(The) numerical range of the Jordan block on 3-dimensional space

이 논문에서는 어떤 작용소 T의 numerical range의 여러 가지 성질들에 대하여 공부한다. 특히, 3차원 공간상에서 작용소 T의 Jordan form에 대한 numerical range를 특성화 한다;In this paper, we study some properties of numerical range for any operator T . In particular, we focus on the numerical ranges of Jordan forms of an operator T on a 3-dimensional space. This characterization depends on the diagonalization of an operator T on a 3-dimensional space. In fact, if T ∈ M_(3) and T_(J) is the Jordan form of T , we show that W(T_(J)) = conv(σ(T_(J))) when T is diagonalizable. Moreover we calculate several forms of the numerical ranges of a non-diagonalizable operator.CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION = 1 2. PRELIMINARIES = 2 3. NUMERICAL RANGE OF THE JORDAN FORM OF A 3 × 3 MATRIX = 6 References = 2

Program Development to Facilitate Self-Directed Open Inquiry Activity for Gifted Students in Science and Analysis of Effect on the Inquiry Experience

이 연구의 목적은 학생들 스스로 탐구 능력을 갖출 수 있도록 훈련하는 프로그램을 개발하여 학생들이 좀 더 성공적으로 자유탐구를 이끌어 낼 수 있는 방안을 마련하고자 하는 것이었다. 이를 위해 과학자들이 실제로 연구를 수행하는 탐구 모델을 기초로 하고 학생들이 자유탐구를 스스로 수행할 때 가장 어렵게 느끼는 과정에 대한 사전 연구 결과를 토대로 총 8개의 탐구 과정 -탐구문제선정, 탐구문제 구체화, 가설설정, 탐구방법 설계, 탐구활동 수행, 결과분석 및 결론도출, 보고서 작성 , 발표 및 평가-을 설정하였고 이 과정을 총 8차시의 프로그램으로 개발하였다. 개발된 프로그램은 과학우수아라고 평가되는 초등학교 5학년 학생 11명을 대상으로 수업을 실시하여 학생들이 각각의 탐구 과정을 이해하고 학습하도록 한 후 적용 효과를 알아 보았으며, 학생들을 탐구 경험이 많은 그룹과 탐구 경험이 적은 그룹으로 분류하여 프로그램 적용 효과의 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 프로그램 적용 후 학생들에게 나타난 효과를 알아보기 위해 학생들이 작성한 설문지와 개별적으로 실시한 자유탐구 보고서를 분석해 보았다. 그 결과 대부분의 학생들은 사전 연구에서 느꼈던 탐구 과정에 대한 어려움이 극복되었기 때문에 프로그램이 자기주도적인 자유탐구를 할 수 있게 하는데 있어 효과적이라고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 개별적으로 실시한 자유탐구 보고서에서도 프로그램을 학습하기 전보다 탐구능력이 향상됨을 볼 수 있었는데 특히 주제를 선정할 때 주어진 자료를 탐색하여 주제를 구체화시키는 부분이나 논리적인 가설을 설정하는 부분, 그리고 실험설계를 할 때 조건통제에 대한 고려를 하는 부분에서 향상이 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 탐구 경험에 따른 탐구 수행력을 알아보기 위해 그룹별로 자유탐구를 실시한 후 작성한 두 그룹의 보고서를 비교 분석한 결과 탐구 과정중에 주제 선정의 단계, 과학적 원리의 단계, 가설 설정의 단계, 탐구 설계의 단계에서 탐구 경험이 많은 그룹이 더 체계적이고 과학적인 탐구 수행력을 보여 주는 것을 나타났다. 그리고 탐구 능력 평가를 실시하여 두 그룹간의 점수를 비교분석 해본 결과 탐구 경험이 많은 그룹의 학생들의 평균점수가 더 높게 나타났다. 이는 탐구 경험이 많은 그룹의 경우 자유탐구를 실시할 때 프로그램을 학습한 효과와 자신의 탐구 경험이 복합적으로 작용하여 탐구를 수월하게 한 것에 반해 탐구 경험이 적은 그룹은 자유탐구를 실시할 때 프로그램을 적용시키는 능력이 다소 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 두 그룹간에 개별 과정에 대한 점수를 비교 분석해보면 ‘탐구 과정에 대한 전반적 이해’와 ‘가설설정’ 단계에서는 큰 점수 차이를 보이지 않았으나 ‘주제 탐색’ 단계와 ‘자료해석’ 단계에서는 비교적 큰 점수 차이를 보여 주었고 ‘실험설계’ 단계에서는 오히려 탐구 경험이 적은 학생들의 점수가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 오히려 학생들의 경험이 실험의 성공여부를 예측하게 하여 실패할 확률이 높은 실험은 배제시키다 보니 더 어려워하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과를 볼 떄 학생들이 교사의 개입이나 도움이 없이 스스로 주도적인 탐구를 성공적으로 이끌어내기 위해 학생들에게 탐구 단계별로 학습할 수 있는 다양한 프로그램을 지속적으로 제공한다면 자유탐구에 대한 훌륭한 교수전략이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한 실험탐구에 국한되지 않고 훨씬 더 다양한 유형의 자유탐구 과정이 개발된다면 학생들이 훨씬 더 다양한 형태의 탐구를 자율적이고 자기주도적으로 경험할 수 있으리라 예상된다.;This study aims at proposing measures that can successfully facilitate open inquiry in students by developing training programs that ensure students to enhance inquiry ability on their own. To this end, the study was based on the inquiry model actually used by scientists for research, and based on a preceding study on what was the most difficult process for students when they carried out an open inquiry, a total of eight inquiry processes were established, which in turn were developed to a program of eight sessions: selecting inquiry subjects; concretizing the subjects; building a hypothesis; designing an inquiry method; executing inquiry activities; analyzing results and drawing conclusion; writing a report; presentation and evaluation. Eleven students in fifth grade who were determined as gifted in science went through the program to learn and understand each inquiry process in class before application effect was measured, and in order to compare the difference of application effect of the program they were divided into two groups: one with more inquiry experience and the other with less experience. The effect of the program on the students was analyzed through a questionnaire that they were asked to fill out and through reports of the individually conducted open inquiry. The analysis indicated that the majority of the students deemed the program effective in conducting a self-directed open inquiry because the difficulties they had felt during the previous research were resolved. The report of the individually implemented open inquiry showed that their inquiry ability improved after they learned the program. More specifically, improvement was observed in concretizing subject by exploring given materials; in building logical hypothesis during subject selection; and in considering condition control during experiment design. Reports written by both groups following open inquiry were compared in order to study how inquiry experience affects performance capability. The comparison analysis demonstrated that the group with more inquiry experience had more systematic and scientific inquiry ability than its counterpart in inquiry processes of subject selection, scientific principle, hypothesis generation, and inquiry design. An inquiry ability assessment was also carried out and, a comparative analysis of the scores between the two groups revealed that the group of students with more inquiry experience showed higher average scores. The group with more experience carried out inquiry with more ease since they incorporated what they had learned from the programs to their own inquiry experience when carrying out their open inquiry activities, while the group with less inquiry experience had some difficulties in applying the program in their open inquiry activities. A comparison analysis of the scores on the individual processes of the two groups showed that there was a narrower difference in the “overall understanding of the inquiry process” and the “hypothesis generation” stages, while there was a large margin in the scores on the “topic exploration” and “data interpretation” stages, and the group with less experience earned relatively higher scores in the “experiment design” stage. This seems to be attributable to the students’ experience: More experience allowed them to predict the success of experiments and made the students anticipate difficulty with experiments that entailed higher chances of failure, encouraging the students to exclude them. Given the result of the study, if students are continually provided with a variety of programs that allow them to learn through each inquiry step in order to successfully facilitate self-initiated inquiry activities without any help or intervention from their teachers, the programs are expected to provide an excellent teaching strategy for open inquiry activity. Moreover, if diverse open inquiry curriculums are further developed, not limiting the subject to experimental inquiry, students are expected to experience more diverse forms of inquiry in an open, self-directed manner.Ⅰ. 서론 1 A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 B. 연구 내용 5 C. 연구의 제한점 6 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 7 A. 과학 탐구 7 1. 탐구의 정의 7 2. 과학 탐구의 요소 9 3. 과학자의 탐구 모델 12 B. 자유 탐구 16 1. 자유 탐구의 정의 16 2. 자유 탐구의 지도 20 3. 자유 탐구의 평가 25 C. 선행 연구 28 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 및 절차 32 A. 연구 절차 32 B. 연구 대상 및 연구 기간 34 C. 연구 방법 36 1. 자기주도적인 자유 탐구를 위한 프로그램 개발 36 2. 개발된 프로그램을 활용한 수업 실시 44 3. 프로그램 효과 분석을 위한 개별 및 그룹별 자유 탐구 실시 45 4. 학생들에게 나타난 프로그램의 효과 분석 48 Ⅳ. 연구 결과 및 논의 57 A. 자기주도적인 자유 탐구를 위한 프로그램 개발 57 1. 사전 연구 : 자유 탐구에 대한 학생들의 인식 설문 결과 57 2. 자기주도적인 자유 탐구를 위한 프로그램 개발 63 B. 프로그램 실시 후 개별 학생들에게 나타난 효과 분석 71 1. 설문과 면담을 통한 프로그램의 효과 분석 72 2. 보고서를 통한 프로그램의 효과 분석 77 C. 탐구 경험에 따른 프로그램 적용 효과 분석 88 1. 보고서를 통한 두 그룹의 프로그램 적용 효과 분석 88 2. 탐구 문제해결력 평가를 통한 두 그룹의 프로그램의 효과 분석 99 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 104 A. 결론 104 B. 제언 105 참고문헌 108 <부록1> 사전 연구 후 설문지 114 <부록2> 프로그램 학습 후 설문지 117 <부록3> 개발된 프로그램 7, 8차시 예시 121 ABSTRACT 12

과학영재를 위한 웹기반 수준별 코스웨어의 설계 및 구현

과학에 특별한 재능을 가진 과학영재들에게 있어서 과학교육의 목적은 현대 과학교육의 목적인 과학적 소양을 가지는 것과 더불어 과학전문인-과학자-로서의 목적을 가질 수 있도록 교육해야 한다. 이렇게 과학영재들을 위한 특별한 교육목적이 주어진다고 할 때 과학영재들을 위한 교육환경은 일반학생들과 차별된 교육환경이 제공되어져야 한다. 지금 현재 과학영재들은 일반학생들과의 차별성을 어느 정도 인정받고 있어 나름대로 과학영재들을 위한 교육환경이 제공되어지고 있는 추세이다. 하지만 과학영재들을 위한 교육에 대한 의식은 개선되었으나 개별 과학영재들을 위한 수준별 교육 코스에 대한 인식은 부재하며 따라서 과학 영재 집단 내에서 또 다른 획일적인 교육을 받고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 논문은 각 과학영재들의 수준별 교육을 위해 웹을 활동하여 과학 영재들의 능력과 수준의 현 지점을 정확하게 진단하고 진단된 결과에 따라 과학 영재들의 개인별 흥미와 수준에 맞는 교육코스를 제공할 수 있는 온라인교육시스템을 개발하였다. 과학 영재들을 위한 온라인 시스템은 과학 영재들의 적극적인 참여를 유도할 수 있었다. 과학영재들은 주제나 학습 유형에 따라 다른 관심과 의욕을 보였는데 그 기반은 과학 영재들의 능력의 수준이나 교육환경의 고려, 그리고 개인의 호기심에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발된 웹 기반의 온라인 교육 시스템은 과학영재들이 자신의 능력과 수준에 맞는 교육내용과 방법을 스스로 구성할 수 있게 하는 장점을 제공하였고 그룹 속에서 해소하기 힘든 개별 영재와 교사간의 상호작용, 그리 고 같은 관심사를 가진 영재들 간의 상호작용이 더욱 활발하게 했고 이는 과학영재들이 자신의 탐구주제에 대한 흥미와 의욕을 더욱 깊이 있게 보이도록 하였다. 본 연구에서는 과학 영재들을 위한 적절하고 타당한 온라인 교육시스템이 개발되기 위해서는 크게 3가지 요소를 갖추어야 한다는 결론을 내렸다. 첫째, 온라인상에서 과학영재들의 현재 능력과 수준이 명확하게 판단될 수 있는 진단문항이 만들어져야 한다. 둘째, 정확한 진단 결과에 따라 자동으로 수준별 교육코스가 제시되는 시스템이 갖추어져야 한다. 셋째, 각각의 교육코스들은 수직적, 수평적 연계성을 가지고 있어야 하며 개별 영재들의 다양한 관심과 탐구의욕을 고려하여 다양한 주제와 심화된 내용으로 구성되어져야 한다. 위에서 제시한 3가지 요소를 중심으로 수준별 교육코스를 연구 개발하여 우리나라 과학영재들이 시간적 장소적 제약을 극복하고 웹을 통해 수준별 능력별 영재교육을 받을 수 있는 환경을 제시된다면 그것은 과학영재들을 위한 수준별 교육과정으로서 훌륭한 대안이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 과학영재들을 위한 수준별 교육을 실시하기 위한 시스템을 위해서는 우선 과학영재들을 위한 특별한 교육 시스템의 필요성이 널리 확산되어져야 하고 정부의 제도적, 경제적, 기술적 지원 등이 더욱 활발히 이루어져야 하며 과학영재들을 교육하는 교사들의 수준과 교육의 질이 더욱 향상되어져야 한다.;The purpose of science education is building a scientific attainment, and there has to be a different teaching method and purpose when reaching to an individual student This is especially advised if the student is a science gifted child Also in this case, the instructor should aim not only to help him gain knowledge but also to motivate him to be a science specialist, or a scientist Specially adapted teaching program and education environment can be given to each gifted child, after carefully examining each student's unique needs and interest Nowadays, it is widely recognized that science gifted children should receive special programs The awareness has been uplifted, however, there has not been any systematic teaching courses constructed to meet individual children's knowledge level Talented children are participating in special teaching programs, but they are not properly assigned to classes or courses upon their academic levels In other words, even though they sign up for special classes, they again have to receive another standardized and unified teaching program This study developed an on-line education system for science gifted children, then examined the feasibility This web-based program provides level test and diagnoses children's prominent interests and learning capacity The system goes further a s of analyzing which curriculum is the most suitable to motivate children's interest and which is the most appropriate way to educate them The on-line system could induce wide participation by science gifted children Students showed different interests and had different fields of interests, moreover, they reacted differently upon specific teaching methods The variables were children's learning capacity, academic level, learning environment, and individual curiosity A strong feature of this on-line teaching program is the self-selecting system that enables children to choose and construct a teaching program and method that meet their interests, learning capacities and knowledge levels Moreover, this also gives more active discussion and solid relationship building between individual student and an instructor, which was not possible when the students were taught in groups Furthermore, this program boosted mutual interaction between students who share similar interests In addition to this, the program also stimulated students to scrutinize entitled subject matter in depth with much more enthusiasm논문개요 = Ⅷ Ⅰ 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1 B. 연구의 내용 = 3 C. 연구의 제한점 = 3 Ⅱ 이론적 배경 = 4 A. 과학영재의 정의와 특성 = 4 1. 과학영재의 정의 = 4 2. 과학영재의 특성 = 5 3. 영재교육과정의 운영방식 = 6 B. 과학영재교육의 실태 = 8 C. 학습매체로서의 웹의 특정 = 10 1. 학습 매체로서의 웹 = 10 2. 과학학습에서 컴퓨터와 네트워크의 장점 = 11 3. 웹 환경에서의 소집단 탐구학습 = 13 4. 인터넷의 교육적 활용 = 14 5. 웹을 활용한 코스웨어의 조건 = 15 6. 과학영재교육과 웹활용교육 = 16 D. 과학학습의 수준별 교육과정 = 17 1. 과학과 수준별 교육과정 = 17 2. 과학학습의 수준결정 = 19 3. 과학과 수준별 수업 모형 = 21 Ⅲ 연구방법 및 절차 = 25 A. 연구절차 개요 = 25 B. 설계의 기본 방항 = 26 C. 연구 대상 = 26 Ⅳ 연구 결과 및 분석 = 27 A. 코스웨어 시스템 모형 (구성) = 27 1. 코스웨어 시스템 모형 = 27 2. 수준별 웹기반 과학학습의 프로세스구성 = 28 B. 상세설계 = 35 1. 디자인 설계 = 35 2. 인터페이스 설계 = 36 3. 웹활용 과학 학습을 위한 웹 서버 = 36 C. 코스웨어의 구현 = 38 1. 코스웨어의 전체 구조도 = 38 2. 구현의 실제 = 39 D. 코스웨어의 적용 및 결과분석 = 46 1. 적용 계획 및 절차 = 46 2. 세부 적용 결과 및 분석 = 47 Ⅴ 결론 및 제언 = 54 A. 결론 = 54 B. 제언 = 55 참고문헌 = 56 부록 = 59 Abstract = 6

Determination Mangrove Species Using Genetic Technique and Measure the Antioxidant Activitiy of Mangrove

Mangroves are various types of trees up to medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. Mangrove generally divided into seven types, of which red, black and white mangrove are dominant. mangrove trees performed purification that remove any debris from entering the coastal and to act as antibacterial. In this study, based on the genetic variations of RuBisCo large subunit (rbcL) gene, mangrove species in tropical regions of micronesia were determined by using genetic techniques and antioxidant activities of each species were measured. It was indentified that six mangrove species (sonneratia alba, xylocarpus moluccersis, xylocarpus granatum, rhizophora stylosa, rhizophora apiculata, excoecaria agallcha) is distributed in Micronesia. The antioxidant activity of six kinds of mangroves was tested by using DPPH, Ployphenol, and ABTS assay. As a result, antioxidant activities in red mangroves were higher than black mangroves, while red mangroves were similar to the antioxidant activity of green tea known high antioxidant activity.h red, black and white mangrove are dominant. mangrove trees performed purification that remove any debris from entering the coastal and to act as antibacterial. In this study, based on the genetic variations of RuBisCo large subunit (rbcL) gene, mangrove species in tropical regions of micronesia were determined by using genetic techniques and antioxidant activities of each species were measured. It was indentified that six mangrove species (sonneratia alba, xylocarpus moluccersis, xylocarpus granatum, rhizophora stylosa, rhizophora apiculata, excoecaria agallcha) is distributed in Micronesia. The antioxidant activity of six kinds of mangroves was tested by using DPPH, Ployphenol, and ABTS assay. As a result, antioxidant activities in red mangroves were higher than black mangroves, while red mangroves were similar to the antioxidant activity of green tea known high antioxidant activity.1

Viral populations in Tongyeong Bay, Korea, revealed by metagenomics

Viruses are ubiquitously present in most environments, from the air to the deep sea. In particular, the oceans possess numerous viruses. In this study, we examined viral communities in Goseong Bay, Korea, using metagenomics. For this, we collected seawater samples from six different sites in March 2014. Enrichment of marine viral particles using FeCl3 followed by next-generation sequencing produced numerous sequences. De novo assembly and BLAST search showed that most obtained contigs were unknown sequences and only 0.74% sequences were associated with known viruses. As a result, 138 viruses, including bacteriophages (87%) and viruses infecting algae (13%), were identified. The identified 138 viruses were divided into 11 orders, 14 families, 34 genera, and 133 species. The dominant viruses were Pelagibacter phage HTVC010P and Roseobacter phage SIO1. The viruses infecting algae, including the Ostreococcus species, accounted for 9.4% of total identified viruses. In addition, we identified pathogenic herpes viruses infecting fishes and giant viruses infecting parasite acanthamoeba species. Taken together, this is the first comprehensive study to reveal the viral populations in the Goseong Bay using metagenomics. Our study examines not only the viral diversity of Goseong Bay, but also the possible roles of identified viruses as contributors in the marine ecosystem and evolution.llected seawater samples from six different sites in March 2014. Enrichment of marine viral particles using FeCl3 followed by next-generation sequencing produced numerous sequences. De novo assembly and BLAST search showed that most obtained contigs were unknown sequences and only 0.74% sequences were associated with known viruses. As a result, 138 viruses, including bacteriophages (87%) and viruses infecting algae (13%), were identified. The identified 138 viruses were divided into 11 orders, 14 families, 34 genera, and 133 species. The dominant viruses were Pelagibacter phage HTVC010P and Roseobacter phage SIO1. The viruses infecting algae, including the Ostreococcus species, accounted for 9.4% of total identified viruses. In addition, we identified pathogenic herpes viruses infecting fishes and giant viruses infecting parasite acanthamoeba species. Taken together, this is the first comprehensive study to reveal the viral populations in the Goseong Bay using metagenomics. Our study examines not only the viral diversity of Goseong Bay, but also the possible roles of identified viruses as contributors in the marine ecosystem and evolution.2

Distinct Pattern of Marine Pathogenic Bacteria Along the East Korean Warm Current

Marine microorganism and organism communities are very dynamic and changeable in responds to environmental factors. Therefore the understanding of marine bacteria diversity and community could improve perception to further environmental changes and ecosystem level, even infer the unclear microbes control factors. Additionally regarding the conservation of marine ecosystem pathogenic bacteria to cause disease of human and marine organism have been increasingly considerable. Recently sequencing technic has been developed as next generation sequencing (NGS) which make possible to study taxonomic diversity with 16s rRNA gene. In the present study, we investigated bacterial community at three different areas including Jeju island, Somaemul island, Ulleung island on East Korean Warm Current through 16s rRNA gene pyrosequencing analysis. In addition, marine pathogenic bacteria list were deducted in each places. The seawater samples were collected in March 2015. In our result, bacteria diversity was more than 500 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), and Jeju island took the highest diversity index score and most numerous pathogenic bacteria had been detected among all samples. In contrast the ratio of pathogenic bacteria was highest at Somaemul island. Additionally the common pathogenic bacteria from both Jeju and Somaemul island were more present than those from both Somaenul and Ulleung island.nges and ecosystem level, even infer the unclear microbes control factors. Additionally regarding the conservation of marine ecosystem pathogenic bacteria to cause disease of human and marine organism have been increasingly considerable. Recently sequencing technic has been developed as next generation sequencing (NGS) which make possible to study taxonomic diversity with 16s rRNA gene. In the present study, we investigated bacterial community at three different areas including Jeju island, Somaemul island, Ulleung island on East Korean Warm Current through 16s rRNA gene pyrosequencing analysis. In addition, marine pathogenic bacteria list were deducted in each places. The seawater samples were collected in March 2015. In our result, bacteria diversity was more than 500 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), and Jeju island took the highest diversity index score and most numerous pathogenic bacteria had been detected among all samples. In contrast the ratio of pathogenic bacteria was highest at Somaemul island. Additionally the common pathogenic bacteria from both Jeju and Somaemul island were more present than those from both Somaenul and Ulleung island.2

Dynamic Patterns of Marine Pathogenic Bacteria in North and South Pacific Oceans

Marine microorganism communities are very dynamic and changeable with environmental parameters. The understanding of marine bacteria diversity and community would improve insight of further environmental changes, ecosystem level, even infer the unclear microbes control factors. Recently new sequencing technic that pyrosequencing has developed and made it possible to study taxonomic diversity with 16s rRNA gene. In this study, we investigated bacteria community at Chuuk island in South Pacific Ocean and at Jeju island in North Pacific Ocean with 16s rRNA gene pyrosequencing. And going one step forward, marine pathogenic bacteria list were deducted in each places. The seawater samples were collected in March and September 2013, and environmental parameters including temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a were measured at the same time. In our result, bacteria diversity was more than 1000 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and Jeju in September took the highest diversity index score. Proteobacteria was most common phyla at the both sites and seasons. On the other hands, pathogenic bacteria was detected about 5 times in September of Jeju compare the March, and Vibrio sp. was most numerous marine pathogenic bacteria in all samples. Moreover, the marine pathogenic bacteria from all samples showed some patterns with temperature, salinity and chlorophyll-a. According to canonical component analysis (CCA) data suggested that C the unclear microbes control factors. Recently new sequencing technic that pyrosequencing has developed and made it possible to study taxonomic diversity with 16s rRNA gene. In this study, we investigated bacteria community at Chuuk island in South Pacific Ocean and at Jeju island in North Pacific Ocean with 16s rRNA gene pyrosequencing. And going one step forward, marine pathogenic bacteria list were deducted in each places. The seawater samples were collected in March and September 2013, and environmental parameters including temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a were measured at the same time. In our result, bacteria diversity was more than 1000 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and Jeju in September took the highest diversity index score. Proteobacteria was most common phyla at the both sites and seasons. On the other hands, pathogenic bacteria was detected about 5 times in September of Jeju compare the March, and Vibrio sp. was most numerous marine pathogenic bacteria in all samples. Moreover, the marine pathogenic bacteria from all samples showed some patterns with temperature, salinity and chlorophyll-a. According to canonical component analysis (CCA) data suggested that that Chuuk marine pathogenic bacteria samples distinctly affected by salinity and temperature but Jeju samples more influenced chlorophyll-a than Chuuk samples.2

Primer set for loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction for detecting iridovirus, Primer composition having the same, and Detecting method using the same

본 발명은 이리도바이러스(iridovirus)를 검출하기 위한 프라이머에 대한 것으로, 특히 LAMP(Loop- mediated isothermal amplification)법을 이용하여 이리도바이러스를 검출하기 위한 것이며, 더욱 상세하 게는 이리도바이러스에 감염되었는지의 여부를 현장에서 육안으로 신속하게 고감도로 확인할 수 있는 이리 도바이러스를 검출하기 위한 등온증폭 반응용 프라이머 세트, 이를 포함하는 프라이머 조성물, 및 이를 이 용한 검출방법에 관한 것이다

Primer set for loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction for detecting iridovirus, Primer composition having the same, and Detecting method for iridovirus using the same

본 발명은 이리도바이러스(iridovirus)를 검출하기 위한 프라이머에 대한 것으로, 특히 LAMP(Loop- mediated isothermal amplification)법을 이용하여 이리도바이러스를 검출하기 위한 것이며, 더욱 상세하 게는 이리도바이러스에 감염되었는지의 여부를 현장에서 육안으로 신속하게 고감도로 확인할 수 있는 이리 도바이러스를 검출하기 위한 등온증폭 반응용 프라이머 세트, 이를 포함하는 프라이머 조성물, 및 이를 이 용한 검출방법에 관한 것이다

Characterization of Bacterial Diversity and Pathogenic Bacteria in the Water Masses from Micronesia Using Pyrosequencing

The investigation of patterns of microbial diversity and distribution in seawater is very important to understand the roles of microbes in modifications to the basic biological properties of global marine organisms, commonly driven by environmental factors and human activities. Furthermore, it could be foundation for further studies to determine the symbiotic relationship between pathogens and their hosts. Although the potential roles of microbes have been identified, their diversity and interactions with environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, pH and light absorbance are still unclear. So, we exploited a 16S rRNA gene taq-pyrosequencing technique to define the bacterial communities associated with two different seasonal seawater samples from South pacific in Weno island. Our results showed that approximate 1900 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found for each season, February and June. Altogether, 51 bacterial phyla were detected from both seawater samples. Among them, Proteobacteria was identified as a most dominant group with at least 73%. Moreover, the value of Shannon index, which measures the evenness of the dispersion of individuals among OTUs, of seawater in February is almost two times higher than in June, suggesting that bacterial diversity in February increased compared to that in June. Another interesting point is that proportion of pathogenic bacteria in both seawaters was highly deteconmental factors and human activities. Furthermore, it could be foundation for further studies to determine the symbiotic relationship between pathogens and their hosts. Although the potential roles of microbes have been identified, their diversity and interactions with environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, pH and light absorbance are still unclear. So, we exploited a 16S rRNA gene taq-pyrosequencing technique to define the bacterial communities associated with two different seasonal seawater samples from South pacific in Weno island. Our results showed that approximate 1900 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found for each season, February and June. Altogether, 51 bacterial phyla were detected from both seawater samples. Among them, Proteobacteria was identified as a most dominant group with at least 73%. Moreover, the value of Shannon index, which measures the evenness of the dispersion of individuals among OTUs, of seawater in February is almost two times higher than in June, suggesting that bacterial diversity in February increased compared to that in June. Another interesting point is that proportion of pathogenic bacteria in both seawaters was highly detec1