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    ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(ํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ํ™ํ›ˆ๊ธฐ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์‹คํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ต์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ 2๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์‹คํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ(action research)์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์˜์žฌ์™€ ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ต์›์ด์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์ธ ๋‚˜(I)๋Š” 2015๋…„ ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์› ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ 20๋ช…์˜ ์ž์œ  ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐจํ›„ ์‹คํ–‰์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ธ์‹ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„์€ ์ƒ๊ธ‰ํ•™๊ต ์ง„ํ•™์„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ด์ „์— ์ฃผ์ œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘  ํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ž์œ  ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์„œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์“ธ๋ชจ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ  ํƒ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ž…ํ•™ ์ž๊ฒฉ ์ทจ๋“(ๅ–ๅพ—)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๊ต์›์˜ ์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณผํ•™ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์  ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์›์  ์•ˆ๋‚ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์  ์•ˆ๋‚ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹คํ–‰ ์ค‘ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์› ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธ‰ํ•™๊ต ์ง„ํ•™ ์ค€๋น„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  2016๋…„ ํ™”ํ•™์‹ฌํ™”๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ต์œก๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ•™ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์  ๋™๊ธฐ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์–ป์€ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ธ ์—ฌ์œ , ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ, ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋„๊ตฌํ™” ๊ทน๋ณต, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์  ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ต์œก ์‹คํ–‰ ๋„์ค‘ ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์˜ˆ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์˜ˆ๋น„ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋…๋ฆฝ์  ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•œ ๋’ค ํ•™๋ถ€๋ชจ ํ˜‘์กฐ ์š”์ฒญ๊ธ€์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์‹œํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ํ•™์› ๋ณ‘ํ–‰๊ณผ ์งง์€ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ผ์ •, ๋‹ต์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  2015๋…„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณผํ•™ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์  ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์‚ฌ์ด ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์›€๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ต์›์ธ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ดํ•ด, ์ง€์‹, ์‹ ๋…, ์—ญํ• ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ฆ‰, ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜โ€งํ•™์Šต ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํฐ ์—ด์ •์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์‹ฌ(ๅ‚ทๅฟƒ)์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ธ‰ํ•™๊ต ์ง„ํ•™ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ต์œก ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ • ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณผํ•™ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ต์›์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์› ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ต์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค๋ง์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์™€ ๋‚™๋‹ด์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋งค์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ด์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์› ํ™œ๋™์— ๋†’์€ ์—ด์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ค์  ์†Œ์™ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์˜์žฌ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ต์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋„“์€ ๊ต์œก ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This study is an action research conducted over two years for the purpose of cultivating the teaching professionalism of scientific gifted education teachers and meeting the need for field-oriented gifted education research. In addition to understand the background of the students' difficulties during Open inquiry activities and improve the teaching strategy, I tried to share the understanding of gifted and gifted education and examine the role of gifted education institutions. The first step of research : Exploring the background of difficulties during Open inquiry This study was performed in the students case who experience difficulties in open inquiry. I collected data by participatory observation and interview during one-year open inquiry teaching to 20 middle school students of university affiliated institute of education for science-gifted. By analysis and interpretation, I tried to understand students difficulties and the context of difficulties in dimension with time, relationship and perception. First, the second grade of middle school is the time to prepare for entrance examination of gifted school in earnest. This brought about lack of overall margin, time discrepancies with members, and difficulties in conducting long-term inquiries. Second, because of theme-oriented grouping in the absence of enough relationship, the quality of communication between students was low. Third, students had tendency to percept open inquiry as activity that should be care by themselves and be useful. In the larger context of the acquisition of entrance qualification' in high school, three factors are related to the difficulties of the inquiry process. Furthermore, they interfere with learning through Erlebnis(้ซ”ๅพ—) of inquiry itself and cause education alienation phenomenon. Through this study, I learned that I should be a participatory guidance' accompany students lived-world', rather than a supporting guidance'. The second step of research : Change of action and a case of conflicts revealed during action I set my educational goal of the Open inquiry in 2016 as maintaining and developing internal motivation for scientific inquiry with the deeper consideration for the situation of high school entrance examination that directly affects the daily life of middle school gifted and talented students. The first step of the study was to reflect the margin, intimacy, overcoming the instrumentation of science, participatory support', and using the students' emotional experience to enhance the desire for inquiry and the attitude of finding scientific problems. In the process of proposing a Open inquiry, I recognized that the students lacked time more than expected and revised the existing plan. In addition to reducing the execution plans of Open inquiry, I also applied a preliminary inquiry stage and newly developed inquiry presentation that does not require conclusions. And I recognized the students' non-independent learning environment and made a written request for parental cooperation. After the Open inquiry, students reported difficulties due to the combination of private tutoring, short inquiry schedules, and inquiry activities that did not specify answers in advance. However, except for one student, I could not observe that the internal motivation for science inquiry was degraded as in 2015. And students experienced their own learning and growth, such as experiencing a bond between members or having a new perspective on scientific inquiry. In this process, as a gifted teacher, I recognized the changes in my understanding, knowledge, beliefs, and roles, that is the change of professionalism, and derived an alternative open inquiry teaching and learning model. To the next, I have concentrated on the group conflict, in which one student has been centered, Min-seung You'. After collecting data and analysis, I found the followings. At the second grade of middle school in which the preparation for high school entrance exam is important, a large number of students had to rely on private education institutes. In this situation, I discovered the paradoxical alienation phenomenon that the highly motivated student who did not rely on the private education institutes could be aliened in the gifted education center activities. Particularly, it was more prominent when the long-term group project activity such as an Open inquiry was performed. And I recognized that activity desire and talent development can be frustrated. The case of 'Min-seung You' can be regarded as a phenomenon, which is contrary to the role of gifted education institute that supports student's learning needs and talent development. I suggest that the meaning and role of gifted education institutes be discussed further in high school entrance prepare environment.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ 6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ์š” 7 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  8 5. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 8 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1. ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌ์™€ ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ 10 1) ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌ 10 2) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ 12 (1) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ 12 (2) ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ 16 2. ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 17 1) ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™ 17 (1) ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 17 (2) ๊ต์œก ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 2) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 22 (1) ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 22 (2) ๊ต์œก ๋ถ„์•ผ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์‹คํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 29 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„์žฅ 31 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 34 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 37 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ โ…  : ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 1. ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ 39 1) ์ƒ์‹ฌ(ๅ‚ทๅฟƒ)์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด 39 2. ์–ด๋ ค์›€์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 41 1) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ 42 (1) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด๋ž€? 42 (2) ์–ด๋ ค์›€์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 42 2) ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 1์ฐจ ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 47 3) ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ : ์ƒํ™ฉ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 52 (1) ์‹œ๊ฐ„ : ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š๋ผ 53 (2) ๊ด€๊ณ„ : ์ŒฉํŒ ๋‚จ์ด์ž–์•„์š”? 57 (3) ์ธ์‹ : ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€? 60 (4) ๊ต์› : ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์„œ ํ•ด๋ผ 63 3. ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์‹คํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 64 1) ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์› ๋ณ€์ธ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 64 2) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 67 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ โ…ก : ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 4. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ 69 1) ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„(boundary)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 71 2) ๊ต์œก๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 72 3) ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ™” 74 (1) ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฌ์œ  76 (2) ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ 77 (3) ๊ณผํ•™ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋„๊ตฌํ™” ๊ทน๋ณต : ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋†€์ด 80 (4) ์ฐธ์—ฌ์  ์ง€์› 83 5. ์‹คํ–‰์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์™€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 87 1) ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ต์œก ์ด์ „ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‹คํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 90 (1) ์ž๋…€๊ต์œก ์š”์ฒญ์„œ 91 (2) ์ž๊ธฐ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค ์ด๋ฆ„ ์™ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ 94 (3) ๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ 97 (4) ์ž์œ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ ํ™œ๋™ 103 (5) ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๊ธ€ ๊ณต์œ ์™€ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ต์›์˜ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋ฒ” 105 (6) ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ ํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 107 (7) ์ˆ˜์—… ์ค‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์žฅ๋ ค 110 (8) ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ™œ๋™ 115 2) ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ต์œก ์ด์ „ ์‹คํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 117 3) ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ต์œก ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์‹คํ–‰ 119 (1) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ผ์ • 119 (2) ๋ชจ๋‘  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 120 (3) ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์› ์™ธ(ๅค–) ํ™œ๋™ : ์ ๋ง‰(ๅฏ‚ๅฏž) 122 (4) ์œ ๋ฏผ์Šน์˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ : ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 124 (5) ์šฐ์žฌํ˜ธ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” : ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฐ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ฒผ์–ด์š”. 125 (6) ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์› ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ™๊ณ  128 (7) ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 130 4) ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 131 (1) ์‚ฌ์ „ ์„ค๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ œ ์•ˆ๋‚ด 131 (2) ์ „๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ต์œก 132 (3) ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ต์œก ์ด์ „ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ํƒ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 137 (4) ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ต์œก 138 5) ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜๋ฏธ 140 (1) ์–ด๋ ค์›€ : ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ ฅ 140 (2) ์–ด๋ ค์›€ : ๋‹ต์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™ 140 (3) ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€ : ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ€์Šด์ด ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 142 (4) ๋ฐฐ์›€ : ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ค์ค˜์„œ 143 (5) ๋ฐฐ์›€ : ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ 143 (6) ์„ฑ์žฅ : ๊ณผํ•™์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์•ผ. 145 6) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์‹คํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 147 (1) ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋ฐฐ์›€๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์„ 147 (2) ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ํ™œ๋™ ์š•๊ตฌ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 152 (3) ์ž์œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์‹คํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ–‰ ์š”์†Œ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 154 7) ๋ชจ๋‘  ๋‚ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋œ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 157 (1) ์œ ๋ฏผ์Šน์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐ๋ฌธ : ์‹ค๋ง๊ณผ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•จ 158 (2) ์œ ๋ฏผ์Šน์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚ด์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ 160 (3) ์œ ๋ฏผ์Šน์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ 163 (4) ๋Œ€์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ก€ : ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‘ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘ 166 (5) ์œ ๋ฏผ์Šน์˜ ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก์› ๊ฒฝํ—˜ : ์—ด์ •, ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์„ค์  ์†Œ์™ธ 169 6. ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 171 1) ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ • ์š”์•ฝ 171 2) ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰ ์š”์†Œ ๋„์ถœ 176 3) ์œ ๋ฏผ์Šน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹คํ–‰์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 181 4) ์˜์žฌ๊ต์œก ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ต์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” 183 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  189 2. ์ œ์–ธ 193 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 195 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 219 ABSTRACT 235Docto

    Isolation and in vitro neuronal and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord blood

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด์ „๊ณต,2004.Maste

    ฮฑ-์›”๋ผ์Šคํ† ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์™€ ฮฒ-์›”๋ผ์Šคํ† ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒดํ™œ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2004.Maste

    ๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž & ์—‘์Šค์„  ์‚ฐ๋ž€์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‚ผ๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ•์ž์„ฑ์ฒด์˜ ๋“ค๋œธ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ๋ฐ•์ œ๊ทผ.Geometrically frustrated magnets have been a fascinating subject in condensed matter physics. When interactions between magnetic atoms compete in the frustrated crystal geometry, individual interactions cannot be minimized simultaneously, leading to extensively degenerated ground states. Not surprisingly, even slight perturbations cause nontrivial instabilities in such systems, leading to a rich phase diagram and exotic phenomena. A simple, but particularly important case of the geometrically frustrated magnetic system is the two-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnet (2D TLA). In semiclassical 2D TLA, a 120-degree noncollinear magnetic order is stabilized by the combination of competing exchange interactions. Such noncollinearity affects its elementary excitation, e.g. spin-waves (magnon). Indeed, it leads to the significant deviations of the spin excitations from what is expected from a linear spin-wave theory: e.g. cubic anharmonicity of spin excitations and a linear coupling with phonons, the elementary quasiparticle of collective lattice vibrations. The first part of the thesis deals with a magnon-phonon coupling in 2D TLA CuCrO2 and h-YMnO3. Both compounds exhibit strong frustration with the 120-degree magnetic order. The spectra of magnons and phonons of CuCrO2 were measured by inelastic neutron scattering experiments using TAIPAN beamline at ANSTO. The measurement revealed the direct evidences of the magnon-phonon coupling in CuCrO2 via the mixed character of the excitation mode at 12.5 meV as well as the strong renormalization of magnons at the zone boundary. A simple model Hamiltonian that incorporates the exchange-striction type magnon-phonon coupling reproduces the observed features accurately. Also, continuum excitations originating from the higher-order magnon-magnon interaction were observed. We subsequently carried out inelastic X-ray scattering measurements of lattice vibration spectra of the hexagonal YMnO3 over a wide momentum-energy space using BL43LXU beamline at SPring-8. Below the Neel temperature, an additional hybrid mode appears at the same energy and momentum of a magnon mode involved. Considering that the non-resonant X-ray scattering is not sensitive to the magnetic excitations, the observation of the mode implies the presence of magneto-elastic excitations due to the magnon-phonon coupling. Our calculations using a magneto-elastic coupling model of superexchange-striction quantitatively reproduces the experimental observation. Also, we present a broadly applicable method to analyze the mode and momentum dependence of the magnon-phonon coupling for noncollinear magnets. In addition to the magnon-phonon coupling, the noncollinear magnetic order is expected to exhibit another exotic response to the nonmagnetic impurity. Recent theoretical works predicted that a single vacancy in a noncollinear magnet can create a spin texture around the impurity site due to the frustrated nature of the magnet. This impurity-induced texture may affect not only the ground state but also the spin excitations. We performed inelastic neutron scattering measurements on the single crystals of doped h-YMnO3 having systematic doping ratio using TAIPAN beamline at ANSTO, MAPS beamline at ISIS, and 4SEASONS at J-PARC. The measured spectra indeed reveal the nontrivial momentum-energy dependence of the damping of otherwise stable magnons. Our simulation reproduces the emergence of the large spin texture in YMnO3 and confirms that such a spin texture plays an important role in explaining the overall features of experimental results.๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฉ”์ฉ”๋งค๋Š” ์ž์„ฑ์ฒด๋Š” ์‘์ง‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฉ”์ฉ”๋งค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž์„ฑ ์›์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ถ•ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด, ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์„ญ๋™๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋งŽ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒํ‰ํ˜•๋„์™€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฉ”์ฉ”๋งค๋Š” ์ž์„ฑ์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” 2์ฐจ์› ์‚ผ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ•์ž์„ฑ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์‚ผ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ•์ž์„ฑ์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํ™˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฐจ์›์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์Šคํ•€๋“ค์ด ๋™์ผ์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ 120๋„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™์ผ์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์Šคํ•€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ์Šคํ•€ํŒŒ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ™•์—ฐํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์Šคํ•€์˜ ๋“ค๋œธ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค: ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์Šคํ•€ํŒŒ์˜ ๋น„์กฐํ™”๋„ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜• ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-ํฌ๋…ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ 2์ฐจ์› ์‚ผ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ•์ž์„ฑ์ฒด์ธ CuCrO2์™€ h-YMnO3์˜ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-ํฌ๋…ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฉ”์ฉ”๋งด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 120๋„ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. CuCrO2์˜ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ๊ณผ ํฌ๋…ผ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ANSTO์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ TAIPAN ๋น”๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 12.5 meV์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋“ค๋œธ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ๊ณผ ํฌ๋…ผ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ธŒ๋ฆด๋ฃจ์•™ ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” CuCrO2๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-ํฌ๋…ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตํ™˜ ์••์ถ• ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-ํฌ๋…ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์Šคํ•€ ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ† ๋‹ˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ ์ฐจ์› ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์† ๋“ค๋œธ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„“์€ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰-์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œก๋ฐฉ์ •๊ณ„ YMnO3์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ง„๋™์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ SPring-8์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ BL43LXU ๋น”๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑ ์—‘์Šค์„  ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ ์ •๋ ฌ ์˜จ๋„ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ, ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋“ค๋œธ ๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ณต๋ช… ์—‘์Šค์„  ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ด ์Šคํ•€ ๋“ค๋œธ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-ํฌ๋…ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๊ธฐ-ํƒ„์„ฑ ๋“ค๋œธ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ตํ™˜ ์••์ถ• ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ-ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-ํฌ๋…ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋ฐ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์ผ์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž์„ฑ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ-ํฌ๋…ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„, ๋™์ผ์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋น„์ž์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์— ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฉ”์ฉ”๋งด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋™์ผ์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž์„ฑ์ฒด์— ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋น„์ž์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์Šคํ•€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ (texture) ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋“ค๋œธ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ•‘ํ•œํ•œ ์œก๋ฐฉ์ •๊ณ„ YMnO3 ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ANSTO์˜ TAIPAN ๋น”๋ผ์ธ, ์˜๊ตญ ISIS์˜ MAPS ๋น”๋ผ์ธ, ์ผ๋ณธ J-PARC์˜ 4SEASONS ๋น”๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์€ ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ผ์˜ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๊ฐ์‡„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰-์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ YMnO3 ์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์Šคํ•€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šคํ•€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Geometrically frustrated magnetic system 1 1.2 Two-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnet (2D TLA) 5 1.2.1 Magnetic ground state 6 1.2.2 Eect of noncollinear magnetic structure 6 1.2.3 Spin-lattice coupling 7 1.3 Outline of thesis 9 2 Calculation of magnons, phonons, and their interactions 11 2.1 Spin-waves of 2D TLA 11 2.1.1 Rotating local frame method 11 2.1.2 Holstein-Primako transformation and 1/S expansion 12 2.1.3 Linear spin-wave theory (LSWT) 14 2.1.4 Bogoliubov transformation 14 2.1.5 Magnon-Magnon interaction 16 2.1.6 Dynamical structure factor of spin-waves 19 2.2 Lattice dynamics in solids (phonon) 20 2.2.1 Ab-initio calculation of phonon spectra 21 2.2.2 Dynamical structure factor of phonons 23 2.3 Magnon-phonon coupling in TLA 23 2.3.1 Exchange-striction mechanism 24 2.3.2 Single-ion magneto-striction 26 2.3.3 Quadratic terms: magneto-elastic excitations 27 3 Experimental techniques 29 3.1 Neutrons and X-ray 29 3.2 Basic concepts of inelastic scattering 32 3.3 Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) technique 33 3.3.1 Coalignment of single crystals 35 3.3.2 INS measurement at the thermal triple axis spectrometer TAIPAN 36 3.3.3 INS measurement at ToF neutron spectrometer MAPS 38 3.3.4 INS measurement at ToF neutron spectrometer 4SEASONS 39 3.4 Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) technique 40 3.4.1 IXS Measurement at BL43LXU 40 4 Magneto-elastic excitations of CuCrO2 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.1.1 Some contradictory observations in previous INS studies 43 4.2 Analysis of INS spectra 44 4.2.1 Magnon-phonon coupling 46 4.2.2 Estimation of magnon-phonon coupling constant 51 4.2.3 Two-magnon continuum 52 5 Magneto-elastic excitations of h-YMnO3 53 5.1 Introduction 53 5.1.1 Spin-lattice coupling in h-YMnO3 54 5.2 Analysis of IXS spectra 55 5.2.1 IXS spectra within full Brillouin zone (BZ) 55 5.2.2 Emergence of magneto-elastic excitations 55 5.2.3 Superxchange-striction in h-YMnO3 57 5.2.4 Detailed Momentum-dependent analysis 59 5.2.5 Detailed Mode-dependent analysis 61 6 Nonmagnetic doping-induced spin texture and dynamics in h-Y(Mn,Al)O3 65 6.1 Nonmagnetic impurity in the frustrated magnetic system 65 6.1.1 Diluted 2D TLA h-Y(Mn,Al/Ga)O3 66 6.2 Analysis of INS data 68 6.2.1 Linewidth broadening eect of magnon branches 69 6.2.2 Spin Hamiltonian and spin texture 69 6.2.3 Comparison between the data and calculation 72 6.2.4 Role of spin texture 73 6.2.5 Comparison with the square lattice 74 6.2.6 Possible mechanism of the momentum dependence 75 7 Summary 77 Appendix A. Calculation of INS cross-section of CuCrO2 79 A.1 Notations 79 A.2 Magnetic Hamiltonian for 120-degree magnetic order 80 A.3 Magnon-phonon coupling 83 A.4 Dynamical structure factor 85 Appendix B. Calculation of magnon-phonon coupling in YMnO3 89 B.1 Calulation of magnons of h-YMnO3 using linear spin-wave theory (LSWT) 89 B.2 Phonon dispersion of h-YMnO3 92 B.3 Magnon-phonon coupling Hamiltonian of h-YMnO3 92 B.3.1 Diagonalization of Magnon-phonon coupling Hamiltonian 93 B.3.2 Calculation of inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) dynamical structure factor 94 References 97 Publications 109 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 111 Acknowledgements 113Docto

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