Colposcopy Directed Cone Biopsy and Endocervical Curettage as Management of Carcinoma in Situ of the Uterine Cervix

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors in relation with residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in hysterectomized specimen of the patients diagnosed as carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix (CIS) and underwent cone knife biopsies first. Also we investigated if colposcopically directed wide cone knife biopsy with endocervical curettage followed by electrocauterization could substitute for traditional hysterectomy as a conservative management of CIS. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from 169 patients who were diagnosed as CIS after colposcopy directed conization in Yonsei University Hospital from Jan 1997 to Dec 2001. The patients were divided into two groups, those who underwent colposcopically directed cone biopsy only (Group A) and those who received colposcopically directed cone biopsy and extrafascial abdominal hysterectomy (Group B). Pap smear, pelvic examination and punch biopsy of the uterine cervix according to symptoms and physical findings of the patients were performed for follow-up. Patient characteristics, histologic results and follow-up outcomes were compared using student t-test, x2 test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 169 patients, 82 (study group) received no further treatment while 87 (control group) were hysterectomized. 58 of control group showed residual CIN in colposcopically directed cone biopsy and 12 from these patients, residual CIN were found in hysterectomized specimen. Positive endocervical margin on conization was found as a significant predictor for residual disease after conization. Abnormal Pap smear results were reported in 10 patients of study group only, of whom 2 cases of CIN I, 8 cases cervicitis. CONCLUSION: The residual CIN in endocervical margin can predict whether hysterectomized specimen might contain residual CIN and no difference in life threatening prognosis existed between the patients received colposcopically directed cone biopsy only and hysteretomy, regardless of the residual CIN in cone biopsy margin. Based on these results, it is reasonable to choose expectant management over hysterectomy for treating CIS patients with marginal involvement.ope

Synchronous Coexpression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Carcinomas of the Uterine Cervix - A Potential Predictor of Poor Survival

PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of the new prognostic information gained by analyzing the coexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cervical cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Sixty-eight patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy between 1993 and 1996, were divided into the following four groups according to their immunoreactivities for EGFR and COX-2 in paraffin-embedded sections: (a). the EGFR-negative/COX-2-negative group (n = 11); (b). the EGFR-negative/COX-2-positive group (n = 8); (c). the EGFR-positive/COX-2-negative group (n = 27); and (d). the EGFR-positive/COX-2-positive group (n = 22). The clinical features, patterns of treatment failure, and survival data in the four groups were compared. RESULTS: Positive immunoreactivity for EGFR and COX-2 was observed in 49 of 68 (72%) and 19 of 68 (28%), respectively. However, no strong correlation was found between the levels of EGFR and COX-2 immunopositivity (R(2) = 0.05, P = 0.07). Patients in the EGFR-positive/COX-2-positive group had a higher likelihood of locoregional recurrence than those in the other three groups (P = 0.02). Of the patients in the four groups, patients positive for both oncoproteins were found to have the worst prognosis with an overall 5-year disease-free survival rate of 55% compared with 91% for the EGFR-negative/COX-2-negative patients, 88% for the EGFR-negative/COX-2-positive patients, and 69% for the EGFR-positive/COX-2-negative patients (P = 0.05, log-rank test). In addition, the synchronous coexpression of the EGFR and COX-2 oncoproteins was found to be an independent prognostic factor by univariate and multivariate analyses (relative risk = 4.0, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Given these observations, we conclude that the coexpression of EGFR and COX-2 immunoreactivity may be used as a potent molecular risk factor for predicting the poor survival of patients with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.ope

A Study on sensitivity analysis in interior-point methods

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :산업공학과,2000.Docto

다이아몬드 열 필라멘트 화학 기상 증착과정에서 준안정한 나노 탄소 동소체들과 그들의 성장 캡처 및 관찰

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 재료공학부, 2023. 8. 김미영.화학 기상 증착(CVD)에 의해 합성된 다이아몬드의 성장 메커니즘은 하전된 나노 입자(CNP)가 화학 기상 증착법 및 물리 기상 증착법에서 결정 및 박막의 성장 단위가 될 수 있다는 것이 요점인 하전된 나노 입자 이론으로 잘 설명된다. 이전 연구에서, 다이아몬드 열 필라멘트 화학 기상 증착법 (diamond hot filament CVD)에서는 음의 하전된 나노입자가 생성되어 다이아몬드의 구성 요소가 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 선행 연구에서, i-탄소, n 다이아몬드, 육방 다이아몬드 및 큐빅 다이아몬드의 4가지 나노탄소동소체로 구성된 2-6 나노미터 크기의 나노카본 입자를 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 그러나 차동 펌핑으로 에너지 분포를 측정하여 다이아몬드 열 필라멘트 화학 기상 증착 공정에서 투과전자현미경으로 관찰되지 않은 ~1 나노미터 크기의 나노카본 입자에 해당하는 250개의 탄소 원자가 풍부하게 생성되었음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 단층 그래핀 멤브레인에 포획된 ~1 나노미터 크기의 나노카본 입자를 구면수차보정 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. ~1 나노미터 크기의 나노카본 입자가 일차 나노입자일 것으로 보인다. 초기 단계에서 나노카본 입자의 성장은 구면수차보정 투과전자현미경에 의해 관찰되었다. 기상의 탄소가 섭씨 300도의 온도에서 안정하기 때문에 나노카본 입자는 기상 핵생성에 의해 생성되고 성장되어야 한다. 나노카본 입자를 1, 10, 30, 120초 및 30분에 포획하였다. 나노카본의 구조적 안정성은 크기에 따라 비정질, i-카본, 육각 다이아몬드, n-다이아몬드, 큐빅 다이아몬드 순으로 크기가 커질수록 변화한다. 마지막으로 기체상의 전자량이 나노탄소 입자에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 기체 상태의 전자 양을 제어하기 위해 텅스텐 필라멘트에 추가 바이어스를 인가하였다. 더 많은 음의 추가 바이어스가 인가될수록 더 많은 양의 전자가 방출된다. 전자가 풍부한 조건에서는 n-다이아몬드가 우세하였고, 전자가 부족한 조건에서는 i-탄소가 우세하였다. n-다이아몬드 우세 조건에서 증착된 다이아몬드 입자가 구조적으로 더 다이아몬드와 유사하였다.Growth mechanism of synthesized diamonds by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was well explained by theory of charged nanoparticles (TCN) of which the main point is that charged nanoparticles (CNPs) can be the building block of crystals and thin films in CVD and physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. In the diamond hot filament CVD (HFCVD), it was confirmed that negatively CNPs were generated and could be the building block of diamonds. In prior studies, 2–6-nm-sized nanocarbon particles which consisted of four nanocarbon allotropes of i-carbon, n-diamond, hexagonal diamond, and cubic diamond were observed by TEM observation. However, it was confirmed that carbon atoms of 250 which corresponded ~1-nm-sized nanocarbon particles, which were not observed by TEM, were abundantly formed in the diamond HFCVD process by measuring energy distribution with differential pumping. In this study, ~1-nm-sized nanocarbon particles captured on a single-layer graphene membrane were observed by Cs-corrected TEM. ~1-nm-sized nanocarbon particles might be the primary nanoparticles. Growth of nanocarbon particles in the initial stage was observed by Cs-corrected TEM. Nanocarbon particles should be generated and grown by gas-phase nucleation because only gas phase is stable at a temperature of 300℃. Nanocarbon particles were captured at 1, 10, 30, 120 s and 30 min. The structural stability of nanocarbon changes depending on the size, in the order of amorphous, i-carbon, hexagonal diamond, n-diamond and cubic diamond as the size increases. The effect of an amount of electrons in the gas phase was examined. In order to control the amount of electrons in the gas phase, we applied additional bias to the tungsten filament. The more negative additional bias applied, the more amount of electrons emitted. N-diamond were dominant under the condition of abundant electrons, and i-carbon were dominant under the condition of lack of electrons. Diamond particles deposited under the condition of n-diamond dominance were more diamond-like.Abstract ⅰ List of Figures ⅵ List of Tables ⅺ Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Atomic hydrogen hypothesis ２ 1.2 Theory of charged nanoparticles ４ 1.3 Carbon allotropes １２ Chapter 2. Primary nanoparticles generated in the diamond HFCVD process 15 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Experiments 20 2.3 Results and Discussion 26 2.4 Conclusion 46 Chapter 3. Metastable nanocarbon allotropes in the initial stage of diamond growth at 300℃ 47 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Experiments 50 3.3 Results 57 3.4 Discussion 72 3.5 Conclusion 79 Chapter 4. Comparison of deposited diamonds according to the ratio of i-carbon and n-diamond 80 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Experiments 83 4.3 Results and Discussion 86 4.4 Conclussion 92 Bibliography 93 Abstract in Korean 103박

Studies on the genesis of fatty liver

의학과/석사[한글] [영문] Accumulation of lipid in the parencymal cells is rather common and most frequently observed in the liver, heart, and kidneys. The fatty liver is found in diverse conditions, which include nutritional disturbances, infectious diseases, chronic anemia or ischemia, and injuries caused by various hepatotoxic agents. Experimentally a fatty liver has been produced by carbon tetrachloride, phosphorus, ethanol, DDT, tannic acid, erotic acid, ethionine, etc. (Lombardi, 1966). Regardless of causative agents, the accumulated lipid in talc liver cell is always neutral fat. Lombardi (1966) postulated that talc accumulated fat in the liver eells is due to either; 1) disturbance in talc utilization of triglycerides, 2) increased synthesis of triglycerides, 3) decreased utilization of triglycerides, or 4) synthesis of triglycerides outside of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is customary to divide fat accumulation in the parenchymal calls into fatty infiltration and fatty degeneration. The former is due to the increased accumulation of fat without preceding on to cellular injury while in the latter the fat accumulates secondary to the prior cellular injury, The locus of fat synthesis in the liver cell is considered variously according to different investigators. Kennedy and Lebninger (1948), Green (1954) reported that talc oxidation of fatty acids takes place in the mitochondria, while Baglio and Farber (1965) reported that it takes place in the rough endoplasmie reticulum, and palace (1955) reported the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of fat formation. The present investigation is aimed of studying trio mechanism, process and site of fat accumulation in the liver cells following the treatment of rats with different types of lipogenic factors. Materials and Methods Male albino rats weighing around 200 gms were used for the experiment and divided into the following group; normal control, high fat diet, carbon tetrachloride injected, ethionine injected, and talc acute anemic. The high fat diet contained 50% salad oil. The carbon tetrachloride was injected subcutaneously in a single dose of 0.2 ml. per kg of the body weight, and ethionine was injected peritoneally in a single dose of 1g. per kg of the body weight. Acute anemia was produced by withdrawing approximately 4.0ml. of whole blood by cardiac puncture. The hematocrit value was determined in anemia and normal control group with the blood drawn immediately before the animals were killed. Three animals from each group acre killed at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours, 5, 7, and 10day intervals. Overall histologic alterations were observed by routine hematoxylin-eosin staining technic, and the degree and the pattern of fatty change were determined by the oil red-0 staining on frozen sections and thin sections taken from Epon block after osmic acid fixation counter stained with basic fuchsin. For the electronmicroscopic examinations, the tissue was fixed in 1% solution of csmic acid and dehydrated with graded alcohol. The sections were cut following Epon embeding in 400 to 500 A thickess with glass knife and stained with uranyl acetate and lead hydroxide. Observation was made with Hitachi 11-E model electronmicroscope. Results and Discussions The hamatocrit dropped markedly following the cardiac puncture and gradually returned to normal value around the 7th day. On light microscopic examinations, necrosis and ballooning of the liver cells were found in carbon tetrachloride treated group only, and mostly limited at the centrilobular zone. The animals in the remaining groups showed mild to moderate degree of vacuolization in the cytoplasm. The accumulation of the lipid started from the periportal area in the animals treated with ethionine, high fat diet and cardiac puncture, where as it was first noted at the centrilobular zone in animals treated with carbon tetrachloride. The size of the fat globules was for and rather uniform in the animals fed on a high fat diet and in the acute anemic group. The fat globules in ethionine treated animals were somewhat larger but uniform in size, while those of the carbon tetrachloride treated animals were irregular in size. The deposition of the fat apparently started from the peripheral portion of the liver cells and spread into perinuclear portion with increasing size. Thc electronmicroscopic examinations revealed no notable alteration of the cytoplasmic organelles in high fat fed animals, and mild vacuolization with destruction of microvilli of bile cansliculi in the acute anemic group, while a made dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with detachment of ribosome, decrease of free ribosome, and mild swelling of mitochondria were noted in animals treated with carbon tetrachloride or ethionine. The fat globules first appeared in the endoplasmic reticulum in all experimental groups, and their size increased from the peripheral to the perinuclear portion. In the animals treated with carbon tetrachloride or ethionine, numerous small electron dense granules appeared in the dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum preceding the appearance of fat globules, but no such granules were noted in high fat diet and acute anemic groups. Hyperplasia and aggregation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was noted only in carbon tetrachloride treated animals and did not seem to be related with the fatty change. Summary: The accumulation of the fat in the liver cell started within the rough endoplasmic reticulum regardless of the causal factorsm initiated at the peripheral portion of the cisternae moving toward perinuclear portion with increasing size, and associated with carbon tetrachloride or ethionine. But no such changes were noted in high fat fed and acutely anemic animals therefore a different mechanism, probably an increased synthesis of the fat in the former and a decreased utilization in the latter, must be acting.restrictio

Variants of YqhC Protein, Nucleotide Sequence Encoding the Same and Host Cells Over-Expressing YqhD Protein Containing the Same Nucleotide Sequence

본 발명은 YqhC 단백질 변이체, 이를 코딩하는 뉴클레오타이드 서열 및 이 뉴클레오타이드 서열을 발현가능한 형태로 포함하는 YqhD 단백질 과발현 숙주 세포에 관한 것이다. 본 발명의 YqhC 단백질 변이체는 N-말단 부위의 아미노산 변이에 의해 야생형 YqhC 단백질에 비하여 YqhD 단백질의 발현양을 현저히 증가시키는 능력을 갖는다. 본 발명의 YqhC 단백질 변이체를 인코딩하는 뉴클레오타이드 서열을 발현가능한 형태로 갖는 숙주세포는 YqhD 단백질의 발현량을 현저히 증가시킴으로써 1,3-프로판디올(1,3-propanediol)의 생산공정에 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.YqhC 단백질, YqhD 단백질, 프로모터, AraC 전사인자, 1, 3-프로판디올, 1, 3-프로판디올 산화환원효소(1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase

An Experimental Research on the Confinement Effect of Concrete Specimens with Spirals

이 연구에서는 중심 압축 하중을 받는 나선근으로 횡보강된 시험체에 대한 횡보강 효과를 실험적으로 규명하였다. 주요 변수는 콘크리트의 압축강도, 나선근의 간격과 나선근의 항복강도로서 콘크리트 압축강도는 27.2, 62.4, 81.2MPa, 나선근 간격은 120, 60, 40, 30, 25, 20mm 나선근의 항복 강도는 451,1375MPa로 하였다. 실험 결과, 동일한 나선근 체적비 및 항복 강도에서 횡보강된 콘크리트의 압축강도증가는 콘크리트의 압축강도에 관계없이 일정하였지만, 최대 응력에서의 축방향 변형도는 압축강도가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났다

내부점 기법에서 최적기저 회복에 관한 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :산업공학과,1996.Maste

Clinico-pathological survey on ovarian tumors at Severance hospital

의학과/석사[한글] [영문] Ovarian tumors are one of the many neoplasms seen in the practice of Gynecology. Because of the various types no basic etiology has been established. Numerous classifications have been devised based on etiology, histology and embryology but no one has been universally accepted by gynecologists or pathologists. Only a few statistical surveys on ovarian tumors have been reported in Korea and even the small numbers of reports show great variation in their results. The author undertook this study because of the importance of a clinico-pathologic survey of ovarian tumors as observed in Korea. A clinico-pathological as well as statistical survey was made on a series of 230 ovarian tumors admitted, operated upon and confirmed with post-operative histopathological study at th Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University during a period of 5 years and 7 months from January, 1961 to July, 1966. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The incidence of benign tumors was 87.4% of all ovarian tumors while that of malignant ones 12.6%. 2. Age distribution of benign tumors was between 26-46 (Average 36 years), while that of malignant ones 31-59 (Average 45 years). 3. Menstruation was regular in 57.8%, irregular in 11.7% and the rest were amenorrheic. Patients with benign tumors had regular cycle in 59.7%, irregular in 11.4% while those with malignant tumors were regular in 44.8%, irregular in 11.7%. 4. Among the subjective symptoms complained of by the patient, 51.3% noticed a lower abdominal mass, 47.4% complained of lower abdominal pain and 15.6% had backache. 5. As to the objective signs among the ovarian tumors, ascites were observed in 27 cases (11.7%), cachexia in 6 cases (2.6%). In malignant tumors ascites and cachexia were noted in 65.5%, 20.7% respectively while in benign ones none had cachexia and only 3.9% had ascites. 6. The gross size of benign and malignant ovarian tumors were average 11 cm, 10.5 cm respectively while that of non-neoplastic cyst among the benign tumors was average 9.9 cm. 7. Of all the ovarian tumors 45.9% were noted in the right ovary, 33.8% in the left. Benign tumors were observed 51.3% in right ovary, 37.8% in left while among the malignant tumors 24.1% were in right, 17.2% in left. We can see the greater occurrence of tumors in right ovary in both the benign and malignant category. 8. The order of incidence of the benign tumors was dermoid cyst 30.4%, pseudomucinous cystadenoma 15.4%, simple cyst 14.4% and serous cystadenoma 11.4% while the incidence of the malignant ones was serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma 34.5%, Krukenberg tumor 24.1% and pseudomucinous cystadenocarcinoma 20.7%. 9. Among the neoplastic ovarian cysts dermoid cysts were bilateral in 14.8%, serous cystadenoma in 8.7% and pseudomucinous systadenoma in 6.4%. 10. The incidence of malignancy in the serous neoplasms, pseudomucinous ones and dermoid cysts was 43.5%, 19.4% and 1.6% respectively while the malignancy of all the ovarian tumors was 12.6%.restrictio