 3.1. Intraspecific Genetic Diversity of O. fasciatus 17 3.2. Phylogenetic Relationships of Haplotypes 21 3.3. Population Genetic Structure and Historical Demography 28 4. Discussion 31 4.1. Population Genetic Structure of East Asian Rock Bream 31 4.2. Demographical History of The Rock Bream 36 5. Conclusion 43 Acknowledgments 45 References 46Maste

서울특별시 중심으로

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 공기업정책학과, 2022. 8. 최태현.Following the enforcement of the revised Housing Lease Protection Act on July 31, 2020, huge changes have affected the housing lease system. The revision led to both positive and negative opinions. This study conducted an empirical analysis of the differences in average deposits before and after the revision to figure out its impact on the lease market of apartments in Seoul, which is considered one of the most representative real estate markets in the nation. The revision of the Housing Lease Protection Act allows tenants to renew their lease contracts within a 5% increase of their old deposits, and there are no limits to new lease contracts. In the study, the difference-in-differences analysis method was applied, which used dummy variables based on the pre- and post-test design method, a quasi-experiment design to analyze the effects of the revision on apartment deposits. The experimental group included renewed lease contracts based on the application of altered policies according to the revised act, and the control group included new lease contracts to which the revision was not applied to analyze effects. The control variables were districts, area for exclusive use, and elapsed years. Deposits were set as a dependent variable. The time scope was from August 1, 2018 to July 31, 2021, which were the three years around the enforcement of the revised Housing Lease Protection Act on July 31, 2020. To analyze the effects of the revision on the average deposits of apartments in Seoul, the researcher selected a total of 50 large apartment complexes with two from each of the 25 districts and used the open real transaction system data of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The findings are as follows: there were significant statistical differences in the average deposits of apartments for a year from August 1, 2020 compared with the years before the revision. A difference-in-differences analysis was conducted for the average deposits of renewed lease contracts in the experimental group and those of new lease contracts in the control group based on the lease contract data of a year following the revision. The analysis results point to significant differences in increasing rates. The difference-in-differences analysis results, including the control variables, also point to significant differences. The study also analyzed the effects of the revision on monthly rent contracts, another important mode of transaction in the housing lease market. The analysis results show significant differences in the average monthly rents before and after the revision. That is, monthly rents climbed more after the revision of the Housing Lease Protection Act. The findings of the study demonstrate that the revision of the Housing Lease Protection Act fulfilled its purposes to stabilize the housing lease market and reduce housing expenses for renewed lease contracts, but the revision has not resolved the concerns of the market that deposits will increase for new lease contracts to which the right to request contract renewal and the upper limit system on lease and monthly rents are not applied. The findings of the study imply that since a major policy change can have both positive and negative impacts simultaneously, the policy review stage should closely examine diverse potential impacts on the market before the policy is implemented.주택임대차보호법 개정이 2020년 7월 31일 시행됨에 따라 주택임대차 제도에 큰 변화가 있었다. 법 개정에 따라 긍정적인 의견과 부정적인 의견이 동시에 제기되었다. 이에 주택임대차보호법 개정이 우리나라에서 대표적인 부동산으로 간주되는 서울특별시 소재 아파트 임대차 시장에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지 법 개정 전 후의 평균 전세 보증금 차이 등을 실증 분석하였다. 주택임대차보호법 개정으로 전세 세입자는 전세 계약을 갱신할 때 기존 전세보증금의 5퍼센트 이내로 인상하여 재계약할 수 있게 되었다. 신규로 계약하는 전세계약에 대해서는 제한이 없다. 이에 따라, 주택임대차보호법 개정에 따른 아파트 전세보증금에 미친 영향을 분석하기 위해서 준 실험설계의 일종인 사전 사후 검증 설계방식에 더미변수를 사용한 이중차이분석법을 적용하였다. 주택임대차보호법 개정에 따른 변경된 정책이 적용되어 갱신된 전세계약건을 실험집단(Experimental group)으로 하고, 정책이 적용되지 않은 신규 전세계약건은 통제집단(Control group)으로 나누어 영향을 분석하였다. 통제변수로 지역구, 전용면적, 경과년수 등을 선정하였고, 종속변수로 전세보증금을 선정하였다. 시간적 범위로는 주택임대차보호법 개정안이 2020년 7월 31일에 시행됨에 따라 개정 전후 총 3년간인 2018년 8월 1일부터 2021년 7월 31일까지이다. 법 개정에 따른 서울특별시 아파트 평균 전세보증금에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지를 분석하기 위해 25개 지역구에서 대단지 아파트를 각 2개소 총 50개 단지를 선정하여 국토교통부 실거래 공개시스템 자료를 활용하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 주택임대차보호법 개정 이후 2020년 8월 1일부터 1년간 아파트 평균 전세 보증금은 법 개정 이전과 분석했을 때 전세 보증금이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 결과가 도출되었다. 또한, 주택임대차보호법 개정 이후 1년간 전세 계약 데이터에 대해 실험집단인 계약갱신권을 사용에 갱신 전세계약 평균 보증금은 통제집단인 신규 전세계약 평균 보증금에 대해 이중차이분석을 실행한 결과 상승률에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 통제변수를 포함하여 이중차이분석을 실행한 결과 또한 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 도출되었다. 주택임대차 시장에서 중요한 거래 방식인 월세계약에 대해서도 주택임대차보호법 개정에 따른 영향을 분석하였다. 주택임대차보호법 개정이후 평균 월세가격은 이전 평균 월세가격에 대해 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었는데, 주택임대차보호법 개정 이후 월세가격 상승률이 법 개정 이전보다 높게 상승한 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과, 주택임대차보호법 개정으로 전세 갱신계약건들은 임대차시장 안정과 주거비 경감이라는 목적에 부합하였다. 하지만 계약갱신 청구권과 전월세상한제를 적용받지 않는 신규 전세계약건들의 보증금이 상승할 것이라는 시장의 우려는 불식시키지는 못한 것으로 파악되었다. 주요한 정책의 변경은 긍적적인 영향과 부정적인 영향을 동시에 줄 수 있는 바, 시장에 미치는 다양한 영향들을 정책 검토 단계에서 면밀히 살펴서 보완하여 시행할 필요가 있다는 점을 연구의 시사점으로 정리했다.1장. 서론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 2장. 이론적 배경 및 주택임대차 제도 1. 전세제도 관련 이론 2. 주요 주거안정 정책 3. 선행연구 검토 3장. 연구설계와 방법 1. 연구모형 및 가설 2. 자로의 수집과 선정 3. 연구분석 방법 4장 실증분석 1. 전세계약 기술통계량 2. 연도별 비교 3. 전세 보증금 이중차이분석 4. 월세 평균가격 분석 5장 결론 1. 연구의 요약 2. 연구의 정책적 함의 3. 연구의 한계점석

Population genetics of the Oplegnathus fasciatus based on mitochondrial DNA

The population genetic structure of Oplegnathus fasciatus, an important commercial fish in the Northwestern Pacific, was investigated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences of the 163 individuals collected from seven different localities distributed along the coastal waters of East Sea and Yellow Sea were used. COI has shown very low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversities. AMOVA test have shown variability between population genetic structure from the East China Sea and the rest. Neutrality tests have revealed evidence for demographic expansion.2

Income Taxation in Korea after the Global Financial Crisis: Legislature-Executive Relations and the Politics of Taxation

1980년대 이후 신자유주의 정책의 확산으로 한국을 포함한 산업민주주의 국가들은 감세정책을 경쟁적으로 추진해 왔다. 하지만 2008년 세계금융위기 이후 양극화의 심화에 대응하는 일환으로 소득세의 누진성이 강화되는 경향을 관찰할 수 있으며, 한국 또한 2008년 이후 최고소득세율이 인상되고 최저세율은 인하되었다. 한국의 조세정책 결정과정을 분석한 결과 이명박 대통령은 감세정책을 추진하였으나 한나라당이 주도하는 국회에서 대통령의 감세정책을 철회시켰다는 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 이 결과는 기존의 좌-우파 당파성 정치 모형, 거부권 행위자 이론 등의 설명과는 배치되는 것이다. 또한 제왕적 대통령제라는 우려와 달리 조세 정치의 영역에서는 국회가 행정부와 다른 정책의제와 대안을 적극적으로 제시하고 실현시키는 등 주도권을 확보하고 있었다.Race-to-the-bottom tax competition had been dominant among industrial democracies since the spread of neoliberal economic policies in 1980s. After the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, however, due to the rising inequality within nations, the progressiveness of income taxation started to be strengthened in many OECD members including Korea. This study analyzes the policy-making process of income taxation during the Presidency of Lee Myung Bak. President Lee pushed a radical tax cut. The Grand National Party, the majority party in the legislature, was critical against the Presidents tax cut due to the concern about the increasing inequality and government deficit, despite the fact that the party was a governing party with conservative policy preference. This observation is not consistent with the standard theories of partisan politics and veto players. In addition, at least in the area of tax policy making, presidential dominance against the legislature did not work. The major parties in the National Assembly initiated the tax policy making process by providing new policy agenda and alternative policies against the executive

Dynamic Analysis of Pressure Relief and Depressurization System for FPSO

MasterSince the 1950’s, pressure relief and depressurization system has been exercised by the steady-state modeling method as per API standards. However, API standards was based on a few empirical test data available in the 1940’s. The figures produced by the steady-state model was quite different from the real ones mainly because of large design margin given in fear of any failure. It sometimes caused the increase in cost and weight and execution schedule and sometimes project failure, which made HSE group have concerns about the safety and integrity of the systems or plants. Many experienced authors reported the superiority of dynamic modeling to the steady-state model in contribution to the enhancing of the integrity and the reducing of the capital cost. This paper discusses what benefits expected in case of using the dynamic model in assessing the pressure relief and depressurization system of a FPSO installed with a comparison of the two models. For this the HYSYS Dynamic Depressuring Module (depressurization utility tool) and the Flare System Analyzer (Flarenet) were used for analyzing the steady-state model while the gFLARE, developed by PSE (process system entertainment Ltd), for the dynamic model. gFLARE is quite specialized for flare capacity, flare network size and low temperature study as a comprehensive dynamic analysis with fully coupled process and flare system model. A specific FPSO operated in the oil field is selected in order to optimize flare network and evaluate the economic benefits with gFLARE. The HP flare system is the main scope of this paper and defined as the design pressure is larger than 14 barg. It is composed of three sub-headers, main header, KO drum and flare tip. Dynamic analysis showed the design discharge flow rate in the header could be reduced by 10 percent. The size of the warm header is also reduced from 32 inch to 24 inch and the cold wet header from 16” to 10”. The length and sizing of flare stack mainly depending on the maximum flow rate is not discussed herein. It is believed that the dynamic analysis for the pressure relief and depressurization system minimizes the opportunities in oversizing the flare header, flare stack and flare tip. It showed the saving in the capital expenditure by about 23.4 ton, or US$70,000 in value per unit and the improvement in the integrity and safety of the plant

Trace of evolutionary evidence by analyzing clustering information of metabolic pathways in eukaryotes

Alternative pathways in genetic and molecular pathways are suggesting evidence of evolution. By clustering and analyzing the metabolic pathways of 61 species in 5 classes within eukaryotes based on its topology, we obtained an interesting result that implies this evolutionary evidence. After grouping reactions along their connectivity, the results showed that compounds in higher organisms were less clustered into loosely connected groups. This implies that higher organisms have evolved in alternative pathways, giving traces of evolution. ©2010 IEEE.IEEE Computer Society;IEEE;Shanghai University of T.C.

A statistical analysis of relation degree of compound pair on online biological pathway databases

The basic graph layout technique, one of the visualization te chniques, deals with the problem of positioning the vertices i n a way to maximize understandability and usability in a grap h. This technique is becoming a vital part for further develop ment in the field of systems biology. However, applying the appropriate automatic graph layout techniques to the genome scale flow of metabolism requires understanding of the charac teristics of metabolites and reactions, which suggest valuable information to bioinformatics software developers for better visualization of automatic graph layout. In this paper, we define the term relation degree of a compound pair to provide a reasonable way to visualize metabolic pathway atlas, based on the parsing result of the publicly available XML files. It is a preliminary step for future research in the area of automatic 1 ayout techniques in large-scale biological pathway domain. Copyright 2009 ACM