26 research outputs found
Studies of Carbon based Nanostructures for Phototherapeutic Applications
DoctorThe phototherapy is the treatment of disease by employing photosensitizer and specific wavelength. This therapeutic technique involves photophysical and photochemical reactions of photosensitizer, producing cytotoxic chemical species (photodynamic therapy) or thermal energy (photothermal therapy), which are used to treat the tissue lesion. These phototherapies have emerged as alternative, promising therapeutic methodologies especially for cancer, which are noninvasive, minimally toxic, and target-selective. Currently, to improve the efficacy of these phototherapeutic treatments, various nanoparticles combined with conventional photosensitizers have been studied and developed as efficient delivery carriers and novel photosensitizers. The overview of phototherapy, especially in terms of the background, the mechanism of photosensitization, various photosensitizers, and the phototherapeutic effect on the disease, are described in Part I. This thesis has two major parts. The first part focuses on the studies of photothermal therapeutic effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). SWNT is a one dimensional (1-D) cylindrical nanostructure with average diameter of ca. 1.7 nm and lengths from several hundred nanometers to several centimeters. It is potentially useful for a wide range of biomedical applications due to their interesting needle-like shape as well as their unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties. With high aspect ratio and large surface area, SWNT is capable of adsorbing or conjugating with various biological molecules and delivering them to target as a biological transporter. Moreover, photothermal property, that is, the production of thermal energy due to its strong absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) range, is utilized for tumor destruction. Motivated by these favorable properties, functionalization of SWNT with biocompatible polymer (PEG), antibody-drug (cetuximab) and dyes (Cy5.5) for selective targeting to epidermal growth factor receptor expressed (EGFR+) cancer cells, and destruction of tumor in vivo are intensively studied in Part II. Cy5.5-Cetuximab-SWNT conjugates show the high affinity and selective destruction of EGFR+ cancer cells with NIR irradiation (section 2.3 in Part II). Based on in vivo experiment, injected PEG-SWNTs exhibit efficient destruction of tumors by photothermal effect, and most of them are almost completely excreted from mice body within 2 month through biliary or urinary pathway (section 2.2 in Part II). The second part is concerned with the phototherapeutic effect of zinc phthalocyanine nanowire. The zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is the azoporphyrin derivatives, considered one of the most promising second-generation photosensitizer candidates due to its strong absorption in the spectral range of 650 - 900 nm that guarantees maximum tissue penetration and favorable photophysical and photochemical properties. However, such an efficient photosensitizer, ZnPc molecule has significant limitation in physiological acceptance and availability due to its hydrophobic nature. To overcome this problem, several water-soluble ZnPc derivatives have been designed, and various delivery carriers such as liposomes, micelles and nanoparticles have been developed. In Part III, unconventional approach to improve the water solubility of ZnPc is described. One-dimensional ZnPc nanowire is synthesized by vaporization-crystallization-recrystallization (VCR) process and solubilized in aqueous solution followed by sonication. Without any special functional groups introduced, it exhibits substantially increased water solubility and also shows photodynamic and photothermal sensitizing ability. Both photosensitizing properties provide strong cytotoxic effect, which is proved by efficient destruction of tumor cells (section 3.2 in Part III) and bacterial cells (section 3.3 in Part III).κ΄μΉλ£λ κ΄μ¦κ°μ μ νΉμ ν νμ₯μ μ΄μ©ν μ§λ³ μΉλ£ λ°©λ²μ΄λ€. μ΄λ νΉμ νμ₯μ λΉμ λ
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