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    Sobre los Usos de los Pronombres Dativos en Espaรฑol

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    ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๋•Œ์™€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๋ณด์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ณตํ˜•์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์“ฐ์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์˜๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ฃผ์–ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋™์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ '์—ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ + ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋™์‚ฌ + ๋ช…์‚ฌ'์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์— ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ™”์ž์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ƒ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ƒํšŒํ™”์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ ์‹ฌ์„ฑ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฌธํ˜•์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์“ฐ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    Transactivation of the L-PK TATA components by the SV40 viral enhancer-binding proteins requires HNF-1ฮฑ in HepG2 and HEK293 cells and its applica

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ฐ„์—์„œ L-type pyruvate kinase gene์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ 5โ€™ flanking cis region์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” HNF-1a (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha) ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๊ณผ TATA box๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” proximal promoter๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ proximal promoter๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ(hepatocytes)์—์„œ reporter gene์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ. ์ด proximal promoter์— SV40 viral enhancer๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋งŒ reporter gene์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ(non-hepatocytes)์— negative regulatory factor๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์— HNF-1a๋“ฑ์˜ positive regulatory factor๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ SV40 viral enhancer์— ์˜ํ•œ L-PK proximal promoter์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” negative regulatory factor ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” positive regulatory factor, ์ฆ‰ HNF-1a๊ฐ€ HepG2 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ HEK293 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋„ SV40 viral enhancer์— ์˜ํ•œ L-PK proximal promoter์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด LPK proximal promoter๋Š” HNF-1a๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ promoter๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” enhancer element์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Transcription of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene in the liver is controlled by several 5โ€™ flanking cis-regions including the proximal promoter that harbors a HNF-1a binding site and its TATA box. An interesting observation made previously on the proximal promoter is that it alone hardly transactivated its reporter gene even in hepatocytes. However, in the presence of the SV40 viral enhancer, it was able to transactivate efficiently its reporter gene in hepatocytes, but not in non-hepatocytes. This indicates that a negative regulatory factor(s) in non-hepatocytes, or a positive one(s) such as HNF-1aor possibly others in hepatocytes, or both, might modulate the transactivation by the viral enhancer-binding factors of the L-PK TATA box components. Here, we show that rather than a negative regulatory factor(s), at least a positive one, HNF-1a is needed not only in HepG2 cells, but also in HEK293 cells for the transactivation of the L-PK TATA box components by the viral enhancer-binding factors. Finally we show that the knowledge obtained here on the characteristic behavior of HNF-1a in the context of the L-PK proximal promoter may be used to generate expression vectors driving therapeutic genes in targeted cells such as HNF-1a expressing cells and other enhancers may be tethered to modulate the expression of therapeutic genes.ope

    ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฐญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ์ „์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์† ์กฐ์ ˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€,2015. 2. ๊น€๋Œ€์‹.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์†์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฐญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํŒŒ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค 1,000 ๋ฐฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1,000,000 ๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ด๊ณ  ํญ์ด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํˆฌ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ช… ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ…Œ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐญ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์†๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ง‘์†์œจ์€ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ํญ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํญ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ…Œ๋ผํŒŒ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์†์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘์€ 2 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋„“์€ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐญ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์‡ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šฌ๋ž ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์†์œจ์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ์€ ์ผ์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์จ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ฐญ์—์„œ ํ…Œ๋ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐญ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐญ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค 1,000,000 ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฐญ์— ํ…Œ๋ผํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ž…์‚ฌ์‹œ์ผœ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์†์œจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐญ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ๋•Œ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์†์œจ์€ ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด ์ง‘์†์œจ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์† ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐญ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ๋„๋œ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐญ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฉด์  ๋‹น ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์†์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์ง‘์†์œจ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐญ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ง‘์†์œจ์˜ ๊ทนํ•œ ๊ฐ’์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฐญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ…Œ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ฆํญ์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์—์„œ ๋น›์ด ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์†Œ์ž ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‘์šฉ์— ํ™œ์šฉ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Abstractโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ2 Table of contentsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ4 List of figuresโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ6 Chapter 1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ11 Chapter 2 Terahertz Time domain spectroscopyโ€ฆโ€ฆ12 Chapter 3 Terahertz nano slot antenna and nano slitโ€ฆ15 3.1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ16 3.2 THz nano slot antennaโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ16 3.3 THz nano slitโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ19 Chapter 4 Control of field enhancement by coupling effect between THz nano slot antennasโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ20 4.1 Two THz nano slot antennasโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ21 4.1.1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ21 4.1.2 Sample fabricationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ22 4.1.3 Single THz nano slot antennasโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ23 4.1.4 Theoretical analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ24 4.1.5 Two symmetric THz nano slot antennas โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ26 4.1.6 Two asymmetric THz nano slot antennsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ30 4.1.7 Conclusionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ35 4.2 Array of THz nano slot antennasโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ36 4.2.1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ36 4.2.2 Array of THz nano slot antennasโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ37 4.2.3 Theoretical analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ39 4.2.4 Conclusionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ45 Chapter 5 Control of field enhancement by geometries of THz nano slitsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ46 5.1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ47 5.2 Sample fabricationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ47 5.3 Gap size dependence of field enhancementโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ49 5.4 Current and charge distribution of nano slitโ€ฆโ€ฆ54 5.5 Metal thickness dependence of field enhancementโ€ฆ57 5.6 Conclusionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ58 Chapter 6 Conclusionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ59 Bibilographyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ61 ์š”์•ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ67 List of publicationsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ69 Conferencesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ71Docto

    (The) factors on variation of sulfur dioxide concentration in ambient air of Shinchon, Seoul

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    ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ์ง€ํ˜•, ๊ธฐํ›„๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋„๋Š” ๋™์ผ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿ‰๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ง ์„ค์น˜์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋„๋ณ€ํ™” ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์„œ๋Œ€๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์‹ ์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ฉฐ 1983๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1984๋…„ 2์›” 29์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๋Š” 0.068ppm์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋ด„์— 0.054ppm ,์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— 0.018ppm,๊ฐ€์„์— 0.053ppm, ๊ฒจ์šธ์— 0.136 ppm์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ์›”๋ณ„ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๋Š” 1์›”์— 0.179ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  8์›”์— 0.011ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 4. ์š”์ผ๋ณ„ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋ด„๊ณผ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ํ† ์š”์ผ์ด ํ‰๊ท  0.069ppm๊ณผ 0.151ppm์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์ด 0.022ppm,๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” ํ™”์š”์ผ์ด 0.071ppm์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 5. ์ผ์ค‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๋Š” ์˜ค์ „ 8โˆผ9์‹œ๊ฒฝ์— ํ‰๊ท  0.102โˆผ0.103ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ์˜คํ›„ 4์‹œ๊ฒฝ์— 0.032ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 6. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜์ธ 0.05ppm์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์œจ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 34%์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜์ธ 0.15ppm์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์œจ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 10.1%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„์™€ ์ธ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ด„์—๋Š” ํ’์†(r=-0.36), ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(r=0.29), ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์˜จ(r=-0.51), ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ํ’์†(r=-0.6)์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 8. ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ด„์—๋Š” Yso^^2(ppb) = -8.6Xw.s + 1.69Xem -1.15Xtemp -9.14Xpre -59.7Xsn + 49.56(P<0 .01). ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” Yso^^2(ppb) = 1.32Xem -1.73Xw.s -1.18Xpre -0.36Xclo -0.49Xtemp -0.09Xhum + 20.9(P<0.01) ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” Yso^^2(ppb) = -3.03 Xtemp -9.06 Xw.s + 2.22Xem + 0.12Xhum + 36.90(P<0.01) ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” Yso^^2(ppb) = -29.73Xw.s + 0.95Xhum-110.97Xpre+1.24Xem+2.31Xclo-1.75Xtemp+92.39(p<0.01)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Xtemp ; Air temperature(โ„ƒ) Xhum ; Relative humidity(%) Xclo ; Amount of cloud (1โˆผ10) Xpre ; Precipitation (mm/hr) Xsn ; Depth of snow (cm/hr) Xw.s ; Wind speed (m/sec) Xem ; SO^^2 emissions(ton/hr) 9. ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋‹จ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•(Stepwise analysis)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ด„์—๋Š” ํ’์†๋งŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 12.8%(p<0.01) ํ’์†๊ณผ SO^^2๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 22.2% (P<0.01) ํ’์†, SO^^2๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ธฐ์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 24.9%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.(p<0.01) ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” SO^^2๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 8.6% (p<0.01) SO^^2๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ’์†์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 12.2% (p<0.01) SO^^2๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ํ’์†, ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 14.0%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. (p<0.01) ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์˜จ๋งŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 25.8% (p<0.01) ๊ธฐ์˜จ๊ณผ ํ’์†์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 32.7% (p<0.01) ๊ธฐ์˜จ, ํ’์†, SO^^2๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 36.6%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. (p<0.01) ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ํ’์†๋งŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 35.9% (p<0.01) ํ’์†๊ณผ ์Šต๋„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 37.7% (p<0.01) ํ’์†, ์Šต๋„, ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 39.2%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค (p<0.01). ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘ SO^^2๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ํ’์†, SO^^2๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Air quality is mainly depended on pollutant emissions, geography and climate conditions in the area. The data which are identified the variation of air quality would be very useful to prevent the air pollution in order to control total emissions and to install the air monitoring systems by regional. The more fossil fuels used the more Sulfur Dioxide (abbreviated SO^^2 hereinafter) in the air is expected. Rapid growth and heavy use of coal and oil regionally may create serious air quality problems which can not be covered by the present standards for criteria pollutant. So^^2 a is clearly the predominant causes of high Index values in most cities in Korea. It is mainly caused by emissions from motor vehicles, industrial stacks and households for cooking and heating. This study was carried out to determine the factors influenced on the variation of SO^^2 concentrations In the ambient air of Shinchon area, Seoul. SO^^2 concentrations in air were measured by electroconductometric method and estimated the amount of SO^^2 emissions for the study period in Seoul area from March 1, 1983 to February 29, 1984 as well as the meteorological elements by the Central Meteorological Office were Investigated. In order to fond out the correltions between SO^^2 concentrations, meteorological elements and SO^^2 emissions, the data were statistically analyzed by computer (CYBER 170-825) The results were as follows; 1. The annual mean of SO^^2 concentration was 0.068ppm during the period. 2. The seasonal mean of SO^^2 concentrations were 0.054ppm in spring, 0.018ppm in summer, 0.053ppm in autumn and 0.136ppm in winter, winter was polluted the highest among other seasons. 3. Monthly mean of SO^^2 concentrations were 0.179ppm in January which was the highest and 0. 011ppm in August which was the lowest. 4. Weekly mean of SO^^2 concentrations were slightly higher at Saturday during the other weekdays. 5. Hourly SO^^2 concentrations were recorded the peak at 8-9a.m. which was corresponded to rush hour by the traffics. 6. In spite of administrative control of xii pollutant in ambient ail of Seoul, it has been experienced a violation over the environmental standard for air pollutants. During the study period, the environmental standard level for SO^^2 as an annual average concentration 0.05ppm was exceeded in 34%. 7. From the results of Pearson correlations between SO^^2 concentrations and each factor, SO^^2 concentrations in spring was affected by wind speed (r = -0.36), in summer by SO^^2 emissions (r = 0.29), in autumn by air temperature (r = -0.51) and in winter by wind speed (r = -0.6). 8. From multiple regression and stepwise analysts between, SO^^2 conc. and meteorological elements and SO^^2 emissions, it concluded that wind speed, SO^^2 emissions, and air temperature were influenced factors of SO^^2 concentrations in the subject area sequently.prohibitio

    ์•„ํ‹ฐํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ

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    Dept. of Medical Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋‚ด์˜ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋†๋„๋‚˜ mRNA์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ deletion mutant ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ -174 ์—์„œ -152 bp ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์–ต์ œ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€์œ„์—๋Š” HLH ๋˜๋Š” myb ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ sequence๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ point mutant ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด myb ์ธ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” HLH ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋น„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด electroporation ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes ์™€ ๋ถ„ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ 3T3L1 adipocytes์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋น„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ EMSA (Electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay) ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ์–ต์ œ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์ œ ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ sequence ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Adiponectin is a hormone exclusively expressed in adipose tissue that enhances insulin sensitivity, regulates energy homeostasis the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Plasma adiponectin concentration and mRNA expression are decreased in obese people, despite their increased adiposity, and in patients with type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance. To understand the mechanisms involved in regulating adiponectin gene expression, we isolated the human adiponectin promoter and analyzed the activities of promoters using 5โ€™ serial deletions. This led us to identify the negative cis-regulatory elements located within -174 to -152 bp in the human adiponectin promoter in non-adipocytes. This site contained well known helix-loop-helix (HLH) or Myb factor binding sequences. Analysis of the Adiponectin promoter point mutants revealed that a HLH factor is a more plausible negative regulatory factor than a myb binding factor. To check if the human adiponectin promoter regulatory activity is different in adipocytes, we examined the expression of a reporter gene regulated by our deletion mutants after their transient transfection in both 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes and fully differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes. Transcriptional mechanism of the human adiponectin promoter was different between adipocytes and non-adipocytes. Electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA) revealed the DNA binding activity of the putative negative regulatory factor is sequence-specific, and is decreased during adipocyte differentiation in a time dependent manner.ope

    The Relationship between Personality Types Using MBTI, Public Administration Student Performance, and Conflict Handling

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” MBTI๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณตํ–‰์ •ํ•™๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , MBTI ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์„ฑ์  ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ํŠนํžˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ด€๋ จ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์  ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹ค์ •์ด์–ด์„œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์‹ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์™ธ์–‘ํƒœ๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, MBTI ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์™ธํ–ฅํ˜•(E)์ด 68.0%๋กœ ๋‚ดํ–ฅํ˜•(I)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐํ˜•(S)์ด 63.3%๋กœ ์ง๊ด€ํ˜•(N)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ˜•(T)์ด 55.8%๋กœ ๊ฐ์ •ํ˜•(F)๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ํŒ๋‹จํ˜•(J)์ด 63.3%๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ˜•(P)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์„ฑ์ ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ •์‹ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์™ธ์–‘ํƒœ๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์„ฑ์ ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ •์‹ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ˜•(ST)์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ๊ฐ์ •ํ˜•(SF)์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง๊ด€์  ๊ฐ์ •ํ˜•(NF)์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๊ณ , ์ง๊ด€์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ˜•(NT)์€ ํšŒํ”ผ์™€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ์–‘ํƒœ๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์™ธํ–ฅ์  ํŒ๋‹จํ˜•(EJ)์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ , ๋‚ดํ–ฅ์ ํŒ๋‹จํ˜•(IJ)๊ณผ ๋‚ดํ–ฅ์  ์ธ์‹ํ˜•(IP)์€ ํšŒํ”ผ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ์™ธํ–ฅ์  ์ธ์‹ํ˜•(EP)์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between personality types using Myers-Brigs Type Indicator (MBTI), student performance in public administration, and the styles of handling conflict. Personality type can influence student performance as well as the way they deal with their conflicts. However, this study is convinced that little empirical research has zoomed in on probing students in public administration. Hence, this research mainly addresses the issues of the relationships between MBTI personality type and the styles of conflict handling of university public administration students. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the results of the MBTI test is that there are more extravert (E) type (68.0%) students than the introvert (I) type; more sensing (S) type (63.3%) than the intuitive (N); more thinking (T) type (55.8%) than feeling (F); more judging (J) type (63.3%) than the perceiving (P). Second, in terms of psychological function, there is no significant difference in student performance in public administration, and nor is there difference in terms of combination of the direction of energy and the attitude for dealing with the outer world. Third, in terms of psychological functions, ST (sensing plus thinking) is relatively associated with competing, SF (sensing plus feeling) with accommodating, NF (intuition and feeling) with collaborating, and NT (intuition plus thinking) with avoiding. In terms of the attitude of outer and inner world, EJ (extraversion plus judging) is relatively related to competing, IP (introversion plus perceiving) and IJ (introversion plus judging) to avoiding, and EP (extraversion plus perceiving) to accommodating. Diagnosing personality can differentiate the styles students use to deal with their conflicts. It is important to understand students according to their personality, which can help them to handle conflicts
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