20 research outputs found

    Several Issues on the National Assembly Regulation

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    ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ64์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ์ €์ด‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ทœ์œจ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ์ด ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋Š”, ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ทœ์œจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทœ์น™ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๆณ•ๆฎต้šŽ่ชช์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•˜์œ„๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋งŒ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญํšŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›, ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ, ์ค‘์•™์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™ ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋Š”, ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜ ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•„์ž๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ64์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ๊ทœ์ •์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ €์ด‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ฌต์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ๋Š”, ๊ตญํšŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ166์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ์ €์ด‰๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ทœ์œจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™ ๊ตญ ํšŒ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ •์€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ64์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๅŒ่ชžๅ่ฆ†(tautology)์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์ผ ๋ฟ ๊ตญํšŒ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ์ œ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„์ž„๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2010๋…„ ์กฐ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ

    On the Ground and the Scope of the Enactment Power of Municipal Ordinance

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    The writer asserts in this article that enactment power of municipal ordinance bases on the Constitution ยง117 (1) which represents the resolution of enactment power of the Constitution, and the proviso of the Local Autonomy Act ยง22 is unconstitutional which regulates the enactment of municipal ordinance concerning the restriction on rights of residents, the imposition of obligation on residents, or penal provisions without delegation of individual laws. If we stands on unconstitutionality theory, it doesnt matter whether the individual law delegates comprehensively so long as the municipal ordinance restrict the right of residents, imposes obligation on residents or stipulates the penalty within the limit of the laws and subordinate statutes. Comprehensive delegation to administrative legislation is void. If we apply this void doctrine on the delegation of municipal ordinance enactment and comprehensive delegation to the ordinance is void, nevertheless the local government can enact the same provision based on autonomous power of enactment conferred by the Constitution, and this enactment cannot be treated as void. But it does not eliminate the necessity of discussing the scope of the enactment power of municipal ordinances as the Constitution restricts the enactment power within the delegation of the laws and the subordinate statutes. Under the constitutionality theory, local government cannot enact restricting the right of residents, imposing obligation on residents or stipulating the penalty without delegation of individual laws. Though the individual laws delegate the enacting power, subsequent problem arises whether general or comprehensive delegation is suffice or individual and specific delegation is necessary. If we...์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2008๋…„ ์กฐ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

    ๊ฒฉ์ž U(1) ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ตฌ์†์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ƒ์ „์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ์ด์›์ข….Using lattice formalism, we can show that there exists confining phase in the strong coupling limit for the compact U(1) gauge theory. Since we know that there is no confining behavior between electrons and positrons in continuum U(1) gauge theory, we may expect to have some kind of deconfining phase transition at some coupling constant. In this paper, I have shown that in the strong coupling limit, the potential between static lepton and antilepton pair of the theory is linearly dependent on the distance between two particles. Then U(1) gauge configurations are generated using the Monte Carlo algorithm and phase transition is simulated. From the gauge configurations, the Polyakov loop is measured which serves as the order parameter of the transition. Finally, the critical inverse coupling constant squared ฯ_c and scaling exponents ฮฒ, ฮฝ is extracted from fitting the Binder cumulant. In addition to the conventional fitting methods, several physically motivated neural network structures are introduced to show their potential in application to physics problems. Few physically motivated neural network structures are introduced and their performances are compared.๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ์ฝคํŒฉํŠธ U(1) ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๊ทนํ•œ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์†๋œ ์ƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ์†์ฒด U(1) ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ž์™€ ์–‘์ „์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์†์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ƒ์ˆซ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๊ทนํ•œ์—์„œ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ ™ํ†ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ ™ํ†ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด U(1) ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ƒ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์ „์ด์˜ ์งˆ์„œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ Polyakov loop๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  Binder cumulant์™€ curve crossing method๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ƒ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋น„๋ก€์ง€์ˆ˜ ฮฒ, ฮฝ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.ABSTRACT 5 1. Introduction 1.1. Lattice Gauge Theory 1 1.2. Confinement in lattice U(1) gauge theory 1 1.3. Machine learning and lattice U(1) gauge theory 1 1.4. Summary of this thesis 2 1.4.1. Confinement in pure lattice U(1) gauge theory 4 1.4.2. Numerical simulation of the phase transition 5 1.4.3. Machine learning analysis 5 I Confinement in lattice U(1) pure gauge theory 7 2. Pure U(1) gauge action on lattice 9 2.1. Gauge invariance of discretized Dirac field and introduction of link variable 9 2.2. Haar measure and integration rule 10 2.2.1. Building Haar measure for general compact Lie group G 10 2.3. Gauge invariant objects on lattice and pure gauge action 11 3. Strong coupling expansion and confinement in lattice U(1) gauge theory 15 3.1. Extracting potential between static lepton and anti-lepton pair 15 3.1.1. Euclidean Correlator 16 3.1.2. Relation between Wilson loop expectation value and static lepton - antilepton potential 16 3.2. Strong coupling expansion 20 3.2.1. Plaquette integration rules for U(1) gauge theory 20 3.2.2. Wilson loop in strong coupling limit 21 II Numerical simulation of the phase transition 25 4. Generating U(1) gauge ensemble 27 4.1. Monte Carlo Metropolis algorithm 27 4.1.1. Markov chain and Importance sampling 27 4.1.2. Metropolis algorithm 28 4.2. Setting target precision 29 4.2.1. Autocorrelation 30 4.2.2. Thermalization 32 4.3. Generated ensemble information 33 5. Detection of phase transition 35 5.1. Polyakov loop 35 5.2. Plaquette sum 36 6. Scaling finite size effect 39 6.1. Scaling hypothesis 39 6.1.1. Finite size effect and classification of the transition type 39 6.1.2. Finite size scaling from the scaling hypothesis 42 6.2. Binder ratio and 4th order cumulant 43 6.3. Fitting results and discussion 45 6.3.1. ฯ_c 45 6.3.2. ฮฒ and ฮฝ 45 6.3.3. Discussion on the fitting results 47 III Machine learning Analysis 49 7. Physically inspired neural network models and generalization ability 51 7.1. Deep Neural Network (DNN) 51 7.1.1. Forward phase 51 7.1.2. Backpropagation phase 52 7.1.3. Optimization algorithms 54 7.2. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 56 7.2.1. Convolutional layer 56 7.2.2. Pooling layer 57 7.3. Physics inspired neural network models 57 7.3.1. Polyakov kernel 58 7.3.2. Positional encoding 60 7.4. Extrapolating near the phase transition 61 7.4.1. Training data and model structures 61 7.4.2. Generalization ability 62 7.5. Training results and discussion 62 Bibliography 70์„
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