6 research outputs found

    Radiation exposure reduction effect model in urban street and its application for decision making with trees

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™,2019. 8. ์ด๋™๊ทผ.Urban heat island and climate change have increased urban heat and threatened public health. Most streets are made of impervious surfaces and little vegetation. Also, cars and buildings are anthropogenic heat sources. Consequently, urban planners are considering heat mitigation strategies to prevent further increases in urban heating on streets. Critically, pedestrian thermal exposure depends on several factors in addition to air temperature, in particular the radiant environment in urban street canyons. Several strategies have been studied for reducing radiation exposure of pedestrian. Among them, street tree is a well-known strategy to effectively reduce radiant heat by shade effect. But, decision makers such as urban planners do not know how much radiation is reduced by their decision about reducing radiation exposure. And it is difficult to know which options are the most effective for improving street thermal environment. Therefore, this study aims to develop a decision making support tool that determines the effective radiation exposure reduction plans with trees. The study developed a model to estimate the pedestrian radiant heat load that is suitable for urban street with varying tree and building design. The model simulates shortwave and longwave radiation exchange for each urban element and area-weighted view factors, then finally obtains mean radiant temperature (MRT) of pedestrians on the sidewalk. Using this estimation model, the study examined the variation of MRT depending on the tree design parameters (e.g., tree size and interval). The results showed that as the tree interval decreased, MRT reduction was increased exponentially by small trees, while MRT reduction was increased linearly by large trees. Based on this results, decision maker can identify MRT reduction effect of trees and select most appropriate tree design parameters. A variety of MRT reduction strategies can be applied to one site. To reflect a real world, the study proposed a multi-strategies combination model. To find the effective combination plans consisting of tree, grass, albedo reduction of building walls and sidewalk, the objective functions were set: maximizing MRT reduction and minimizing the cost. The model provide a wide range of alternatives to satisfy these objectives, allowing decision makers to select plan tailored to their preference or site condition. This study seeks to develop useful decision support tool for urban planner by providing quantitative effect of tree and a range of options with cost-effective strategies combination. This will provide insights for sustainable urban planning by designing thermal-friendly streets with tree.๋„์‹œ์—ด์„ฌ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์—ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณดํ–‰๋กœ๋Š” ์‹์žฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํฌ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ถˆํˆฌ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ์—ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ด ์™„ํ™” ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์—ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์˜จ๋„ ์ด์™ธ์— ๋„์‹œ ํ˜‘๊ณก์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ „๋žต์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Š˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด ์ €๊ฐ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์žฅํŒŒ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹์žฌ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๋ณต์‚ฌ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท ๋ณต์‚ฌ์˜จ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด ์ €๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณดํ–‰๋กœ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด ์ €๊ฐ ์ „๋žต์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ง€์› ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ „๋žต ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์ž”๋””, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ–‰๋กœ์˜ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „๋žต ์ค‘ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ํ‰๊ท ๋ณต์‚ฌ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด ์ €๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ-ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ง€์›๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ–‰๋กœ์˜ ์—ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: A multilayer mean radiant temperature model for pedestrians in a street canyon with trees............................................................... 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................7 Methods ....................................................................................................... 11 Results and discussions ............................................................................... 28 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 2: Variations in pedestrian mean radiant temperature based on the spacing and size of street trees ....................................................... 43 Introduction ................................................................................................. 43 Methods ....................................................................................................... 47 Results and discussions ............................................................................... 55 3.4. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 3: Optimal multi-strategies modeling reveals a range of options for reducing pedestrian radiation exposure that integrate four strategies................................................................................................................. 69 Introduction ................................................................................................. 69 Methods ....................................................................................................... 73 Results ......................................................................................................... 85 Discussion ................................................................................................... 90 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 95 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 97 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 98 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 117Docto

    A study on coworking spaces as a platform: commodification and regulation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊น€์šฉ์ฐฝ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ์Ÿ์ ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž…์ง€ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—…๋ฌด์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์ „๋ง์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์— ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ํŽธ์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด ์œ ํ†ต ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๋„์  ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์‹ญ ๋งค์ถœ์€ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์ถœ๋กœ ์ง‘๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ์˜ ์›์น™๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ ์ •์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ํ™•์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋“ฑ๋ก๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์”จ์•—์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ์Ÿ์ ์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€, ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์™€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.This study is inspired from the discrepancy between regulatory environments rooted in geographical contexts and the social flows that bypass this fixity. I specifically aim to 1) identify how coworking spaces are presented as a commodity that is not only a space of places but also a space of flows, and 2) examine in what regulatory environment coworking spaces in Seoul, South Korea are placed and the debates that arise from these spaces being a space of flows. The findings are as follows. 1) The main strategy used to sell coworking space as a commodity is to highlight its interior designed to optimize productivity and the locational advantages. This shows that while coworking spaces are often considered platforms, most of its value as a commondity comes from it being a space of places. As a space of flows, the ability of coworking spaces to connect people and create networks also constitutes its presentation as a market commodity. 2) Contrary to regulations that are created based on fixed geographical boundaries, spatial flows are not fixed in specific spatial contexts. Due to this discrepancy, coworking spaces are placed in a regulatory void that inspires much debate about the spaces of the future. Why do coworking spaces in South Korea adapt accounting principles similar to hotels? Is a coworking space considered a permanent establishment? If not, can we tax a business that is located in a coworking space? Commodified workspace is increasingly being combined with services, and this paradigm shift raises questions on how the regulatory environment reacts, should or should not react to new spatial contexts. There seem to be high hopes for coworking spaces and their ability to thrive as a platform. However, it is equally important to understand what builds the value of a coworking space as a commodity, and what kind of issues we must touch upon when designing a new regulatory framework for the spaces of the future. As efforts to overcome the physical limits of space are ever mounting in this hyper-connected contemporary world, the case of coworking spaces will help us reach a deeper understanding of such matter.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 3 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 8 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์œ  10 1. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„ 10 2. ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์†์„ฑ 13 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 17 1. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ 17 2. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ œ๋„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ 21 ์ œ3์žฅ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ณผ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 27 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ํŠน์„ฑ 27 1. ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜• 27 2. ์‚ฌ์—…๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ์ง€์œ„ 32 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋‚ด ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์ž…์ง€ 36 1. ์–‘์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ž…์ง€ 36 2. ์šฉ๋„์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์„ ํƒ 41 ์ œ4์žฅ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™” 44 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฐ€์น˜ 44 1. ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ‘œํ˜„ 45 2. ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ์ž…์ง€ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ 50 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฐ€์น˜ 56 1. ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์‹ญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ 56 2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 62 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 64 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ์Ÿ์  65 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ์ด์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ 65 1. ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์‹ญ ๋งค์ถœ์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 65 2. ์Ÿ์ : ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 70 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ณ ์ •์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์ง€์œ„ 77 1. ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋“ฑ๋ก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 77 2. ์Ÿ์ : ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ 83 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 88 ์ œ6์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  89 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 91 Abstract 97Maste

    Macroscopic Quantum Superpositions in Many-Particle Systems

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€,2017. 2. ์ •ํ˜„์„.Quantum superpositions between macroscopically distinct objects, as illustrated in Scrรถdingers famous cat paradox, is not prohibited by the law of quantum mechanics but hardly seen in real everyday life. Decoherence theory is one of the most well-known argument to explain this paradox based on the interaction between the system of our interest and a big another system, which is usually called as bath or environment. The open system picture is sufficient for usual systems but conceptually incomplete as it is based on the a priori assumption that an environment is in an incoherent thermal state. In this thesis, we investigate why it is so hard to see macroscopic superpositions without assuming a system is open. We offer two different viewpoints, based on the kinematics and the dynamics of a many-particle system, respectively. We consider pure states in many-particle spin-1/2 systems to simplify the investigation. We first introduce a measure of quantum macroscopicity for this system which can be used as a criterion of a macroscopic superposition and compare it with the geometric measure of entanglement. From analytic observations using random matrix theory and extensive numerical calculations, we next show that random states in the many-particle Hilbert space typically have small quantum macroscopicity which means the rareness of macroscopic superpositions. This result gives a kinematical point of view answer why we cannot see Scrรถdingers cat in macroscopic systems. We also obtain a similar result from the dynamics of a system. We introduce the concept of thermalization in a closed system and apply eigenstate thermalization hypothesis to show that the measure of quantum macroscopicity is small after thermalization. Extensive numerical results of quantum macroscopicity are also presented using the disordered XXZ model which alters between thermalization phase and many-body localized (MBL) phase. Consistent results are obtained that initial macroscopic superpositions that undergo thermalization disappear while they could be preserved in the MBL phase in which thermalization does not occur.์Šˆ๋ขฐ๋”ฉ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์—ญ์„ค์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ, ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์€ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ ํ˜๋ฆผ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ด ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ก ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณ„์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์ €์žฅ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฐ ํ˜๋ ค์ง„ ์—ดํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ด๋ฆผ ๊ฐ€์ • ์—†์ด, ์™œ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ค‘์ฒฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž…์ž๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ๋™์—ญํ•™์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ•€-1/2์ธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž…์ž๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์–‘์ž ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์ž ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์–ฝํž˜์˜ ์ฒ™๋„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ธก๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŽ์€์ž…์ž ํž๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์–‘์ž ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์–‘์ž์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์Šˆ๋ขฐ๋”ฉ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์—ญํ•™์ ์ธ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณ„์˜ ๋™์—ญํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ซํžŒ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ดํ‰ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์œ ์ƒํƒœ ์—ดํ™” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ดํ‰ํ™”ํ™” ์ดํ›„์˜ ์–‘์ž์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์–‘์ž์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ดํ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ฒด ๊ตญ์†Œํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œํ•œ XXZ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ดํ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๋’ค์˜ ์–‘์ž ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์–‘์ž์ค‘์ฒฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , ์—ดํ‰ํ˜•์ด ๋˜์ง€์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค์ฒด ๊ตญ์†Œํ™”๊ณ„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์–‘์ž์ค‘์ฒฉ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กด๋จ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.I Introduction 1 II Entanglement in many-particle systems 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Entropy of entanglement 9 2.3 Geometric measure of entanglement 11 2.3.1 Numerical calculation of geometric entanglement 12 III Measure for quantum macroscopicity 15 3.1 Historical introduction 15 3.2 Definition and properties 21 3.3 Measure of quantum macroscopicity and coarse-grained measurement 24 3.4 Numerical methods to calculate quantum macroscopicity 27 IV Comparison between quantum macroscopicity and entanglement 31 4.1 Entanglement versus quantum macroscopicity for optical cat state 32 4.2 Entanglement versus quantum macroscopicity for spin systems 34 4.2.1 Close-to-separable states 34 4.2.2 Far-from-separable states 37 V Quantum macroscopicity for random states 41 5.1 Haar-random states 41 5.1.1 State generation 42 5.1.2 Macroscopicity is rare in Haar-random states 42 5.1.3 Numerical results 43 5.2 Random physical states 45 5.2.1 State generation 47 5.2.2 Numerical results 47 5.3 Remarks 49 VI Dynamics of entanglement and quantum macroscopicity in a closed many-body system 51 6.1 Thermalization of a closed system and the size of the macroscopic superposition 52 6.2 Dynamics of quantum macroscopicity in localized systems 55 6.3 Numerical analysis using the disordered XXZ model 60 6.3.1 Initial random GHZ states in MBL systems 61 6.3.2 Comparison between many-body localized and single particle localized systems 64 6.3.3 Initial rotated Neel GHZ states 66 6.4 Remarks 71 VII Conclusion 73 Appendices 75 A Big-O and big-ฮ˜ notations 75 B Equilibration and thermalization 77 Bibliography 81 Abstract in Korean 95Docto

    Green-infra strategies for mitigating urban heat island

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    Because of lack of accurate understanding of the mechanism of urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and lack of scientific discussion, it is hard to come up with effective measures to mitigate UHI phenomenon. This study systematically described the UHI and suggested the solutions using green-infrastructure (green-infra). The factors that control UHI are very diverse: radiant heat flux, latent heat flux, storage heat flux, and artificial heat flux, and the air temperature is formed by the combination effect of radiation, conduction and convection. Green-infra strategies can improve thermal environment by reducing radiant heat flux (the albedo effect, the shade effect), increasing latent heat flux (the evapotranspiration effect), and creating a wind path (cooling air flow). As a result of measurement, green-infra could reduce radiant heat flux as 270 W/mยฒ due to shadow effect and produce 170 W/mยฒ latent heat flux due to evaporation. Finally, green-infra can be applied differently on the macro(urban) scale and micro scale, therefore, we should plan and design green-infra after the target objects of structures are set.OAIID:RECH_ACHV_DSTSH_NO:T201720515RECH_ACHV_FG:RR00200001ADJUST_YN:EMP_ID:A075721CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NN

    Optimal tree location model considering multi-function of tree for outdoor space -considering shading effect, shielding, openness of a tree-

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    Open space planners and designers should consider scientific and quantified functions of trees when they have to locate where to plant the tree. However, until now, most planners and designers could not consider them because of lack of tool for considering scientific and quantitative tree functions. This study introduces a tree location supporting tool which focuses on the multi-objective including scien- tific function using ACO (Ant colony optimization). We choose shading effect (scientific function), shielding, and openness as objectives for test application. The results show that when the user give a high weight to a particular objective, they can obtain the optimal results with high value of that objective. When we allocate higher weight for the shading effect, the tree plans provide larger shadow value. Even when compared with current tree plan, the study result has a larger shading effect plan. This result will reduce incident radiation to the ground and make thermal friendly open space in the summer. If planners and designers utilize this tool and control the objectives, they would get diverse optimal tree plans and it will allow them to make use of the many environmental benefits from trees.OAIID:RECH_ACHV_DSTSH_NO:T201912542RECH_ACHV_FG:RR00200001ADJUST_YN:EMP_ID:A075721CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NN
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