마크 트웨인 후기 작품에 나타나는 인간관 연구

Believing pessimistic view of man to have been one of the basic elements in Twain's literary world, thus one frame of reference in understanding Twain, this thesis aims to analyze, in relation to his earlier works, how this element, the pessimistic view of man, is manifested in his Later writing, especially in his philosophical writing, What Is Man?, and in his mine. masterpiece, The Mysterious Stranger, where Twain's condemnation of "the damned human race" subtly exposed in the earlier works, is reinforced with the finality of pessimistic, deterministic note, and to pursue possible factors of influence behind such a view. The basic view of man manifested in Twain's Later writing is one of determinism that perceives man as being helpless in the face of inexorable forces working to determine his life. In What Is Man?, man is pronounced to be a machine controlled by heredity and training, moved to action only by the sole impulse of contenting his peace of mind. Another version of determinism is in viewing human Life as a chain of acts determined by man's first childish act. This view is expressed in The mysterious Stranger. These deterministic views on man direct towards the realization of human insignificance in the face of such inexorable forces as God, heredity and training, and Nature. The deterministic view Twain has analyzed in his later years may be seen as the reflection of the pervading mood of pessimistic determinism that was dominant in the intellectual circles of the Later part of "the Gilded Age." The grim reality behind the booming industrial growth, together with the scientific discoveries which invalidated the Christian interpretation of origin of man, must have had a direct or an indirect influence on Twain's vision. Twain's Calvinistic upbringing also found its mark in his view of man. Throughout his Literary career, Twain was absorbed by "the damned human race" whose base nature of cruelty, stupidity, coward-liness, and selfishness, have been the object of his condemnation. Twain places man's possession of the Moral Sense as the source of evil aspects of human nature, since he believes that Moral Sense gave birth to wrong and evil by allowing man the knowledge of discerning wrong from right, evil from good. And this picture of "the damned human race," the possessor of the Moral Sense, is best portrayed in The Mysterious Stranger. Thus, by analyzing the pessimistic view of man represented in his final writing, and viewing it in relation to the vision of man manifested in earlier works, I hope to arrive at a more integrated vision of man in Twain's fictional world which will bring Light to a more comprehensive perspective on Twain.;비관적인 인간관이 Twain작품 세계의 한 기본 요소라고 본 필자는 본 논문에서 이러한 인간관이 그의 후기 작품들인 What Is Man?과 The Mysterious Stranger에서 어떻게 나타나고 있는가를 초기작품들과의 연관속에서 연구해보고자 한다. 초기 작품에서 희박하게 암시되어 왔던 인류에 대한 Twain 의 비난은 후기 작품에 와서 비관적이고 결정론적인 인간관으로 발전되었는데 이것은 당대의 Darwinism, 생물학, 인류학, 지질학 등 과학의 새로운 발견과 급 산업화의 비굴한 현실에서 비롯된 비관적 결정론적인 시대 분위기와 대응하고 있으며 소년 시절의 Calvinist 적인 교육의 영향을 반영하고 있다. 그리고 1890년 이후에 그가 겪은 개인적 불운 역시 큰 영향을 끼쳤다고 볼 수 있으며, 이 시점 이후의 작품들을 그의 비관적인 후기 작품들이라고 볼 수 있다. Twain 후기 작품에서 표출되고 있는 결정론적인 인간관은 두 형태로 나눌 수 있는데 What Is Man? 에서는 자신의 안락함과 이익만을 추구하는 유전과 교육에 의해서 조정되고 결정되어지는 기계로서의 인간의 모습이 그려지고 있으며 The Mysterious Stranger 에서는 인간의 첫 행동에 의해서 삶의 길이 결정되어 진다고 보았다. 즉 인생은 그 첫 행동에 의해서 시작되는 행동들의 연속적인 쇠사슬에 불과하다고 본 것이다. 이러한 결정론적인 인간관은 냉혹하고 무정한 신, 자연, 그리고 유전과 교육과 같은 힘들 앞에서 반항하지 못하고 조정되고 인생이 결정되는 인간이라는 하찮은 존재의 모습을 보여주고 있다. Twain 은 또한 인간의 비열한 천성들, 즉 인간의 잔인함, 어리석음, 비겁함과 이기주의성들을 비난하였는데 이러한 인간의 본성들은 양심에서 비롯된 것이라고 보았기 때문에 그의 작품들은 이러한 인간의 양심이 인간을 어떻게 타락시키고 있는 가를 주제로 하고 있다. 양심을 가졌기에 더 악하고 비굴한 인간의 모습은 The Mysterious Stranger에 잘 나타나고 있다. 그러므로 필자는 Twain 후기 작품에 나타나고 있는 비관적 인간관을 초기 작품들과의 연관속에서 분석함으로서 보다 통합된 Twain 작품 세계속의 인간관에 도달하고자 한다. 이는 Twain 연구에 보다 포괄적인 시각을 부여할 수 있다고 보기 때문이다.ABSTRACT = ⅱ Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION = 1 Ⅱ. "WHAT IS MAN?" IN MARK TWAIN'S LATER WRITING = 17 A. Man : Inexorable Forces at Work - Deterministic View of Man = 23 1. "Man the Machine" : Heredity and Training = 27 2. Human Life : A Chain of Determined Acts = 37 3. The Insignificant Being Called Man = 43 B. The Damned Human Race = 54 1. Moral Sense : A Defect = 59 2. Cruelty, Injustice, Conformity : The Human Nature = 65 Ⅲ. CONCLUSION = 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY = 83 국문초록 = 8

Thomas Pynchon's America

The present study proposes to analyze Pynchon s rewriting of American history to expose his deconstructive interpretation of America as the New World. What is central to his reading of American history is the subversive questioning of the creditability of the democratic ideals proclaimed in the founding of the American nation and of the Puritan vision of having founded a New World for the "Chosen." For Pynchon, the New World had been the America before the arrival of the European settlers that had been lost as American history was absorbed into the whirlpool of Western fervor for progress. That is, contrary to the rationalized faith in having founded a new world of their own, what the Euro-Americans had established was a fresh realm for propagation of Eurocentric history. This interpretation inevitably extends Pynchon s fictional world from the confines of Americanism to the context of Western history, of the rationalized history of universal progress. The present study attempts to prove that Pynchon s novels present an integrated historical vision that will dislocate the convictions the late-capitalist American society holds about their History, their foundation. The novels can be grouped according to their setting. In Chapter 1, the contemporary American society explored in The Crying of Lot 49 and Vineland has been examined for its exposure of the "other" America that seems to have been a heritage continuing from the Old World, thus becoming a subversive statement on the democratic ideals of equality and freedom for all men as well as on the claim for having originated a history severed from ties to the European past. On the other hand, the European scene/history explored in V. and Gravity s Rainbow is analyzed to be a mislead to veneer the critical exploration of the consequences of the Bomb on the American society. Here, the meaning of American progress is examined within the broader spectrum of Western imperialist history of white supremacy, which inevitably touches upon the Puritan doctrine of predestination. In Chapter 3, Mason & Dixon, with its exploration of the pre-Revolutionary American society, becomes a subversive statement on how the New World had been transformed into a replica of the Old World, the final seal being the initiation of drawing a "Line" across the previously wild and free territory. Concomitant is the examination of the true force propelling the Revolution, capitalist ambition. Despite the fact that a major part of Pynchon s literary task lies in rewriting American history to probe into its ideological justification, most studies to the present have been partial or fragmentary in exploring this significant dimension. Critics have been concentrating more on segregating each novel as a separate entity with the emphasis on specific postmodern issues than examining them as components progressing toward unified vision. However, such fragmentary perspectives cannot provide an in-depth insight into Pynchon s fictional world without an overall perspective to frame and relate. Therefore, this study of Pynchon s novels within a singular historical perspective attempts to provide not only a more comprehensive interpretation of but also one frame of reference for his fictional world, and to open up a new dimension in Pynchon studies.Abstract Introduction --------------------------------------------------------- 1 Chapter 1: The Other America ----------------------------------------- 15 Chapter 2: American Progress ----------------------------------------- 47 Chapter 3: The American New World ------------------------------------ 73 Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------- 90 Bibliography --------------------------------------------------------- 9

염색공예의 표현기법에 관한 실험연구

천연염료만으로 천이나 의복에 물을 들이던 염색은 과학의 진보, 생활양식의 변모, 미의식의 변천 등으로 그 범위가 점점 확대 다양화 되어지고 있다. 이런 시점에서 과학적으로 정확하고 편리한 염료의 개발도 필요하지만 높은 차원의 염색작품, 표현을 위한 다양한 기법의 개발은 더욱 절실하다고 본다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 보다 더 새롭고, 다양한 염색작품의 표현기법을 실험적 연구를 통하여 모색하려는 데 있다. 물론 염색기법에는 여러 방법이 있겠지만 그 중에서도 흔히 활용되는 초의 방염에 착염을 하는 납염법을 중심으로 실험연구 하였다. 실험 방법으로는 먼저 재료에 대한 특성을 각각 분석한 다음 납염법에 의하여 점, 선, 면, 질감 등의 기본적 조형요소를 여러 가지 기법으로 표현하면서 초와 염료의 특성을 충분히 활용하였다. 그 결과 납염법은 각 재료에 대한 충분한 이해와 개인의 창의력 여하에 따라서 다양한 표현의 가능성을 알 수 있었다. 이는 다른 재료에서는 표현이 불가능한 염색 특유의 표현법이며 여러 가지 기법을 복합적으로 활용한다면 더욱 심오한 표현이 가능함을 알 수 있다. 한 편 기존 염색작품과 비교 분석해본 결과 첫째 전통적 패턴의 현대화의 빈곤 둘째 공예성에서의 대담한 탈피 셋째 자주성 및 창의성의 배양 넷째 개성적 기법의 개발 등이 현실화 된다면 보다 조형성 있는 염색작품의 구현이 가능하리라고 믿는다. 이는 곧 염색작품에 대한 종전의 의식이 조형예술로서 병역할 수 있는 시기가 되리라고 생각된다.;The flow of changes in the mode of life, the change in human aesthetic feelings, the development of industrial technology, etc., has brought about enlargement and complication in the scope of application and technique of dyeing works from their initial stage of putting colors on cloth or clothes with natural dyestuffs for wearing purpose. So the problem of developing new methods of expression, methods to put life into works as a living art, has become more urgent than the problem of developing economical, non-diffusing, easily-applicable new kinds of dyestuff. Followings are the summary of an approach to the new method of expression in dyeworks through experiments. Wax-coloring method is one of the most popular ever known to us. In this method, one or two kinds of wax are induced as negative agents and heat for round up after coloring to dissolve the negative. The experiments began with the analysis of raw materials, i.e., dyestuffs, clothes and wax. To have the most favorable results, the particularities of dyestuffs thus found had fully been utilized, while observing design and moulding principles of point, line, surface and quality in arranging multiple design. Results proved that the possibility of dynamic expression, the unique expression allowed to none other than the dyeing art, depended on the understanding of raw materials and the creative attitude of the dyer. The expression of thoughts could be achieved when methods were applied cumulatively. Comparisons with the works of existing artists revealed stagnant problems, as listed below, which is in the road for the dyeing to be nearer as a real art: the problem of A) Modernizing existing patterns of design B) Casting off craftsmanship C) Cultivating originality and creativity D) Developing new methods of dyeing, rich with personality Problems thus stated, I believe the dyeing work will flourish as a real art in the near future.I. 서론 1 A. 연구목적 1 B. 연구방법 및 범위 1 II. 염색의 개념 3 A. 염색의 의의 3 B. 염색의 역사성 4 C. 염색기법의 종류 7 III. 납염의 실험연구 9 A. 재료 및 재료의 특질 9 B. 일반적인 표현기법 19 C. 표현기법의 응용 22 D. 표현기법의 조형성 39 IV. 결론 42 참고문헌 44 영문초록 4

CD99와 LMP1의 상호조절을 통한 HRS 양 세포의 생성

Thesis(doctor`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 병리학전공,2007.Docto

ABS수탁계약서 지배구조에 관한 실증 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :경제학부 경제학전공,2005.Maste

The Effects of personal characteristics and metamemory on the old adults` memory performance

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 :간호학과 간호학 전공,1999.Docto

Effects of a Systematic Repetitive Reading Program on Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension of Underachieving Elementary Students

이 연구에서는 체계적인 반복읽기 프로그램이 읽기학습부진아동들의 읽기 유창성과 오독률, 그리고 독해 능력에 효과가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 경기도 김포시 K 초등학교 2, 3학년 아동들 중에서 읽기 과목의 학업 성취도가 또래보다 0.5~1년 정도 낮고, 진단평가 결과 성취수준이 60%미만인 아동 20명을 선정하여 실험집단에게는 체계적인 반복읽기 프로그램을 적용하였고, 통제집단에게는 혼자 단순 7회 반복읽기를 하도록 했다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 실험집단과 통제집단 모두 읽기 속도가 유의하게 향상하였다. 하지만, 집단 간 변화량 차이를 검증한 결과, 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 더 많이 향상하였다. 둘째, 읽기 오독률 측면에서도 실험집단과 통제집단 모두 통계적으로 유의하게 오독률이 감소하였지만, 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 더 많은 감소를 보였다. 셋째, 읽기 독해력을 비교한 결과 실험집단과 통제집단 모두 통계적으로 유의하게 성취도가 상승하였으나 집단 간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 반복읽기는 그 자체로도 읽기 유창성과 독해력 향상에 효과적이지만, 교사의 시범, 피드백, 동기적인 요소, 자기 읽은 목소리 녹음하기 등을 포함하여 이를 보다 체계화할 경우 더 높은 향상을 가능케 할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a systematic repetitive reading program had any effects on the reading fluency, error rates, and reading comprehension of reading-underachieving students. A total 20 elementary school students, who were in 2nd and 3rd grade and showed low achievement in reading participated in this study. Reading education was provided to the experimental group by applying a systematic repetitive reading program, and the control group just kept reading books alone seven times without being offered any intervention. The findings of the study were as follows: First, both groups showed significant improvements in increasing reading fluency and decreasing error rates. The systematic repetitive reading program, however, was relatively more effective than the simple repetitive reading program. Second, with regard to reading comprehension, the both group were not significantly different from each other, although the both group improved significantly in reading comprehension. These findings indicated that the features of a repetitive reading program such as teacher's modeling, corrective feedback, motivational consideration, and self recording of own voice can mediate potential effects of repetitive reading on reading ability