동학가사 『만세선화』 연구

In this paper, I analyze Manse seonhwa (萬世仙話), a newly discovered anthology of 41 pieces of gasa (prose-poetry), which was published in 1975 by Suungyo (水 雲敎). I compared it with the manuscript, introducing the author, bibliography, and contents. Manse seonhwa was written by Jeong Su-seung (鄭壽承) in the early 1910s before the establishment of Suungyo, and it was recognized as a scripture when Ullimgyo (雲林敎) was established. Furthermore, the fact that Jeong Su-seung was a member of Suungyo and that Manse seonhwa did not have a specific religious sentiment was cited as the reasons for Suungyo's acceptance and publication of Manse seonhwa. The paper also highlights the problems arising from the failure to recognize the characteristics of gasa in Eastern Learning regarding the existing academic perception of Manse seonhwa. It examines how Manse seonhwa connects with the traditions of the existing gasa genre and identifies its distinctive characteristics. Both Jeong Su-seung, the author of Manse seonhwa, and Ullimgyo have now faded into history, with no one, including Suungyo, remembering them. However, Manse seonhwa represents a social gasa of Eastern Learning that sought religious solutions while grappling with the turbulent colonial situation following the loss of national sovereignty in 1910. The paper emphasizes that it is a rare case for a specific author to have accomplished 41 pieces of gasa in the early 1910s, making it evident that Manse seonhwa holds value not only as a religious gasa but also as a significant document within the realm of gasa as a whole

시운과 도덕의 상관관계를 중심으로

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 인문대학 종교학과, 2021.8. 최종성.New religions in Korea have been focused on the idea of ​​Gaebyeok(開闢), but this paper will show that views of the 'fate of the periods'(時運) of new religions, including Gaebyeok, have a close correlation with ‘morality’(道德). And to demonstrate this, the prose-poetry(gasa, 歌辭) were selected from among the various texts of new religions. Prose-poetry of new religions are the best means of conveying the core content of each new religion to the people in the form of a song. This is derived from the Songs of Yongdam of Eastern Learning(『龍潭遺詞』). Eastern Learning wanted to make itself known not only through the Classical Chinese text, Bible of Eastern Learning Doctrine(『東經大全』), but also through the Songs of Yongdam, a scripture with Korean prose-poetry. Prose-poetry were easily conveyed to people through rhythm and could be easily understood, and also had a comparative advantage in memorization. In addition, since the women who do not know classical Chinese were the main subjects of new religions, prose-poetry were more approachable to them. Afterwards, many Korean new religions followed this model and actively used Prose-poetry in addition to the classical Chinese texts. These prose-poetry of new religions clearly showed their own thoughts, but they also showed the aspect of transforming the existing thoughts of Chŏng’s Predictions(鄭鑑錄) into a new one. The prose-poetry of new religions did not follow the existing model of dynasty change by the True Man-Messiah or a geographical movement to avoid the coming catastrophic end in Chŏng’s Predictions. New religions in modern Korea read the apocalyptic situation in the harsh conditions of the Japanese colonial era and difficult conditions such as famine, epidemics, and poverty, but they did not follow the Chŏng’s Predictions' passive way of avoiding the times of catastrophe. Although the new religions announced disasters caused by fate of the periods, they understood the disasters as the pain they had to go through in order to usher in a new era, and dreamed that those who overcame the bitter frost of ​Gaebyeok would welcome the spring of heaven on earth. In the midst of the ‘fate of the periods’ that marked the end of the old world and the beginning of a new one, what the leaders of the new religions cried out was ‘morality’. The moral teachings of Confucianism, such as the three bonds and five relationships(三綱五倫), were given new meanings through the introduction of ‘fate of the periods’. Morality was understood as an indicator of 'fate of the periods', a way to survive, and qualification to enter heaven on earth. This relationship between 'fate of the periods' and 'morality' started with Eastern Learning and was accepted and transformed into many new religions. New religions' perceptions of fate of the periods and morality diversified after Eastern Learning. The future era was perceived in various ways such as Prior to Heavens(先天), Later Heavens(後天), Middle Heavens(中天). And in relation to fate of the periods, various aspects such as recognition of established religions and their own denominations, recognition of saints, and criticism of the present age appeared. In addition, the moral pattern in Eastern Learning is still revealed in the later new religions, and the object of morality is extended to the ancestors, including the relationship of the heavens(天) and the five relationships(五倫). On the other hand, there is Divinatory prose-poetry(秘訣歌辭) in which a specific person who is thought to have the power of prophecy among the prose-poetry of new religions, is considered to be the author, and the content of the prophecy is accepted or changed, and furthermore, it becomes a prophecy by itself. In order to attract the public's interest, these divinatory prose-poetry actively interpret the hidden 'secret' and raise a strong appeal. This is not a simple acceptance of the secret writings, but a process of appropriation, that is, a process of accepting the signifier and situation of the secret writings, but replacing its core meaning with the thoughts of new religions. The Song of Gathering Medicinal Herbs(採芝歌), The Song of Gung-Eul(弓乙歌), The Song of knowing to stop(知止歌), prose-poetry in Kyuckamyoorok(格菴遺錄) belong to this. In the rapidly changing reality of Korea, new religions in Korea have been actively experimenting with the thoughts of the ‘fate of the periods’ and ‘morality’ through prose-poetry from modern times to the present. The thoughts contained in the prose-poetry of the new religion has not received much attention until now, but from now on, it will be a matter to be considered in order to understand the new religion of Korea.한국 신종교는 그동안 개벽사상(開闢思想)에 초점이 맞춰져 왔으나, 본고는 신종교의 개벽을 비롯한 시운관(時運觀)이 도덕(道德)과 밀접한 상관관계에 있음을 말하고자 한다. 그리고 이를 보이기 위한 자료로서 신종교의 여러 자료들 중 가사(歌辭)를 택하였다. 신종교가사는 각 신종교에서 핵심적으로 말하고자 하는 내용을 노래에 담아 민중들에게 전달하기 위한 가장 좋은 수단이었는데, 이는 동학(東學)의 《용담유사(龍潭遺詞)》로부터 비롯하였다. 곧 동학은 한문경전인 『동경대전(東經大全)』뿐 아니라 국문가사로 된 경전인 《용담유사》를 통해 자신을 알리고자 하였는데, 가사는 3·4조, 4·4조의 리듬을 통해 사람들에게 쉽게 전달되고 쉽게 이해될 수 있었으며, 또한 암기에 있어서도 비교우위를 차지하였다. 게다가 대부분 한문을 잘 알지 못하는 여성들이 신종교에 있어 주요한 대상이 되었기에 가사가 더욱더 친근하게 다가갈 수 있었다. 이후의 많은 한국 신종교들은 이러한 모델을 따라 한문경전 외에도 가사를 적극적으로 활용하게 되었다. 이들 신종교가사들은 한국의 역동적인 종교지형에서 각 교단의 사상을 단적으로 보여주면서도, 기존 정감록(鄭鑑錄)의 사유들을 활용하여 새로이 탈바꿈시키는 면모를 보여주기도 하였다. 신종교가사는 기존 정감록에서의 진인(眞人)-메시아를 통한 왕조교체 혹은 다가오는 파국적 결말과 그를 피하기 위한 지리적인 이동이라는 구조를 따르지 않았다. 근대기의 한국신종교들은 기근, 전염병, 가난 등의 어려운 여건과 일제강점기라는 혹독한 상황에서 묵시록적인 상황을 읽어내었지만, 파국의 때를 나열하고 소극적으로 회피하는 정감록적인 방식을 따르지 않았다. 신종교들은 시운에 따른 재난을 알리면서도 그 재난은 새로운 시대를 맞이하기 위해 겪어야 하는 진통으로 이해하고, ‘다시개벽’의 된서리를 이겨낸 이들이 지상천국의 봄을 맞이하게 될 것을 꿈꾸었다. 과거의 세계의 종말과 새로운 세계의 시작을 알리는 ‘시운’의 한가운데에서 신종교의 지도자들이 부르짖었던 것은 바로 ‘도덕’이었다. 유교의 삼강오륜(三綱五倫) 등의 도덕적 가르침들은 ‘시운’이라는 요소의 도입을 통해 새로운 의미를 부여받게 되는데 곧 시운의 표상, 살아남기 위한 방편, 지상천국에 들어가기 위한 자격으로서 도덕이 강조되고 이해되었던 것이다. 이러한 시운과 도덕의 결합은 동학에서부터 시작되어 많은 신종교에 수용 및 변용되었다. 곧 시운 및 도덕에 대한 신종교의 인식은 동학 이후 다각화되었다. 앞으로 올 시대를 선천(先天), 후천(後天), 중천(中天) 등으로 다양하게 인식하였는가 하면, 시운과 관련하여 기성종교 및 자신의 교단에 대한 인식, 성인(聖人)에 대한 인식, 현시대에 대한 비판 등 여러 모습이 나타나게 되었다. 또한 동학에서의 도덕 유형은 이후의 신종교에서도 여전히 드러나며, 도덕을 행하는 대상은 기존 천, 오륜관계에 이어 조상으로까지 확대된다. 한편으로 신종교가사 중 예언(豫言)의 능력이 있다고 생각된 특정인물에게 가탁되어 비결의 내용을 수용 혹은 변용, 나아가 스스로 비결화되고 있는 비결가사(秘訣歌辭)가 있다. 이들 비결가사는 민중들의 흥미를 끌기 위해 비결과 관련하여, 널리 사람들에게 알려져 있지만 그 내용은 감춰져 있는 ‘비밀’을 적극적으로 가사 내에서 해석하며, 강한 호소력을 보여준다. 이는 비결의 단순한 수용이 아닌 전유의 과정, 곧 비결의 기표와 상황을 수용하되, 그 핵심적인 의미를 신종교의 사유로 치환하는 과정이다. 《채지가(採芝歌)》, , , 『격암유록(格菴遺錄)』 내 가사들이 이에 속한다. 한국 신종교는 급격히 변화해 나가는 한국의 현실 속에서 ‘시운’과 ‘도덕’에 대한 사유를 근대부터 현재까지 계속 가사를 통해 왕성하게 실험해 나갔다. 신종교가사가 담고 있는 이러한 사유는 지금까지 주목받지 못하였으나, 앞으로 한국신종교를 이해하기 위해 반드시 고려해야 할 사항이 될 것이다.Ⅰ. 머리말 1 1. 연구의 대상과 목적 1 2. 선행 연구 검토 6 2.1. 종교와 가사 6 2.2. 신종교의 시운과 도덕 17 3. 논문의 연구방법과 내용 20 3.1. 연구방법 21 3.2. 논문의 내용 23 Ⅱ. 동학의 탄생과 ≪용담유사≫ 27 1. 신종교가사의 흐름 27 1.1. 동학 이전 27 1.2. 초기 동학 및 일제강점기까지의 가사 28 1.3. 일제강점기 신종교가사 29 1.4.. 해방 이후의 신종교가사 31 2. 정감록에서 동학으로: 도덕으로의 방향전환 31 2.1. 정감록의 사상 35 2.2. 동학의 정감록 수용과 변용 39 3. 시운 43 3.1. ‘다시개벽’의 시운과 성인의 역할 43 3.2. 시운과 동귀일체(同歸一體) 48 4. 도덕 57 4.1. 징후로서의 도덕: 시운의 표상 57 4.2. 생사와 도덕: 구제의 요건 61 4.3. 지상천국과 도덕: 공동체 구성원의 자격 72 5. 소결 76 Ⅲ. 신종교가사의 시운 77 1. 시운과 제요소 인식 78 1.1. 시운과 종교 78 1.2. 시운과 성인 90 1.3. 시운과 시대상황 92 2. 시운관의 유형 95 2.1. 후천 96 2.2. 선천 100 2.3. 중천 102 3. 소결 106 Ⅳ. 신종교가사의 도덕 108 1. 도덕의 유형 109 1.1. 징후로서의 도덕: 시운의 표상 109 1.2. 생사와 도덕 110 1.3. 이상세계와 도덕 117 2. 관계에 따른 도덕의 양상 120 2.1. 오륜 관계 121 2.2. 조상과 후손 관계 125 3. 소결 129 Ⅴ. 비결가사의 시운과 도덕 131 1. 비결가사의 시운 135 2. 비결가사의 도덕 143 3. 비결가사의 특성 149 3.1. 신종교 공공재로서의 성격 149 3.2. 기존 비결의 전유 151 4. 소결 153 Ⅵ. 맺음말 155 부록 159 참고문헌 171 Abstract 193 표 목 차. [표 1] 《용담유사》의 가사 28 [표 2] 본 연구에 활용된 신종교의 종교가사 현황 31 [표 3] 정감록과 동학 비교 39박

Healthcare-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Korean tertiary hospital

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) has more similarities to nosocomial pneumonia than to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, there have only been a few epidemiological studies of HCAP in South Korea. We aimed to determine the differences between HCAP and CAP in terms of clinical features, pathogens, and outcomes, and to clarify approaches for initial antibiotic management. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational study of 527 patients with HCAP or CAP who were hospitalized at Severance Hospital in South Korea between January and December 2008. RESULTS: Of these patients, 231 (43.8%) had HCAP, and 296 (56.2%) had CAP. Potentially drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria were more frequently isolated in HCAP than CAP (12.6% vs. 4.7%; P = 0.001), especially in the low-risk group of the PSI classes (41.2% vs. 13.9%; P = 0.027). In-hospital mortality was higher for HCAP than CAP patients (28.1% vs. 10.8%, P < 0.001), especially in the low-risk group of PSI classes (16.4% vs. 3.1%; P = 0.001). Moreover, tube feeding and prior hospitalization with antibiotic treatment within 90 days of pneumonia onset were significant risk factors for PDR pathogens, with odds ratios of 14.94 (95% CI 4.62-48.31; P < 0.001) and 2.68 (95% CI 1.32-5.46; P = 0.007), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For HCAP patients with different backgrounds, various pathogens and antibiotic resistance of should be considered, and careful selection of patients requiring broad-spectrum antibiotics is important when physicians start initial antibiotic treatments.ope

Changes in Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Level in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock

Background Despite many ongoing, prospective studies on the topic, sepsis still remains one of the main causes of death in hospital. The hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has a similar molecular structure to that of insulin. IGF-1 exerts anabolic effects and plays important roles in both normal physiology and pathologic processes. Previous studies have observed low serum IGF-1 level in patients with critical illnesses. Here, we evaluated changes in IGF-1 level based on survival of septic patients. Methods We evaluated 140 patients with sepsis and septic shock (21 with sepsis and 119 with septic shock) admitted to the intensive care unit of a university-affiliated hospital in Korea. Serum IGF-1 level was measured on days 0, 1, 3, and 7. Patients with liver disease were excluded from this study. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results Patients with septic shock had significantly lower serum IGF-1 level on days 1 and 3 than patients without septic shock (p = 0.002 and p = 0.007, respectively). Generally, there was a negative relationship between IGF-1 and serum cortisol levels; however, this relationship was only significant on day 3 (p = 0.029). Furthermore, renin showed significantly negative correlation with IGF-1 on day 3 (p = 0.038). IGF-1 level did not show significant difference between survivors and non-survivors. Conclusions Our results showed that IGF-1 was associated with septic shock, and that the IGF-1 axis is severely disrupted in septic patients. Additionally, serum cortisol and renin levels were associated with IGF-1 level.ope

A Case of Prolonged Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

When all the conventional treatments have failed for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can offer these patients a chance to survive. We report here on a case of successful treatment with prolonged ECMO support for a patient with severe ARDS. A 41-year-old female patient with acute A-viral hepatitis developed pneumonia and progressive ARDS. After tracheostomy, her clinical condition deteriorated despite proper antibiotic administration and other conventional treatments, including the recruitment maneuver and steroid use. Venoarterial ECMO was given for the management of refractory hypoxemia that developed 14 days after the initiation of mechanical ventilation. The duration of ECMO support was 4 weeks, and she was successfully weaned off ECMO and mechanical ventilation.ope

A Case of X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia with Btk Gene Intron 2 Mutation.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia is the most common type of primary immunodeficiency disorder. Mutation ofthe cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase gene, Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase), is known to be the etiology of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. The patients with this disease manifest a B-cell deficiency and low levels of serum immunoglobulin; due to the deficient antibodies, they suffers from recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections. We report here a 24-year-old male with an initial clinical impression of recurrent pneumonia and bronchiectasis. The patient presented with marked pan-hypogammaglobulinemia and the absence of circulating B-lymphocytes on the immunologic study, and he carried a splicing mutation of intron 2 in the Btk gene (IVS2 -3C>G).ope

A Case of Pneumothorax Caused by Cystic Lung Metastasis of Angiosarcoma

Angiosarcoma is a rare but highly malignant tumorthat usually arises in the scalp or face of elderly males. Distant metastases favor the lung, liver, lymph nodes and skin. Metastatic pulmonary angiosarcoma commonly takes the form of a nodule but can sometimes appear as a thin-walled cyst. We report a case of 65 years-old male with a spontaneous pneumothorax, who underwent excision and radiotherapy for an angiosarcoma of the scalp 2 years ago. A chest CT scan revealed multiple cysts in the lung. The video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy demonstrated subpleural cysts without tumor cells. A skin biopsy of the scalp showed an angiosarcoma. This case was diagnosed as a recurrence of an angiosarcoma with a supposed lung metastasis. This case suggests that a spontaneous pneumothorax in elderly people may be secondary to a pulmonary metastasis from an angiosarcoma of the scalp.ope

Risk factors for occurrence and 30-day mortality for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in an intensive care unit.

To assess the risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) bacteremia and for 30-day mortality in patients with CRAB bacteremia in the intensive care unit (ICU), we conducted a retrospective study in the ICU at Severance Hospital in Korea from January 2008 to December 2009. Patients who acquired CRAB bacteremia in the ICU were enrolled as the case group and patients whose specimens of blood culture, sputum/endotracheal aspirate and urine revealed no AB were enrolled as controls. The case group comprised 106 patients and 205 patients were included as controls. Risk factors independently associated with CRAB bacteremia included prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment (Odds ratio [OR], 3.6; P = 0.003), recent central venous catheter insertion (OR, 5.7; P < 0.001) or abdominal drainage insertion (OR, 21.9; P = 0.004), the number of antibiotics treated with (OR, 1.3; P = 0.016), and respiratory failure in the ICU (OR, 2.5; P = 0.035). The 30-day mortality was 79.8%. Renal failure during ICU stay was independently associated with 30-day mortality (OR, 3.7; P = 0.047). It is important to minimize invasive procedures, and to restrict excessive use of antibiotics, especially in immunocompromised patients, in order to prevent the development of CRAB bacteremia. Greater concern for CRAB bacteremia patients is needed when renal failure develops during ICU stay.ope

Prognostic Implications of Serum Lipid Metabolism over Time during Sepsis

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive research and an improved standard of care, sepsis remains a disorder with a high mortality rate. Sepsis is accompanied by severe metabolic alterations. METHODS: We evaluated 117 patients with sepsis (severe sepsis [n = 19] and septic shock [n = 98]) who were admitted to the intensive care unit. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), free fatty acid (FFA), and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I levels were measured on days 0, 1, 3, and 7. RESULTS: Nonsurvivors had low levels of cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, and Apo A-I on days 0, 1, 3, and 7. In a linear mixed model analysis, the variations in TG, LDL, FFA, and Apo A-I levels over time differed significantly between the groups (p = 0.043, p = 0.020, p = 0.005, and p = 0.015, resp.). According to multivariate analysis, TG levels and SOFA scores were associated with mortality on days 0 and 1 (p = 0.018 and p = 0.008, resp.). CONCLUSIONS: Our study illustrated that TG levels are associated with mortality in patients with sepsis. This may be attributable to alterations in serum lipid metabolism during sepsis, thus modulating the host response to inflammation in critically ill patients.ope

Caplan's Syndrome Presenting as Multiple Pulmonary Nodules

We report a case of Caplan's Syndrome, which presented as multiple pulmonary nodules. A 58-year-old male was admitted to hospital due to multiple pulmonary nodules. In addition, the patient presented with multiple arthritis, and dyspnea on exertion. Rheumatoid arthritis had been diagnosed 35 years ago. The patient had worked as a stonemason for 20 years. Computed Tomography (CT) revealed numerous well-defined tiny nodules scattered in both lungs, which was suspicious of miliary tuberculosis or malignancy. The patient was started on antituberculous medications and referred to our hospital. First, a transbronchial lung biopsy was performed, which showed no evidence of granuloma. It was our opinion that the biopsy was insufficient, and a follow-up video-associated thoracoscopy was performed. The pathological report determined necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and silicosis on background. According to imaging studies, pathologic reports, and clinical symptoms, we concluded that the patient had Caplan's syndrome. We controlled his rheumatic medications, and instructed him to avoid exposure to hazardous dustope