32 research outputs found

    Low-Current High-Speed Domain-Wall Motions of Pt/Co/TiO2 PMA Films

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์ตœ์„๋ด‰.Controlling domain-walls (DWs) by low electric current with high speed is the key for excellent performance of spintronic memory and logic devices. Accordingly, many researchers have devoted their efforts to faster DW speed In this paper, we report that, with appropriate choice of oxidation condition, the DW moves ~100m/s with current density ~low ใ€–10ใ€—^11A/m^2 on Pt/Co/TiO_2 perpendicularly magnetized anisotropic (PMA) micro-wire structure. Additionally, through this work, Pt/Co/TiO_2 PMA structure and its properties were introduced for the first time. For this study, firstly, we fabricated naturally oxidized Pt/Co/TiO_x flims and confirmed x=2 through XPS data. The detailed film structure is 5-nm Ta/3-nm Pt/0.45-nm, 0.5-nm Co/1.5-nm TiO_x, which is deposited on Si/SiO_2wafers by use of dc magnetron sputtering. Secondly, we deposited Pt/Co/TiO_2 films with various oxidation condition. Finally, after patterning micro-wire, we observed DW moves ~100m/s with current density ~low ใ€–10ใ€—^11A/m^2 To investigate current induced domain wall motion, we used MOKE microscope with 780 nm wavelength laser The present observation provides a good starting point to achieve higher performance of DW-mediated spintronic devices with a faster DW speed.1 ์„œ๋ก  1 2 ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„คํŠธ๋ก  ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง ์žฅ๋น„ 3 2.1 ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 2.2 ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฅ  ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 2.3 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ • 8 3 TiOx ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ž์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ XPS ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„ 9 3.1 ์„œ๋ก  10 3.2 ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 12 3.3 ์ž๊ตฌ๋ฒฝ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฃน, Kt-t Plot, ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์œ ๋„์ž๊ตฌ๋ฒฝ์ด๋™ 16 3.4 XPS ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 19 3.5 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  21 4 TiO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์œ ๋„์ž๊ตฌ๋ฒฝ์ด๋™ ์ธก์ • 22 4.1 ์„œ๋ก  23 4.2 ์‚ฐํ™” ์กฐ๊ฑด 24 4.3 ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ด‘์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ MOKE 25 4.4 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 5 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ „๋ง 27 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 28Maste

    Detecting differential item functioning in accordance with the matrix sampling data structure and item properties

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๋ฐ•ํ˜„์ •.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ ฌํ‘œ์ง‘ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ก  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ Wald Test์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ ฌํ‘œ์ง‘ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ(์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜, ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ)๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ(์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜, ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 42๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค์ •๋œ 42๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ Wald Test์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ 1๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ก  ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ–‰๋ ฌํ‘œ์ง‘ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(type-I error) ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ(power)์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? - ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? - ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(type-I error) ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ(power)์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? - ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? - ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ํŒ๋ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, Wald-2 ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 1๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๊ต๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ Wald-1 ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 5,000๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 1,000๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1,000๋ช…์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ .05 ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 5,000๋ช…์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1,000๋ช…์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ .8์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ .95 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1,000๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 5,000๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ–‰๋ ฌํ‘œ์ง‘ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋น„์œจ์ด 10%์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด ์—†์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ .05 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋น„์œจ์ด 20%์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์€ ํšจ๊ณผํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ .5์™€ .8์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ .95๋‚˜ .90 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํšจ๊ณผํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ .2์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ , ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด 20๊ฐœ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด 40๊ฐœ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด 10๋ฌธํ•ญ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 20๋ฌธํ•ญ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ .2์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด .05์— ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ์€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ .5 ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” .90 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ .2์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค ์ ์ฐจ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” .5 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Wald test์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ „์ฒด 42๊ฐœ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘ 25๊ฐœ(59.5%)์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€(์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด .1 ์ดํ•˜, ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ .9 ์ด์ƒ)์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Wald test์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์€ ์ •์ œ(purification) ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ธก ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ Wald ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณด์ •๋œ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ–‰๋ ฌํ‘œ์ง‘์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ „์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ํŒ๋ณ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Wald test๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ• ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ•ด์„์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์˜์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ก ๋ชจํ˜• 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ–‰๋ ฌํ‘œ์ง‘์„ค๊ณ„ 10 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฌธํ•ญ ํŒ๋ณ„๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ ฌํ‘œ์ง‘์„ค๊ณ„ 16 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ์˜์ž๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ 28 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ 33 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 34 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜ 34 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 45 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •๋ ฅ 61 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  75 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 75 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜ 79 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 85 ๋ถ€๋ก 93 Abstract 105Maste

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    Extension and Application of Hierarchical Rater Model Using Bayesian Estimation

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์ฑ„์ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌธํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจํ˜•(HRM)์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๋ฌธํ•ญ์€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ํ‰์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธก์ •ํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฑ„์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ, ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ, ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฑ„์  ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ , ์ฑ„์ ์— ์•ž์„œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ก  ๋ชจํ˜•๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” HRM๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ก  ๋ชจํ˜•๋“ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ HRM์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ก  ๋ชจํ˜•๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ฑ„์ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฑ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์ˆ ํ˜• ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์ฑ„์ ์— ๋งŽ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธํƒ์ง€์ด๋ก -์œ„๊ณ„์  ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจํ˜•(HRM-SDT)์— ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ผ์ˆ ํ˜• ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์ฑ„์ ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ , ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋ช…์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” HRM์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๊ฒ€์ฆ, ์ ์šฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ์ œ์•ฝ ์™„ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋จผ์ € ์‹ค์ œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„์— ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” HRM์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ์ œ์•ฝ ์™„ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ MCMC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ธ PIRLS 2006 ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌธํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•œ E-HRM(Extended HRM)์ด MCMC ์—ฐ์‡„ ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ณผ ํ•ด์„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  HRM ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ E-HRM ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฑ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋œ ์ฑ„์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, HRM์€ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, E-HRM์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ถ”์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ฐ’๋งŒ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” MCMC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋„ ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ๋‹น ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ด์ƒ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด E-HRM์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋น„์œจโ€™, โ€˜์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ๋‹น ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜โ€™์˜ 2๊ฐœ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ E-HRM์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์„์ˆ˜๋ก E-HRM์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ • ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜ ์‚ฌํ›„๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ’์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ 12๊ฐœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 95% ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ’์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ๋‹น ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ โ€˜200๊ฑดโ€™์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋น„์œจ โ€˜100%โ€™, โ€˜70%โ€™, โ€˜40%โ€™ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ .953, .948, .944๋กœ 95%์— ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด 25๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋น„์œจ โ€˜100%โ€™, โ€˜70%โ€™, โ€˜40%โ€™ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ .881, .894, .922๋กœ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋ณ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ E-HRM์€ ์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์™ธ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ํŒ๋ณ„ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋ณ„๋กœ E-HRM์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ํŠน์ด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ โ€˜200๊ฑดโ€™์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ .953, ํŠน์ด๋„ .988๋กœ ์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ฑ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์™ธ ์ฑ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•ด๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ โ€˜100๊ฑดโ€™์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ .903, ํŠน์ด๋„ .985๋กœ 90% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํŒ๋ณ„ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฑ„์ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ โ€˜50๊ฑดโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜25๊ฑดโ€™์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ .864, .794๋กœ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, E-HRM์€ ์ฑ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—„๊ฒฉ(ํ˜น์€ ๊ด€๋Œ€)ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ด‰ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•ด HRM์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” E-HRM์€ ์ถ”์ •์— ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , HRM๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์•ˆ ์ถ”์ •์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ E-HRM์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฑ„์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ์ •์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ๋งŒ E-HRM์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฑ„์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” PIRLS 2006์˜ 24๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์•ˆ ์ถ”์ •์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ E-HRM์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ E-HRM์˜ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ E-HRM์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  E-HRM ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ E-HRM์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž-๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ์  ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์žฌํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ฑ„์ ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋น„์šฉ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.The purpose of the study was to propose an extended hierarchical rater model(HRM) for identifying differential rater effects on rating construction items of a large-scale test and evaluating its accuracy and efficiency. Construction items, a simple performance evaluation form used widely in recent years, are scored by the rater, so rating reliability is crucial to their effectiveness. To ensure rating reliability, the rubric must be clearly made during the test development process so that they are not interpreted differently depending on the raters. Since the raters must be professional, rigorous, and consistent, there must be sufficient training prior to rating process. Despite the efforts of these test development and rating process, it is difficult to completely control the rater effects. Rater effect models including HRM based on item response theory have emerged to eliminate rater effects and accurately evaluate examinee performance. Most item response theory models, from the traditional models to HRM, assumed the influence of rater effect was constant regardless of the items. It is however difficult to keep the rater-item independence assumption in reality, and it is frequently violated in generalizability studies that use ANOVA. In this context, studies that removed the contraint due to the assumption of rater-item independence were performed on the Hierarchical Rater Signal Detection Model(HRM-SDT), a method commonly used to analysis rating data of essay-type items. However because of their complexity, those studies were only used in a few essay-type items, not in tests comprising a large number of construction items. Thus, in this study, to explore the reparameterize model by mitigating the rater-item independence constraints of HRM, which has advantages in regards to parsimony, as the consistency of the rater will be modeled as a random effect. Then application study and simulation study were examined to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the model. Instead of general research that develops, verifies, and applies models, this study leverages an existing model and first applies all possible models to actual data, following a mitigation of the rater-item independence constraints, followed by a procedure to verify accuracy and efficiency. A total of four models were analyzed using the rater-item independence constraints mitigation of rater severity parameters and rater variability parameters included in HRM. By applying these models to the PIRLS 2006 data, an international comparison large-scale performance test, and using the Bayesian-based MCMC method, the applicability of model was explored. In addition, the simulation study was conducted to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model. Based on the results of the application study, E-HRM(Extended HRM), assuming the rater's consistency varies across items and reducing the rater-item independence constraints only for the variance parameters, showed the best results of convergence in MCMC chains and interpretability. The analysis of E-HRM revealed that rater effects could be inconsistent in certain items even though they seem to be consistent on average in overall items. The analysis also found that further meaningful information of differential rater effects on each item can be acquired through E-HRM. In addition, E-HRM was better for analyzing data consist of items with heterogeneous rating distributions compared to HRM. However, even with MCMC, E-HRM could not adequately converge without enough number of rating case per item by rater. In the simulation study, 12 conditions with two factors (normal range rater's rate, number of raters for each rater item) were constructed to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of E-HRM. The simulation study revealed the following results. First, the study showed that the parameter estimation was less accurate and efficient when there were fewer number of rating per rater-item, as well as larger errors. The proportion of rater severity parameters having true values within the 95% confidence interval showed significantly high accuracy, except for one simulation design condition. The proportion of rater variability parameters having true values within the 95% confidence interval is calculated under the conditions of the normal range rater rate โ€˜100%โ€™, โ€˜70%โ€™, and โ€˜40%โ€™, for number of rating per rater-item โ€˜200 casesโ€™ .953, .948, and .944 respectively, which is about 95%. Nevertheless, as the number of rating per rater-item decreased, the corresponding rates for โ€˜100%โ€™, โ€˜70%โ€™ and โ€˜40%โ€™ decreased, at .881, .894, and .922, respectively. Second, regarding the discriminate abnormal rating, E-HRM demonstrated high sensitivity on rater variability parameters. The sensitivity and specificity of E-HRM by the number of rating per rater-item were analyzed. The results showed that with โ€˜200 casesโ€™, sensitivity and specificity were .953 and .988, respectively, and different properties between normal raters and abnormal raters could be discerned with a high degree of probability. With โ€˜100 casesโ€™, the sensitivity and specificity were .903 and .985, indicating more than 90% accuracy in discrimination. However the sensitivity decreased as the number of rating per rater-item decreased. There was slightly lower sensitivity for โ€˜50 casesโ€™ and โ€˜25 casesโ€™ at .864 and .794, respectively. Last E-HRM demonstrated its capability to discriminate rater effects clearly and to appropriately compensate for the effects of rater severity or rater inconsistency on the accuracy and efficiency of examinee and item parameters. Further, whereas HRM showed poor convergence rate and accuracy due to the multimodal posterior distributions of the rater parameter estimates, E-HRM showed stable estimation and better recovery of parameter than HRM. The study is not without limitation. The evaluation of E-HRM using Bayesian estimation was conducted only for an actual dataset and covered limited simulation designs. However, the data from 24 countries of PIRLS 2006 with varying rating designs were analyzed with E-HRM to confirm its performance and interpretability. Moreover, through the simulation study, the accuracy and efficiency of E-HRM were evaluated under specific conditions. Since the usefulness of E-HRM has been confirmed, detailed information of rater effects by each rater-item offers a benefit to raters in terms of improving the professionality of raters and significantly reduce the cost, effort, and time of re-training and re-scoring in large-scale tests.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 1. ๊ณ ์ „์  ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจํ˜• 8 2. ์œ„๊ณ„์  ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจํ˜• 15 3. ์œ„๊ณ„์  ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 22 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 29 1. ์ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 29 2. ์ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 46 3. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 50 โ…ฃ. ์ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: Overview 61 1. ๋ชจํ˜• ์ˆ˜๋ ด 61 2. ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ 72 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 82 1. ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ 82 2. ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—(ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๊ถŒ) 97 3. ๋ด๋งˆํฌ 107 โ…ฅ. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 119 1. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ 119 2. ๋ชจํ˜• ์ˆ˜๋ ด 121 3. ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ 125 โ…ฆ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  145 1. ์š”์•ฝ 145 2. ๋…ผ์˜ 150 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 155๋ฐ•

    A New method for classification of an image data using canonical correlation analysis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ๅœŸๆœจๅทฅๅญธ็ง‘ ้ƒฝๅธ‚ๅทฅๅญธๅฐˆๆ”ป,1996.Docto

    ์‚ฌ์šฉํ›„ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์šด๋ฐ˜/์ €์žฅ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ฐจํ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Master๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ›„ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก/์ €์žฅ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ฐจํ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Hi-star100 ์บ์Šคํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํ‚นํ•˜๊ณ , MCNP5์™€ MAVRIC ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ORIGEN-APP, MCNP, MAVRIC ์ฝ”๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋จผ์ € ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋“œ์šด์šฉ์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MCNP5 ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ WWG ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ SCALE ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋‚ด MAVRIC ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ CADIS ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฐจํํ‰๊ฐ€์‹œ์— ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋น„๊ต๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ CADIS ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์„œ Convergence time์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํšจ์œจ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ MCNP5 WWG, MCNP5 Empirical, analog MCNP5, CADIS, FW-CADIS, MONACO analog ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. WWG ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 5๋ฐฐ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํšจ์œจ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ WWG์˜ ์•ฝ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. CADIS ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นผ๋กœ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ด 3500๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ฐจํ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด FW-CADIS ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ฐจํ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ FW-CADIS ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ CADIS ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค 4๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํšจ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. CADIS ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ FW-CADIS๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํƒค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํšจ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ•์  ๋ฐ ์•ฝ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ›„ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์šด์†ก/์ €์žฅ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นผ๋กœ ์ฐจํ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.This research is performed to effectively reduce the variance of the Monte Carlo (MC) radiation shielding calculation for the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) cask radiation safety analysis. Validation works for the ORIGEN-ARP, MCNP5, and MAVRIC codes are performed by benchmarking the safety analysis report of the Hi-star100 cask and comparing the shielding calculation results from the MCNP5 and MAVRIC codes. Comparisons in benchmarking calculations have shown reasonable agreements so that the validity of codes are verified. Based on the validation study, comparisons of VRTs, the weight window generator technique (WWG) in the MCNP code and the constant adjoint driven importance sampling (CADIS) technique in the MAVRIC module, are utilized for the MC cask radiation shielding calculation. Through these calculations, dose rates are compared to examine the accuracy and validity of the CADIS technique. A computing efficiency index, convergence time is suggested for the comparison of biased MC and analog MC calculations. The MC calculation efficiencies are qualitatively examined by comparing the convergence time of the analog, empirically biased, and WWG MCNP5 calculations and analog, CADIS, FW-CADIS MAVRIC calculations. Compared to the analog MC calculation, the efficiency has been enhanced by factor of 5 both for the WWG and empirical biasing. Weak points of the WWG technique are qualitatively analyzed and improvement suggestions for the technical drawback have been made for the WWG technique. The biased MC calculation using the CADIS technique has shown an enhanced efficiency by 3500 times than the analog case. The efficiency of using the FW-CADIS technique for a calculation having 8 tally points has been enhanced by factor of 4 compared to the case the CADIS technique is used. Both the CADIS and FW-CADIS techniques has shown to be decelerated for multiple tally problems and the reason for the efficiency degenerations are investigated. Advantages and disadvantages of various VRTs are investigated while efficient cask radiation shielding calculations are performed and validated through this research

    Study on the effect of leader behavior on subordinates' organizational citizenship behavior : investigating the moderating role of leader behavior differentiation and the mediating role of justice perception

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.2. ๋ฐ•์˜ค์ˆ˜.Maste

    ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์„ผ์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋””์ ค ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ์—๋ฏธ์…˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ๋””์ ค ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์—”์ง„๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์—”์ง„์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์—”์ง„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์—…์šฉ AI ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ AI ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์—”์ง„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ์žฅ์น˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ผ์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์—”์ง„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ์—๋ฏธ์…˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 16๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐฑ์—…์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ AI ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 11๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํŠœ๋‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์œ ์ „ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ AI ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 2.1 ์—”์ง„, SCR ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค์ • 8 2.2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค 12 3. ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํŠœ๋‹ ์ด๋ก  16 3.1 ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ด๋ก  16 3.1.1 ElasticNet 16 3.1.2 SVM 16 3.1.3 Random Forest 16 3.1.4 Gradient Boosting 17 3.1.4.1 XGBoost 17 3.1.4.2 LightGBM 17 3.1.4.3 CatBoost 17 3.1.5 ANN 17 3.1.6 ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 18 3.1.6.1 Blending 18 3.1.6.2 Weighted average 18 3.2 ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํŠœ๋‹ ์ด๋ก  19 3.2.1 Grid Search 19 3.2.2 Random Search 19 3.2.3 Successive Halving 19 3.2.4 Bayesian Optimization 19 3.2.5 Genetic Algorithm 19 4. ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 21 4.1 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 21 4.2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 22 4.3 ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 22 4.4 ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™” 26 4.5 ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ 28 4.6 ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(XAI)์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ SHAP 28 5. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 30 5.1 ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณ„ ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ 30 5.2 ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 40 5.3 ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต 41 5.4 ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ 44 6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  49 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 51Maste
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