環境侵害産業을 中心으로 한 環境會計情報 公示 實態 分析

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :경영학과 경영학전공,2001.Maste

자가신경이식술을 위한 팔과 다리 피부신경의 국소해부와 조직학적 계측

Dept. of Dentistry/박사[한글] 피부감각신경은 신경이식에 주로 사용된다. 위팔의 가쪽아래팔피부신경 (LACN), 안쪽피부신경 및 노신경의 얕은가지와 넙다리의 가쪽넙다리피부신경(LFCN) 또는 자신경의 등쪽가지나 장딴지신경(SN)이 이용된다. 이 연구는 LACN, LFCN과 SN을 사용하여 한국인의 위팔과 다리의 피부신경에서 신경의 단면적과 다발의 수를 조사하여 신경이식을 할 경우 받는신경(recipient nerve)과 유사한 주는신경(donor nerve)을 찾기 위한 자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다.한국인 남녀 80구를 사용하였다. LACN을 위해 81쪽, LFCN은 74쪽 그리고 SN은 71쪽을 사용하였다. 해부하여 국소해부학적 양상을 관찰하였고 조직학적 계측을 위하여 신경조직을 떼어내었다. 떼어낸 조직은 10%포르말린 용액에 넣어 고정시켰다. 각 조직은 파라핀블럭을 만들고 4µm 두께로 잘라 H-E염색과 Luxol fast blue염색을 한 후 현미경에서 계측하였다.LSCN, LFCN과 SN의 주행양상은 세가지, 네가지 및 다섯가지유형으로 분류하였다. LACN의 첫 번째 가지가 나뉘는 지점은 융기사이를 연결한는 선에서 먼쪽 첫째에서 가장 많았다 (53.1%). LFCN에서 나오는 앞가지의 첫째 가지는 위앞엉덩뼈가시(ASIS)에서 먼쪽 둘째에서 많았다 (31예, 41.9%). 가쪽장딴지신경(LSCN)의 교통가지(CbLSCN)과 안쪽장딴지신경(MSCN)이 만나 SN을 형성하는 경우가 52예였으며, 만나는 곳은 먼쪽 2/5지점에서 28예 (53.8%)가 관찰되었다. 팔의 근막을 뚫고 나오는 LACN은 융기사이선에서 위쪽으로 평균 12.9 mm 떨어진 곳에서 30예(49.2%), 아래쪽으로 평균 15.5 mm 위치에서 28예가 관찰되었다. LFCN은 ASIS에서 먼쪽 셋째부위에서 근막을 뚫고 나오는 경우가 많았으며(33/44예, 75.0%), SN은 종아리뼈머리에서 먼쪽 셋째에서 나오는 경우가 많았다(62.0%). LACN의 평균 신경다발의 수는 융기사이선의 몸쪽 첫째에서 5.8개였고 먼쪽 넷째에서 2.5개였다. 신경다발의 전체 면적은 0.26 mm2이었다. LFCN은 ASIS에서 첫째에서 3.8개였으며, 신경다발의 평균 면적은 0.37 mm2이었다. SN의 평균 신경다발의 수는 8.1개 였으며, MSCN과 CbLSCN은 5.8개이었다. SN의 신경다발의 평균 면적은 0.55 mm2이었고 MSCN은 0.43 mm2, CbLSCN은 0.42 mm2이었다.이 연구의 결과는 신경이식에서 주는신경(donor nerve)으로 이용되는 가쪽아래팔피부신경(LACN), 가쪽넙다리피부신경(LFCN)과 장딴지신경(SN)의 선택기준을 마련해 줄 것으로 기대한다. 각 신경의 신경다발의 면적과 다발의 수는 한국인에서 신경이식의 좋은 결과를 얻기 위한 안내자역할을 할 것으로 기대한다. [영문]The sensory nerve usually is used for nerve grafting. The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN), the medial cutaneous nerve and the superficial branch of the radial nerve of the forearm and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) of the thigh or the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and sural nerve (SN) may be used. I examined the LACN, LFCN, and SN for present study. This study is for providing guideline in the selection of nerve graft by detecting similarities between donor and receptor nerves relative to cross sectional area and fasicle number of the cutaneous nerve from the forearm and lower limb in Koreans.Eighty fresh and fixed cadavers from Korean males and females were used. Eighty-one upper extremities for LACN, seventy-four lower limbs for LFCN and seventy-one lower limbs for SN were investigated. Topography of these nerves was examined, and nerve segments were harvested to compare with a histomorphometric method. Harvested nerve specimens were fixed immediately in a 10% formalin solution. Specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks and histologic sections of 4µm thickness were prepared in a cross-sectional plane and stained with Luxol fast blue.The running type of LSCN, LFCN and SN were divided into three, four, and five types. The first division of LACN was located at first distal part (53.1%) from interepicondylar line. The first division of anterior branch from LFCN was located at second distal part (n=31, 41.9%) from ASIS. The MSCN and the communicating branch of the LSCN joined together was to form the SN in 52 cases, and this was found in the lower two-fifths of the calf in 28 (53.8%) of the specimens. The LACN pierced the brachial fascia at an average distance of 12.9 mm upper (n=30, 49.2%) to the interepicondylar line and located an average of 15.5 mm lower (n=28) to the interepicondylar line. The LFCN perforated at third distal part from ASIS (33/44 cases, 75.0%) and the MSCN pierced at third distal part from fibular head (62.0%). The mean number of fascicles from LACN was 5.8 in the first medial part and 2.5 in the fourth distal part from interepicondyle line. The total fascicular area of the nerve fascicles was 0.26 mm2. The mean fascicle number of LFCN was 3.8 in the first part from ASIS and the fascicular area was 0.37 mm2. The mean number of fascicles from SN was 8.1 and the fascicular area was 0.55 mm2.The results of this study such as topography and the fascicular area and number of fascicles of donor nerves may be provide a guidelines for selection of nerve graft harvest sites according to defects encountered.ope

마이크로어레이 법을 이용한 법랑모세포종과 함치성 낭의 유전자 발현의 비교

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :치의학과 구강병리학전공,2006.Maste

The role of Cyr61(CCN1) on oral squamous cell carcinoma progression

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 치의학과 구강병리학 전공, 2013. 8. 홍삼표.1. 연구 목적 CCN1 (Cyr61)은 신생혈관 형성, 세포 증식, 부착, 이동 등의 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 CCN1 단백의 발현 이상은 종양 발생 및 진행과 연관있다는 보고들이 증가하고 있다. 최근에 구강암에서 CCN1의 과발현이 세포 증식 및 이동과 관련있다는 보고가 있지먄, 구강암에서 CCN1의 역할은 거의 규명된 바 없다. 본 연구에서는 CCN1의 발현 저하가 구강암 세포의 증식과 이동에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 또한 구강암 조직에서 CCN1의 발현 양상과 임상병리학적 지표와의 상관관계를 조사하고자 한다. 2. 연구 방법 Lentiviral vector를 사용하여 구강암 세포주 Ca9-22와 KOSCC25B에서 CCN1의 발현을 저하시킨 Ca9-22_shCCN1와 KOSCC25B_shCCN1 세포주를 획득하였다. Ca9-22_shCCN1와 KOSCC25B_shCCN1에서 CCN1의 발현 저하가 구강암 세포의 증식과 이동에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 cell proliferation assay와 in vitro migration assay를 시행하였다. 구강암 조직에서 CCN1의 발현 양상과 임상병리학적 지표와의 상관관계를 조사하고자 면역조직 화학적 염색을 시행하였다. 3. 연구 결과 및 결론 ① Ca9-22_shCCN1는 세포의 증식 및 이동 능력이 control vector로 감염시킨 대조군에 비해 현저하게 감소하였다. 반면에, KOSCC25B _shCCN1는 세포의 증식 및 이동 능력이 control vector로 감염시킨 대조군에 비해 현저하게 증가하였다. ② Ca9-22_shCCN1에서는 인산화ERK의 발현이 감소하였고, KOSCC25B _shCCN1 에서는 인산화ERK의 발현이 증가하였다. ③ 59 증례의 구강암 조직 중에서 38 증례 (64.4%)에서 CCN1의 발현이 관찰되었지만, CCN1의 발현과 임상병리학적 지표와의 상관관계는 통계학적 유의성이 관찰되지 않았다. ④ 이상의 결과로 볼 때, CCN1은 구강암 발생 유도 와 발생 억제 양방향으로 기능을 보유한 것으로 생각되며, 방향을 결정하는 세포내 환경을 규명하는 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.Introduction: CCN1 (Cyr61) has been shown to regulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and differentiation. An increasing body of evidence indicates that abnormal expression of the CCN proteins is associated with tumorigenesis. Although it has been reported that overexpression of CCN1 is associated with the cell proliferation and migratory ability in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the role of CCN1 on the biological behavior of OSCC has been rarely investigated. Herein, we investigated the effect of CCN1 downregulation on proliferation and migration of OSCC cells in vitro. We also examined the relation between CCN1 expression and clinicopathological parameters in patients with OSCC. Methods: We generated stable CCN1-knockdowned clones (KOSCC-25B_shCCN1) from the KOSCC-25B OSCC cell lines by lentiviral delivery. Cell proliferation and in vitro migration assays were used to investigate the effect of CCN1 downregulation on cell proliferation and migration in KOSCC-25B_shCCN1. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the correlation between CCN1 expression and clinicopathological parameters in OSCC tissue samples. Results: CCN1-knockdowned KOSCC-25B_shCCN1 cells showed enhanced proliferative and migratory ability compared with the control vector-infected cells. Also, KOSCC-25B_shCCN1 cells showed increased phosphorylated ERK expression, compared with the control vector-infected cells. Of 52 OSCC cases, 35 (67.3%) showed high CCN1 expression profile, while 17 (32.7%) did low CCN1 expression profile. Higher level of CCN1 expression significantly correlated with smaller tumor size (P=0.020), lower clinical stage (P=0.030) and negative lymph node metastasis (P=0.002). However, there were no significant correlations of CCN1 expression level with age, gender, smoking, histologic differentiation of cancer cells, and recurrence. Also, there were no correlations between CCN1 expression and patient overall survival (P=0.689). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the downregulation of CCN1 enhanced cell proliferation and migration of OSCC cells, and that high CCN1 expression in patients with OSCC significantly correlated with smaller tumor size, lower clinical stage, negative lymph node metastasis. These results suggested that CCN1 might be a negative regulator on the tumor progression of OSCC. Keywords: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, CCN1 (Cyr61), cell proliferation, migration, knockdown목 차 I. Introduction II. Materials and Methods III. Results IV. Discussion V. Conclusion VI. References Tables and Figures Abstract in KoreanDocto

Topographic anatomy of the discomalleolar and anterior malleolar ligaments in human adults and fetuses

During temporomandibular joint (TMJ) formation, discomalleolar ligament (DML) and anterior malleolar ligament (AML) are formed within the dorsal end of the 1st branchial arch. But, DML is known as a remnant or the degenerated tissue through the TMJ development. There is few reports said that damageof AML and DML cause the damage of middle ear during surgical procedures. Especially, in case of anterior disk displacement of TMJ, aural symptom can be made via DML due to hyperextension anteriorly. A few studies have been reported about DML and AML in embryological and histological points of view, morphology and clinical aspects of DML and AML are still unclear. Four fetuses and sixteen adult hemi -sectioned heads were dissected to clarify the topographical relationship of AML and DML and to find out the anatomico-clinical relevance related with temporomandibular disorder. In fetal specimens, DML was firmly attached from the disk of the TMJ to the malleus. Also, AML in which distinguished into the superior and inferior lamellae was running anteriorly and continuous with the sphenomandibular ligament (SML) through the future petrotympanic fissure (PTF). DML attached to the malleus was observed in all adult specimens and was expanded broadly to the disk and capsule of the TMJ as shown the V -shaped ligament structures. The average distance between the anterior aspects of the malleolar head to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity was 1.13 mm (O.75~ 1.59), and the length of the DML from the anterior aspect of the malleolar head to the attached site to the TMJ capsule at the PTF was 5.37 mm (4.53~6.07). The average width of the DML at the PTF was 6.06 mm (4.72-7.46). Most of the posterior attachments of the DML were the cases in which DML was directly attached to the malleus (68.7%). In all specimens, DML was attached to the disk and capsule of TMJ and attached to the anteromedial border of the PTF concurrently. In this study, two morphological patterns of AML were observed according to the presence of the bony ridge on the Huguiers canal in the PTF. The bony ridge of the Huguiers canal showed DML and AML separately in 56.3%, and the fused pattern of DML and AML was observed in 43.7%. AML was not distinguished with two lamellae in most specimens, superior ligament fibers were attached to the anteromedial border of the PTF and most of the inferior lamella was entering the gap in PTF and continuous with the SML. Average length from the anterior aspect of the malleolar head to the exit point of the AML on the PTF was 8.40 mm (6.62 ~ J 1,42), and the shortest distance between the AML and chorda tympani was 2.01 mm(I.25~3.02). Taken all together, DML and AML were not the rudimentary, but the distinguishable structures in adults. Through the various morphological findings, DML and AML were separated ligamentous structures in which might be given rise from the divergent origin. And the anterior hyperextension of the disk ofTMJ did not lead the movement of the malleus in the tympanic cavity, whereas, the movement of the malleus followed by the traction of the AML and SML was observed in a few cases. So, this results can be explained the possibility of the clinical symptom on the middle ear in case of the over-traction of the AML and SMLope

An anatomic variation of the trapezius muscle in a Korean: the cleido-occipitalis cervicalis

A variation of the trapezius muscle was observed in a Korean female adult cadaver during routine student dissection. The lateral, upper three-fourths of the descending portion of the trapezius muscle were separated from the remainder of the muscle. This single, isolated bundle fused above the insertion of the midpoint of the clavicle, and attached to the clavicle as a separate tendon. The remaining descending portion inserted into the clavicle and scapula as usual. This abnormal muscle bundle is considered as a variant of the cleido-occipitalis cervicalis, and formation of this variation is discussed based on the embryological development of the relative muscular structures.ope

Alteration of BMP-4 and Runx2 expression patterns in mouse temporomandibular joint after ovariectomy

OBJECTIVE: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) includes a number of clinical conditions involving the masticatory musculature or the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures. Previous studies have shown the presence of high-affinity estrogen receptors in the TMJ articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental changes in mouse TMJ under estrogen deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four-month-old ovariectomized mice were killed after certain weeks. We examined the significant alterations of the expression patterns of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, Runx2, and bone sialoprotein (BSP) after ovariectomy. Results: In the control group, BMP-4, Runx2, and BSP expressions showed no definite difference at any stage. In the ovariectomy group, the intensity of BMP-4 and Runx2 expression increased after ovariectomy. BSP immunoreactivity, however, increased slightly at 2 weeks but then decreased gradually. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen plays important roles in the metabolism and maintenance of TMJ via regulations of signaling molecules such as BMP-4, Runx2, and BSP. Our results suggest that estrogen deficiency is a candidate cause of TMD. This study revealed further osteogenetic properties of estrogen that may be useful in the clinical treatment and prevention of TMD.ope