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    Downdraft Assessment of the Office with Radiant Floor Heating

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 2. ๊น€๊ด‘์šฐ.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์—ด์พŒ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์—… ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์™ธํ”ผ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์พŒ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ ์— ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•˜๊ฐ• ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด ์ธ์ฒด์— ๋ถˆ์พŒ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ downdraft์˜ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” downdraft์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์ด downdraft๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (1) Downdraft์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ downdraft ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Downdraft์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ ์—ด๊ด€๋ฅ˜์œจ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ downdraft์— ์–ต์ œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ, ์ž์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์—ด์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์Šน ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ฉด์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žฌ์‹ค ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. (2) Downdraft ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ์—ด์„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ์—ด์พŒ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค๋‚ด์— ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ข๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์™€์˜ ์˜จ๋„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด๋™ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šน ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ธ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค downdraft๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ์ ์ • ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. (3) ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ด๊ด€๋ฅ˜์œจ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ , ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ downdraft ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ด๊ด€๋ฅ˜์œจ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. (4) ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ธต ๋†’์ด ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  downdraft์˜ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ด๊ด€๋ฅ˜์œจ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด downdraft๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 2.1 Downdraft์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 6 2.2 Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 2.2.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 9 2.2.2 ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 10 2.2.3 ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์—ด์พŒ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 11 2.2.4 ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์—ด์พŒ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 12 2.2.5 Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 16 2.3 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ downdraft ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 18 2.3.1 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ downdraft ์–ต์ œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 18 2.3.2 Downdraft ์–ต์ œ ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‹ค๋‚ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์š”์†Œ 25 2.4 Downdraft์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ธ์ž 29 2.5 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 30 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 32 3.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 32 3.2 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ž 32 3.2.1 Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 32 3.2.2 Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 3.2.3 Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ธ์ž์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 36 3.2.4 Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ 37 3.3 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ 38 3.3.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ 38 3.3.2 ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 39 3.3.3 ํ‰๊ฐ€์ธ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 40 3.4 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค 41 3.4.1 ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 42 3.4.2 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ dowdraft 44 3.4.3 ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ธ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ downdraft 45 3.5 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 47 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ Downdraft ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ๊ณ„ํš ์ง€์นจ 48 4.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 48 4.2 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์ด downdraft์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 48 4.2.1 ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 48 4.2.2 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ downdraft 50 4.2.3 ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ธ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ downdraft 58 4.3 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš ์ง€์นจ 79 4.3.1 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž 79 4.3.2 ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๊ณ„ํš์ธ์ž 79 4.4 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 80 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  81 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 84 ABSTRACT 86Maste

    Romantic Relationship in the Neoliberal Korean Society : Representation of Romantic Relationship in Korean Romantic Comedy Movies since 2008

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 2. ํ™์„๊ฒฝ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋‹ด๋ก ๋“ค์€ ํ›„๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋„ 2008๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ๋…ผ์˜๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์—ฐ์• ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋นˆ๊ณค์€ 88๋งŒ์› ์„ธ๋Œ€, Nํฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฐ์• ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์—ฐ์•  ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ์• ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์• ์™€ ์„ฑ(ๆ€ง)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์—ฐ์• ์ •์ƒํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ์• ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์• ์ •์ƒํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์• ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๊ด€๋…์ด ์ด์ƒํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ•˜์— ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ๋ช…๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ผ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์˜์›์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ท€์„ฑ์„ ํƒˆ๊ฐํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์  ์—ฐ์• ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์‹ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ์ด์ƒํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””๋ž€ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฅด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฅด์  ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ํ™˜๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””๋Š” ํฌ๊ทน ์˜ํ™”์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜์ดํ‹ด์˜ํ™”, ์ฒญ์ถ˜์˜ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌํ˜„ ๊ด€์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋†์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”์˜ ํ”Œ๋กฏ, ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ, ๊ด€์Šต์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์• ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” 2008๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•ดํ”ผ์—”๋”ฉ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋œ ์ฑ„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์ด๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋กฏ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์ƒ์— ์žฌ์†Œํ™˜๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šด๋ช…์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ฒซ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ, ์—ฐ์• ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์„œ์‚ฌํ™” ์ž‘์—…, ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํšŒ์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฌํ˜„ ๊ด€์Šต์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์—ฐ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง์ž‘์ผ€ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—ฐ์•  ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์• ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ™ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์—ฐ์• ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์–‘์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ์ž๋ณธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์ž ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ์ค„๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณจ๋ชฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋จน๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ํ•˜์˜ ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์• ๋Š” ๋จน๊ณ ์‚ด๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ์• ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์  ๋” ๋ถ„์—… ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ ์˜์—ญ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค ์„œ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ถฉ์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ˜„์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ์˜›์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋†“์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํƒˆ๊ฐํ•œ ์—ฐ์• ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‡ดํ–‰์  ์œ„๋กœ๋กœ์จ ์ฒซ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๋…ธ์Šคํƒค์ง€์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ์• ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ์• ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ „์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ์• ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์—ฐ์•  ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์—ฐ์• ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์กฐ๊ฑด ์†์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ๋‚ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์• ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ธฐ์šธ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์—์„œ ์—ฐ์• ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์†์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์กฐ์œจ๊ณผ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์• ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ๋‚ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์• ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ธ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ์• ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์„ฑ์€ Nํฌ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ด€์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณง ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ 4 1. ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ 4 2. ์นœ๋ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณ€๋™ 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ์• ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 11 1. ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ 11 2. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์  ์„œ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ 13 3. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ 16 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์žฌํ˜„๊ณผ ๋‹ด๋ก  19 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” 22 1. ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ 22 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” 26 3. ์—ฐ์•  ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” 31 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 37 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 37 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 41 1. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„์„ 41 2. ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋ถ„์„ 44 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์• ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 47 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ 1950๋…„๋Œ€: ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ž์œ ์—ฐ์•  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ 47 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ 1960๋…„๋Œ€: ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 51 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ 197080๋…„๋Œ€: ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์—ด์ •์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์—ฐ์•  55 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€: ๋„์‹œ๋‚จ๋…€์˜ ๋„๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฟจํ•œ ์—ฐ์•  60 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ 20002007๋…„: ์—ฐ์• ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ™˜์ƒ 65 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ 2008๋…„ ์ดํ›„: ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 70 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ 77 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—ฐ์•  ์ธ๊ฐ„ 77 1. ์—ฐ์• ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์• ์ž๋ณธ 77 2. ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ธฐ 81 3. ์—ฐ์• ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํ™” 85 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋จน๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ์•  87 1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ฐ์• ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 87 2. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์  ๋” ๋ถ„์—… ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 91 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ˜„์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ์˜›์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต 95 1. ์—ฐ์• ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ณ„ 95 2. ์˜›์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๋…ธ์Šคํƒค์ง€์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‡ดํ–‰์  ์œ„๋กœ 100 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ์•  103 1. ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… 103 2. ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ฐ์•  106 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์• ํ•˜๊ธฐ 108 1. ์ž๊ธฐ์„œ์‚ฌํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ 108 2. ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€ํ–ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ 111 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 115 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ 115 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 118 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 121 ๋ถ€๋ก 130 Abstract 133Maste

    ์™„ํ™”์˜๋ฃŒํŒ€ ํ˜‘์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๋ง๊ธฐ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์„ ํƒ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ

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    Purpose: Utilization of hospice palliative care (HPC) is promoted by national policy in Korea. However, few studies have sought to identify patterns of HPC utilization among terminal cancer patients. We aimed to investigate patterns of deciding on a place of care for terminal cancer patients and factors related therewith after consultation with a palliative care team (PCT). Materials and methods: We reviewed medical records for 1,028 terminal cancer patients who were referred to the PCT of the National Cancer Center in 2010 and 2014. We compared the characteristics of the patients who decided to utilize HPC units (HPCUs) and those who did not. We also analyzed factors influencing choices for a medical institution and reasons for not selecting an HPCU. Results: The patientsโ€™ mean age was 61.0ยฑ12.2, with lung cancer patients (24.3%) comprising the largest percentage of these patients. The percentage of referred patients who utilized an HPCU was 53.9% in 2014, increasing from 44.6% in 2010. Older age and awareness of terminal illness were found to be positively associated with utilization of an HPCU. The most common reason for not selecting an HPCU was โ€œrefusing hospiceโ€ (34.9%), followed by being โ€œnear death,โ€ โ€œpoor accessibility to an HPCU,โ€ and โ€œcaregiving problems.โ€ Conclusion: Compared to 2010, HPC utilization by terminal cancer patients in Korea increased in 2014. Earlier discussion of end-of-life care with patients and family caregivers may help further promote utilization of HPCUs.open์„

    ๋‚ด์žฌ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ KOSPI200 ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์‹คํ˜„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋น„๊ต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2004.Maste

    Study on patients with facial asymmetry according to the skeletal pattern

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์•ˆ๋ฉด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ „ํ›„๋ฐฉ์ , ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉด๊ณจ๊ฒฉํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ ํ™˜์ž 93๋ช…์˜ ์ธก๋ชจ๋‘๋ถ€๊ทœ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„, ์ •๋ชจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„, ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง์ •์ค‘์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์œ„์ธก๊ณผ ๋น„ํŽธ์œ„์ธก์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์ธก์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ , ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ANB์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Class I, Class II, Class III๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ถ€ ํŽธ์œ„, ์ˆ˜์ง์ , ์ „ํ›„๋ฐฉ์  ๋‘๊ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ์ „์ฒด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์— ์ขŒ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์œ„๋œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ(73.12%), ์ˆ˜ํ‰๊ธฐ ์ค€์„ ์—์„œ ํŽธ์œ„์ธก์˜ antegonial notch์™€ ์ƒ์•… ์ œ1๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์งง์•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ง๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์—์„œ์˜ ํญ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋„“์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽธ์œ„์ธก์˜ condyle๊ณผ manbible์€ ์งง์•˜๊ณ , antegonial notch๋Š” ๋” ๊นŠ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p < 0.01).2. ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ Class II ๊ตฐ์€ ํŽธ์œ„์ธก๊ณผ ๋น„ํŽธ์œ„์ธก์˜ condyle๊ณผ ramus ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , Class III ๊ตฐ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ์ด๋ถ€ ํŽธ์œ„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์ •์ค‘์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ antegonial notch์™€ ์ƒ์•… ์ œ1๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(p < 0.01).4. ๊ณจ๊ฒฉํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” APDI๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํŽธ์œ„์ธก๊ณผ ๋น„ํŽธ์œ„์ธก์˜ condyle๊ณผ antegonial notch depth ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. SN-GoMe ๊ฐ’์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•˜์•…์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ๊ธธ์ด ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, FMA์™€ SN-GoMe๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํŽธ ์œ„์ธก๊ณผ ๋น„ํŽธ์œ„์ธก์˜ antegonial notch depth ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ปธ๋‹ค.์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ Class II ๊ตฐ์€ ํ•˜์•… ๊ณผ๋‘์™€ ํ•˜์•…์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŽธ์œ„์ธก๊ณผ ๋น„ํŽธ์œ„์ธก์˜ antegonial notch depth ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Class III ๊ตฐ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜ธ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ „ํ›„๋ฐฉ์ , ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณจ๊ฒฉํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]This study was conducted to research patients with facial asymmetry according to the anteroposterior and vertical facial skeletal pattern. Lateral celphalogram, PA cephalogram, and panoramic radiography of 93 patients with facial asymmetry were used as a reference data. The vertical and horizontal asymmetry variables of skeleton on both sides, which is classified by deviated side and opposite side, were investigated by using the mid-sagittal reference line as a basis. The patients were classified into 3 groups(Classโ… , Classโ…ก, and Classโ…ข) according to ANS. The difference of asymmetry variables among each group of patients was compared. The result of correlation among chin deviation, vertical, anteroposterior facial skeletal pattern and the asymmetry of each group of patients contains followings:1. The patients with left-deviation holds 73.12% among total group of patients with facial asymmetry. The length from horizontal base line to antegonial notch and upper first molar was short, panoramic radiography showed that the condyle and mandible length of deviated side were short, and antegonial notch was deeper than opposite side(p<0.01).2. Class II group shows a more severe length difference of condyle and ramus than other groups, and Class III group shows a width difference of that variables.3. The chin deviation showed correlation between antegonial notch on mis-sagittal reference line and width difference of upper first molar(p<0.01).4. According to skeleton pattern, as APDI is larger and larger, the length difference of condyle in panoramic radiography and the depth difference of antegonial notch become smaller. As the value of SN-GoMe increases according to skeletal pattern, many cases of asymmetry according to vertical length difference of ramus were found. As FMA and SN-GoMe become larger, the difference of antegonial notch depth becomes more severe.In Conclusion, more asymmetry cases which were caused by the length difference of mandible and ramus occured in Class II group, and the severe depth difference of antegonial notch in deviated and opposite side appeared. In Class III group, horizontal asymmetry occured more than other groups and the case of asymmetry is not typical. This study can help diagnose the patients with facial asymmetry by figuring out different types of patients with facial asymmetry according to the anteroposterior and vertical skeletal pattern.ope

    A Study on the Relationship between the Expertise of Local Councillors and the Check Function of Local Councils

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ์ด์ˆ˜์˜.ํ–‰์ •๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–‘์ ยท์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๋ถ„๋ฆฝ์˜ ์›์น™์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์˜๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋ถ„๋‹ด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” โ€˜๊ธฐ๊ด€๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ˜•โ€™ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กธ์ด์ƒ ์˜์›์˜ ๋น„์œจ, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์˜์›์˜ ๋น„์œจ, ์žฌ์„  ์ด์ƒ ์˜์›์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ž…๋ฒ•, ํ–‰์ •, ์žฌ์ • ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ KOSIS ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ†ต๊ณ„ํฌํ„ธ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์•™์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๋‹น์„ ์ž ๋ช…๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ž๋ฃŒ, ์˜์•ˆํ†ต๊ณ„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ „๊ตญ 226๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€์กธ์ด์ƒ ์˜์› ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์žฌ์„ ์ด์ƒ ์˜์› ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ–‰์ • ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์˜์›๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์žฌ์ • ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ์˜ ์†Œ์† ์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฌ์„ ์ด์ƒ ์˜์›๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ํ–‰์ • ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Œ(-)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ์žฌ์ • ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Œ(-)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 5 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์˜์˜ 5 2. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 9 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์˜ 9 2. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 10 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 13 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 16 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ 16 2. ๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 18 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 20 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ค์ • 22 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 22 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 22 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 26 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 26 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 30 3. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 31 4. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 32 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 37 2. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 40 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 40 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41 1. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41 2. ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  51 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  51 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 51 2. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  54 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 56 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 58 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 65 Abstract 68์„

    Development of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) system for encapsulation of flavonoid molecules

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ์ตœ์˜์ง„.Quercetin, naringenin, and hesperetin as flavonoids show biological activities including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, their application in functional food is greatly restricted mainly due to poor water-solubility. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) has been proposed as a new delivery system in order to improve the bioavailability of lipophilic flavonoid molecules. Here, the stable LNP system incorporating the flavonoids was developed. In response surface methodology concerning the hydrodynamic particle size (Z-average) and the contents of stable LNPs (yield), the content of fully hydrogenated canola oil, squalene, Tween 20, and soybean lecithin for preparing optimum blank LNPs were determined as 3.5, 1.5, 0.6, and 1.1 wt %, respectively. Therefore, LNP systems encapsulating the flavonoids (0โ€“0.5 wt% of lipid matrix) were fabricated with the determined ratios, respectively, and then their physicochemical characteristics (yield, Z-average, PDI value, and ฮถ-potential) were characterized (>94%, ~150 nm, 0.14โ€“0.18, and <-40 mV). Additionally, the highest entrapment efficiencies of quercetin, naringenin and quercetin LNPs were observed at the concentration of 0.3 wt% in lipid phase (82.8, 89.0, and 90.0%, respectively), which was contributed to their solubility in the lipid phase. These optimum LNP systems loading flavonoids were digested by simulated intestinal juice within 60 min, and released the molecules from the matrices to the aqueous medium (37ยฐC) in 50% (v/v) ethanol within 12 h. These results could be used as the basis of further study to develop beverages with flavonoids.Contents โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆI LIST OF TABLES โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆIV LIST OF FIGURES โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆVI Abstract โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆIX I. INTRODUCTION โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 2.1. Chemicals and reagents โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 2.2. Gas chromatography (GC) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 2.3. Power X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ6 2.4. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) preparation โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ6 2.4.1. Blank LNP preparation โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ6 2.4.2. Flavonoids loaded LNPs preparation โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ7 2.5. Contents of non-aggregated LNPs, yield (%) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ9 2.6. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ9 2.7. Particle size and ฮถ -potential determination โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ10 2.8. Response surface methodology (RSM) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ11 2.9. Flavonoids entrapment efficiency, EE % โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ13 2.10. Simulated small intestinal in vitro digestion test โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ13 2.11. Flavonoids release experiment โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ16 2.12. Statistical analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ16 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ17 Part I. Preparation of stable blank LNPs โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ17 3.1. Characteristics of FHCO and the blended lipids โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ17 3.2. Visual stability of LNPs โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ23 3.3. Contents of non-aggregated LNPs, yield (%) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ25 3.4. Crystallinity index (CI) of LNPs โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ29 3.5. Particle size distribution and ฮถ -potential โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ32 3.6. Response surface methodology (RSM) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ41 Part II. Application of the stable LNP system to encapsulate flavonoid molecules โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ45 3.7. Preparation of LNPs loading flavonoid molecules โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ45 3.8. Yield (%) of flavonoids loaded LNPs โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ48 3.9. Particle size distribution and ฮถ -potential of flavonoid molecules loaded LNPs โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ50 3.10. Flavonoids entrapment efficiency, EE % โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ54 3.11. Thermal properties of flavonoids loaded LNPs โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ56 3.12. Release pattern of flavonoids loaded LNPs โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ58 3.13. Simulated small intestinal in vitro digestion test โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ60 IV. CONCLUSIONS โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ62 V. REFERENCES โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ63 VI. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ68Maste

    Study on development of museum educational material for children

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2011.8. ๊น€ํ˜•์ˆ™.Maste

    ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹๋ฏผ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ํ™์„๊ฒฝ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ(็พŽ็™ฝ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ์  ํ•ด์„์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฌธํ™”์ด์ž ์ผ์ƒํ™”๋œ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ โ€งํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๋‹ด๋ก  ์†์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์„ ๋ง ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ, ์ž๊ธฐ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •, ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฏธ ์˜์‹ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์„ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ์  ์ง€ํ‰ ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ด๋ก ํ™”ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ, ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ์ •๋™์˜ ๋’ค์–ฝํž˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“ค๋ขฐ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ฐ€ํƒ€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜, ์ด์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ํ‹€๋กœ์„œ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ค€๊ฑฐ์ ์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š•๋ง์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์น˜์—์„œ ์–ธํ‘œ์  ์š”์†Œ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋ฐฐ์น˜์™€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š”์†Œ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํšก๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ‘์†ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”์™€ ํƒˆ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”, ์˜ํ† ํ™”์™€ ํƒˆ์˜ํ† ํ™”์˜ ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์žฌํ˜„๋ฌผ, ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘, ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„, ๋ฒ•๋ น, ๋ฐœํ™” ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์›๋˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž, ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ, ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜, ์กฐ๋ช…, ์‹œ์ˆ  ์žฅ๋น„, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์ โ€ง๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ํšก๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธ๋ถ€์  ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ƒ‰์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ณ€์ดํ•ด ์˜จ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํƒˆ์ง€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฝ€์ƒค์‹œ ๋ฏธํ•™์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผํฌ๋ผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ •๋™์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฒน๊ฒน์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์€ ์ผ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ, ์ฆ‰ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šคํ™”๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ฆ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”ํšก๋‹จ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์— ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ ํ๋ฆ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ธ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์šฐ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผํฌ๋ผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์„ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” K-๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”ํšก๋‹จ ์†์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ •์„œ์™€ ์ •๋™์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ํƒˆ์˜ํ† ์  ํž˜์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”ํšก๋‹จ์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ณ€์šฉ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ์  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋™์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ, ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ-๋˜๊ธฐ, ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์š•๋ง, ์ธ์ข…์ƒ‰์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณด์ฒ ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋“ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์—์„œ ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ์ •๋™์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ, ๋ฐฑ์ธ๊ณผ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์™€ํ•ด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํƒˆ์˜ํ† ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ์žฌ์˜ํ† ํ™”์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. K-๋ทฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ K-๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ฆ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํš์ผํ™”๋œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ง€์ธต ์œ„์—์„œ ๋™๋ถ์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์  ์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ์ฃผ์  ํž˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •๋™์€ ํ˜‘์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ์ธ์ข…๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•œ K-์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ง€์ธต ์†์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ํšก๋‹จ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ์–‘๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ์  ์ด๋…ํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผํฌ๋ผ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•ญ์  ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ํƒˆ์˜ํ† ํ™”์™€ ์žฌ์˜ํ† ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์†์—์„œ, ์ œ๊ตญ์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰ ์œ„๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋ชฉ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ์  ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ์„œ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This study aims to provide a decolonial interpretation on mibaek, or skin-whitening culture of South Korea, through the concept of mibaek assemblage. While mibaek constitutes a core aspect of media culture and daily practices in Korea, it has not been sufficiently discussed in social or academic discourse. Meanwhile, Eurocentric discourses have interpreted skin-whitening practices of colored people as white envy, mimicry, the negation of self-identity, or a form of pathological aesthetics. Therefore, mibaek calls for observation and discussion from a postcolonial perspective that contextualizes it in Korean and Asian culture. In recognizing this, this study analyzes mibaek assemblage, which is an intricate network of people, technologies, desires, and affects. Assemblage, based on the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, provides a deimperialized, posthuman, and affective framework that refuses to submit to a certain authority. In the assemblage composed of various flows of desires, discursive collective assemblages of enunciations and nondiscursive machinic assemblages of bodies intermingle transversally and go through an immanent process of (re)coding and decoding, and (re)territorializing and deterritorializing. This study addresses two questions. First, how is mibaek assemblage organized? This study observes the collective and machinic assemblages of mibaek based on findings from literature reviews, media representations, in-depth interviews, and field research. In terms of collective assemblage, mibaek images, relevant expressions, laws, and utterances are used for analysis. And machinic assemblage considers the intervention of material agents such as cosmetics, camera applications, lighting, surgical equipment, digital technology, along with the human agents who produce or practice mibaek. Based on the analysis of these data, this study proposes three aspects of mibaek assemblage that these semiotic and material components connectively construct: image assemblage, sometechnical assemblage, and trans-Asian assemblage. First, mibaek image assemblage shows the characteristics of idealized skin in Korea and how it has transformed. In particular, as the mibaek image digitizes, it gains unique artificiality and de-indexicality, thereby forming what is referred as the pposhasi. This aesthetics creates simulacra of mibaek which ubiquitously exist in Korean media and cityscape and produces an affective capacity of Korean stars visual features. Second, somatechnical mibaek assemblage reveals how human bodies and technologies interconnect. Along with the expansion of the realm of mibaek to include myriad techniques, tools, and an advancing discourse on skin, mibaek constructs a somatechnical assemblage that dictates principles pertaining to the outwardly presentation of the self in specific, everyday situations. Mibaek interface, in particular, is a critical concept that demonstrates how mibaek is a blackboxed somatechnics and plays an important role in determining how Korean people present or express themselves in public. Third, trans-Asian mibaek assemblage places mibaek within a trans-Asian cultural flow. In the East Asian beauty flow, mibaek is coded with regional aesthetics and cultural sensitivity, thus acting as a simulacre that blurs the boundaries between races. In addition, K-beauty which heralds mibaek as a prime aesthetics, traverses Asia, sharing emotional and affective values of Korean cultural content. What does mibaek assemblage do? It produces deterritorializing power. Through visuals of Korean stars, individual bodily experiences, trans-Asian cultural sensitivity, mibaek assemblage produces meanings and values that resist existing structural hierarchies. The affective power of mibaek assemblage is one that changes the bodily capacity such that it can escape from norms, creating a form of becoming. This study discusses the becoming-woman, becoming-Asian and becoming-Asian men, while observing female desire, re-assemblage of racial color, and prosthetic connections between minorities. Additionally, this study addresses how these concepts create fissures in the normative identity. The mibaek assemblage that consists of various desires and affects dissolves the boundaries and hierarchies between the feminine and the masculine, white and Asian, thus revealing its deterritorial potential. On the other hand, mibaek assemblage also simultaneously produces a reterritorializing power. The burgeoning K-beauty and K-culture industries package mibaek as a transnational commodity that exposes a beauty hierarchy between Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia and reveals pigmentocratic imperiality. Under the colorism of K-beauty, the positive affect that drives deterritorial force fails to connect with specific bodies. While the overall findings demonstrate that mibaek assemblage in the postcolonial era produces an ambivalent power of deterritorialization and reterritorialization, this study suggests ideal concepts of decolonial mibaek counter-politics encompassing mibaek simulacra and mibaek machine. Mibaek simulacra challenge the hierarchy between an original and a copy, and mibaek machine provides deimperial and decolonial perceptions on skin color. Therefore, over the endless repetition of deterritorialization and reterritorialization of mibaek assemblage in postcolonial situations, the core of mibaek machine, which rejects imperial power and colorism and constructs nomadic subjectivity, should be pursued as a decolonial way of thinking.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ•ด์„ 7 1. ๋ฐฑ์ธ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„: ๋ฐฑ์ธ-์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ 7 2. ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์งˆ์„œ: ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ 14 3. ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ƒ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก  19 4. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ์ข…๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 27 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ•ด์„ 31 1. ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ  ๋‹ด๋ก  32 2. ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์„  35 3. ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ฌธ 41 4. K-๋ทฐํ‹ฐ 47 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ˜• 50 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 54 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜: ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 57 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 58 1. ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 58 2. ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 62 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํšก๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 66 1. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ 66 2. ์‹ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์  ํšก๋‹จ์„ฑ: ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ 68 3. ๋ฌธํ™”ํšก๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ์ข…์„ฑ: ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ 70 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋˜๊ธฐ 74 1. ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์š•๋ง์œผ๋กœ 75 2. ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ n๊ฐœ์˜ ๋˜๊ธฐ 78 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ์  ํ•จ์˜ 82 1. ํ•˜์œ„์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ์œ ๋ชฉ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ 83 2. ํƒˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผํฌ๋ผ 86 3. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ง€๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ 90 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 95 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 95 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 97 1. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ 97 2. ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ฐฐ 103 3. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์žฌํ˜„ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 104 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ•ด์„์  ํ‹€: ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 105 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 107 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ๋ณ€์‹  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 108 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 116 1. ๋ฝ€์ƒต๊ณผ ๋ฝ€์ƒค์‹œ: ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฏธํ•™ 116 2. ํ•˜์–€ ์ž์•„์˜ ํƒˆ์ง€ํ‘œ์„ฑ 121 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณต์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์–ผ๊ตด 125 1. ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—… 126 2. ๋ฏธ์Šค์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด 139 3. ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด 143 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ๊ธฐ์–ต์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 146 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 148 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 149 1. ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ 149 2. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์‹ ์ฒด-๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ 153 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™” 161 1. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€๊พธ๊ธฐ 161 2. ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ  165 3. ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ํ™”์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ  171 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค 177 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ์ผ์ƒ์  ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ 181 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 183 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ์  ๋ฏธํ•™ 183 1. ๋น›์˜ ๋ง๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํ•™ 183 2. ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฏธํ•™ 188 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ K-๋ทฐํ‹ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 195 1. K-๋ทฐํ‹ฐ์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ์  ํž˜ 196 2. ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ K-๋ทฐํ‹ฐ 201 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ์  ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์„ ์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ 207 ์ œ 8 ์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์ธ-๋˜๊ธฐ 209 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ 210 1. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์š•๋ง์— ํฌ์„ญ๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์š•๋ง 210 2. ์—ฌ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 215 3. ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ 221 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ-๋˜๊ธฐ 225 1. ํ™”์ดํŠธ์›Œ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์˜๋กœ์›Œ์‹ฑ 225 2. ์ธ์ข…์ƒ‰์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํผ์Šค๋„ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 232 3. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ-๋˜๊ธฐ 238 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ 242 1. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ๋‚จ์„ฑ 243 2. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋‚ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 248 3. ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ-๋˜๊ธฐ 252 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด-๋˜๊ธฐ์™€ ํƒˆ์˜ํ† ํ™” 255 ์ œ 9 ์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ 257 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ K-๋ทฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์š•๋ง 258 1. ์„œ์šธ ํ™”์ดํŠธ 258 2. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด 268 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ K-๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ฃผ์˜ 273 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์˜ ํ™ˆ ํŒŒ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 278 ์ œ 10 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ง€๋„ 281 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ 281 1. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผํฌ๋ผ 282 2. ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ 284 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 290 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 290 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 293 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 295 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 299 Abstract 320Docto

    A Study on the Effect of Oral Fluoroquinolone Use on the Incidence of Retinal detachment : Nested Case-Control

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    ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ‰์†Œ์ƒํ”ผ์™€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง๋ง ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ, ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ›„์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์šฉ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๋ณต์šฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 12๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณต๋‹จ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋‚ด ํ™˜์ž-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. 2002๋…„์— ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ์ง„๋‹จ ์ด๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ผ(2003๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ)์— 20์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ํ™˜์ž 748,409๋ช…์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž 5,842๋ช…์„ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ฐฐ์Šจ๋™๋ฐ˜์งˆํ™˜์ง€์ˆ˜(Charlson comobidity index)๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 1:5๋กœ ๋งค์นญํ•œ 29,204๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 35,046๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ผ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์šฉ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ด๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„๋ณต์šฉ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(Conditional logistic regression)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„(Odds raio)๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์šฉ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์šฉ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ์ด ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹น๋‡จ, ๊ทผ์‹œ, ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ต์ œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น„๋ณต์šฉ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ณต์šฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 1.15๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.08-1.23)์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ์ด์ „ 1๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น„๋ณต์šฉ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ณต์šฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 1.26๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.17-1.36)์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‹œํ”„๋กœํ”Œ๋ก์‚ฌ์‹ , ๋ ˆ๋ณดํ”Œ๋ก์‚ฌ์‹ , ํ† ์ˆ˜ํ”Œ๋ก์‚ฌ์‹ ์ด ๋น„๋ณต์šฉ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.09๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.01-1.18), 1.15๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.05-1.26), 1.68๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.35-2.10) ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์šฉ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ์ด ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ณ„ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถ”ํ›„ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ์–ด: ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœํ€ด๋†€๋ก ๊ณ„, ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ, ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋‚ด ํ™˜์ž-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ I. Background and Purpose Retinal detachment is a disease in which the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the neurosensory retina are separated, and the number of patients visiting the hospital for retinal detachment is increasing every year. The mechnism was suggested that fluoroquinolones breakdown of collagen promoting posterior vitreous detachment and leading to retinal detachment. There are several previous studies on the risk of retinal detachment associated with using fluoroquinolones. The results of the previous studies were different from each other. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the risk of retinal detachment according to the oral fluoroquinolone use and each components. Subject and Methods This study is a nested case-control study using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort(NHIS-NSC) for about 12 years from 2002 to 2013. In 2002, patients with a history of retinal detachment diagnosis or patients who died were excluded. Patients who was under age 20 at cohort entry (2003.1.1.) were excluded. From 748,409 eligible participants, 5,842 patients diagnosed with retinal detachment were selected as the case. 29,204 patients were selected as a control using incidence density sampling. 5 were matcched to a case by gender, age and Charlson Comobidity Index(CCI). Total study population was 35,046. Use of oral fluoroquinolone was identified from the date of cohort entry to the date of retinal detachment. The risk of retinal detachment compared to the non-user group was evaluated by odds ratio using conditional logistic regression. The association of retinal detachment and each component was determined, and the relationship between fluoroquinolones and the risk of retinal detachment was analyzed according to subgroups. Results The effect of oral fluoroquinolone use on the incidence of retinal detachment was OR 1.15(95 % CI: 1.08-1.23). As a result of evaluating whether or not to take antibiotics for 1 year before retinal detachment, the risk of retinal detachment in the user group was OR 1.26(95% CI: 1.17-1.36) compared to the non-user group. As a result of the analysis of each component, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and tosufloxacin were OR 1.09(95% CI: 1.01-1.18), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05-1.26), 1.68(95% CI: 1.35-2.10) compared to the non-user group, respectively. Conclusions This study confirmed that oral fluoroquinolone antibiotics increased the risk of retinal detachment and determined the association with each component and retinal detachment. However, in order to confirm the effect of antibiotics on the incidence of retinal detachment, detailed studies need to be conducted.open์„
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