Analysis of Korean Construction R&D Policies Using System Dynamics

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 건축학과, 2013. 8. 이현수.연구개발(이하 R&D)을 통한 원천지식의 확보와 기술수준의 증가는 가속화되는 국제경쟁 속에서 더욱 더 중요해지고 있다. 건설분야에서는 2002년 국토교통과학기술진흥원이 설립되어, 꾸준한 R&D 예산확보와 과제관리가 진행되고 있다. 그러나, 정부와 관리자는 증가하는 예산에 비례하여 빠르고 가시적인 성과창출을 추구하게 되었고, 정량적 성과위주의 정책은 꾸준한 시간과 노력이 필요한 R&D에 악영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 현재 적용되고 있는 건설R&D 관리 정책들을 다각적으로 분석하여 단기적인 효과뿐만 아니라, 장기적인 효과의 통합적인 분석을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 국내 건설R&D의 특성 및 다양한 정책들을 조사하였다. 이후, 현재 적용중인 정책들의 실효성의 분석을 위해 시스템 다이내믹스(System Dynamics)를 활용한 모형을 개발하였다. 모형을 통해 각 정책 별 수립 배경과 그 목적 그리고 예상했던 결과와 실제 현황을 설명할 수 있었다. 또한, 모델 구조로부터 얻은 정책 시사점을 토대로 건설R&D의 효율화를 위한 주체 별 제안을 제시하였다. 건설R&D 참여 주체들의 인과관계 모델링에 기초한 분석은 R&D과정과 연구자와 관리자 사이의 상호연관성의 이해도를 높일 수 있다. 또한, 향후 건설 및 다양한 분야의 R&D 정책수립에 도움을 줄 수 있고, 정량적인 분석을 통해 건설R&D 효율화 방안 도출을 위해 활용 가능할 것으로 예상된다.Due to the acceleration of international competition, the importance of secured source technology and increased technical level by Research and Developmet(R&D) is increasing these days. In the construction division, securing the R&D budget and project management is performed by KAIA (Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement) which was established in 2002. However, as the budget increases, the government and the administrators from KAIA pursued for fast and visible outcome, and that caused adverse effect to R&D, which needs ceaseless time and effort to reach fine quality. The purpose of this study is to analyze both short and long-term effects of the currently applied construction R&D management policies. Based on the peculiarity of the construction R&D and various policies, and 4 main doubtful policies are deducted. System Dynamics modeling method is applied to develop models for each policy. Based on the analysis model, strategic policy for both policy makers and administrators were proposed. This study provides better understanding and a logical basis for the R&D process and the relationship between researchers and administrators. Also, it may support to draw efficient management plan for the construction R&D.Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background and Objectives 1 1.2 Research Scope and Methods 4 Chapter 2. Preliminary Study 7 2.1 Definition 7 2.1.1 Research & Development 7 2.2.2 Research Capability 9 2.2 Literature Review 10 2.2.1 Charateristic of R&D 10 2.2.2 Peculiarity of Construction R&D 13 2.2.3 System Dynamics 16 2.3 Summary 20 Chapter 3. Korean R&D Management Policy 21 3.1 Achievement-oriented R&D Policy 21 3.2. Limited Participation Rate of research director 23 3.3 Limited Maximum Labor Cost of researcher 24 3.4 Changes in the Scale of the Projects 25 3.5 Summary 27 Chapter 4. R&D Policy Analysis using System Dynamics Model 28 4.1 Analysis Model of Administrator and Researcher 29 4.2 Analysis Model of Administrator and Research Institute 32 4.3 Analysis Model of Researcher and R&D Project 35 4.4 Analysis Model of Research Institute and R&D Project 38 4.5 Summary 41 Chapter 5. Dynamic Strategy Development of R&D Policy Management 42 5.1 Strategic policies for Policy Makers 42 5.2 Strategic policies for Administrators 45 5.3 Summary 47 Chapter 6. Conclusion 48 6.1 Results and Disccusions 48 6.2 Contributions and Further Studies 50 References 52 Abstract (Korean) 56Maste

한국 고등학교 학습자들의 영어리듬과 이해도

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 외국어교육과(영어전공), 2015. 7. 안현기.Since English has attained an important role as an international language, a number of diverse global dialects have become recognized. This has had a significant impact on the area of English pronunciation acquisition as the goal to be achieved is being changing with the major focus now shifting from phonemic level targets to the overall intelligibility. Understanding the suprasegmental rules appears central to this new goal, with particular mention given to stress and rhythm as the important elements. Yet, Korean learners are subject to make inappropriate rhythm units opposed to the nature of English rhythm, in that Korean belongs to syllable timing and English to stress-timing. Therefore, the present study proposed the three research questions as follows: (a) are there differences in speech rhythm between the Korean EFL learners and the native speakers of English?(b) are there differences in speech rhythm between the more proficient and the less proficient learners?(c) does Korean EFL learners sentence stress affect native speakers comprehensibility of speech rhythm? The two main experiments to solve the research questions were implemented with a total of 21 Korean EFL high school students and 3 native speakers. The first experiment was divided into the two sub-tests: the one was to investigate the speech rhythm comparing the score of nPVI-V and nFPVI between Korean learners and native speakers, and the other was to apply the same metrics measuring two 6 more proficient groups against 15 less proficient groups to manifest the different effects based on the proficiency level. The comprehensibility test was conducted by 3 native speakers in order to assess how much the learners speech rhythm affects the native speakers comprehensibility. The major findings of the present study suggest that the Korean learners did not seem to use a stress pattern to achieve the English rhythm. There were significant different results of the nPVI-V scores between the non-native and the native speakers. One argument yet to be discussed was the fact that nFPVI did not seem to support the typology of two different languages in terms of the rhythm unit. With regard to the nature of the regular occurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables in English, a foot unit is supposed to generate an English isochrony. In this respect, the native speakers were expected to have the lower scores of nFPVI and the Korean speakers were anticipated to make the higher scores of nFPVI. Nonetheless, the results failed to show the different nFPVI between the two language groups and the two groups of the different proficiency level. Furthermore, the scores of comprehensibility ratings based on the speech rhythm serve to indicate that the speech rhythm might affect the native speakers comprehensibility. Therefore, it can be concluded that Korean learners of English do not appear to make the English speech rhythm when conducting speech performance. These findings present the understandings on the speech rhythm by Korean EFL learners, and contribute to illuminating the importance of stress and the rhythm unit on the pronunciation teaching.ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 1 - 1.1 Purpose of the Study - 1 - 1.2 Research Questions - 5 - 1.3 Organization of the Thesis - 6 - CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW - 7 - 2.1 Speech Rhythm - 7 - 2.2 Measurement of Speech Rhythm - 15 - 2.2.1 Rhythm Measurement Methods - 16 - 2.2.2 Necessity of Normalizing Speech Rate - 26 - 2.3 Comprehensibility on Speech rhythm - 28 - CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY - 32 - 3.1 Experimental Methods - 32 - 3.1.1 Participants and Setting - 32 - 3.1.2 Materials and Procedures - 35 - 3.2 Data Collection and Analysis - 38 - CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - 43 - 4.1 nPVI-V between NNS and NS - 43 - 4.2 nFPVI between NNS and NS - 46 - 4.3 Proficiency Effects on Speech Rhythm - 48 - 4.3.1 Proficiency Effects on nPVI-V - 48 - 4.3.2 Proficiency Effects on nFPIV - 50 - 4.4 Comprehensibility based on Sentence Stress and Speech Rhythm - 54 - CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION - 57 - 5.1 Summary of the Study and Pedagogical Implications - 57 - 5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research - 60 - REFERENCES - 63 - APPENDICES - 69 - 국 문 초 록 - 80 -Maste

Effect of Pramipexole on Cognitive Functions in Restless Legs Syndrome

OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2014-01/102/2014017262/5SEQ:5PERF_CD:SNU2014-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0FILENAME:effect of pramipexole on cognitive functions in restless legs syndrome.pdfDEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

The politics of becoming-woman in the 1990s novels of Jeon Gyeong-lin and Bae Su-ah

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 인문대학 국어국문학과, 2020. 8. 손유경.본 논문은 한국문학사에서 여성문학의 시대로 일컬어진 1990년대에 주목하여, 1990년대 여성문학 담론의 화두였던 여성 정체성 서사의 새로운 가능성을 전경린과 배수아의 작품을 통해 살펴보는 것을 목표로 한다. 이는 기존 문학사에서 1990년대 여성문학에 대한 평가가 다소 제한적인 방식으로 이루어졌다는 문제의식을 기반으로 한다. 1990년대는 여성문학의 전성기로 기억되곤 하지만, 정작 문학사에서 1990년대 여성문학은 보편성이 결여되어 있으며 여성적 특수성에 천착했다는 한계를 지적받아왔다. 뿐만 아니라 기존의 연구사는 많은 경우 신경숙, 공지영, 은희경이라는 대표적 작가들의 이름을 통과해서만 1990년대 여성문학의 의의를 확인해왔다는 점에서 1990년대 등단, 활동한 많은 여성작가들의 스펙트럼을 협소화한 측면이 있었다. 본고가 1990년대 여성문학의 가능성을 모색하기 위해서 전경린과 배수아의 소설을 살펴본 것은 이들이 여성 정체성 서사라는 당대의 테마와 관련해 자전적 글쓰기로 수렴되지 않는 각자의 서사적 전략을 통해 여성 주체화의 과정을 그려내고 있기 때문이다. 본고는 여성문학을 규범적인 개념이 아니라, 여성의 특수한 경험과 위치를 문학의 언어로 재현하는 과정에서 나타난 비판적 개념으로 상정하고, 1990년대라는 특정한 역사적 맥락 속에서 여성문학이 어떠한 방식으로 상상되었는지를 살펴보았다. 1990년대 여성서사는 여성 정체성과 여성성 재현이라는 키워드를 통해 집중적으로 담론화되었으나, 여성(성)의 재현 전략에 관한 연속적인 고찰이 부재한 상황에서 여성 정체성을 본질화한다는 손쉬운 비판을 면하기 어려웠다. 본고는 1990년대에서 2000년대에 이르는 시기에 여성적 차이, 혹은 여성성 재현에 관한 담론이 차이로서의 여성(성)을 강조할 것인가와 여성이라는 범주를 넘어설 것인가라는 딜레마에 봉착하고 있으며, 그러한 과정은 곧 여성 주체화라는 동시대 페미니즘 정치의 의제와 연결된다는 점에 주목하였다. 먼저, 본론 2장에서는 1980년대의 여성해방문학 담론과 그로부터 이어지는 1990년대 여성문학 담론의 형성을 살펴봄으로써, 여성해방문학에서 여성문학으로의 이행과 잔여들을 짚어보았다. 본고는 특히 1980년대 후반에서 1990년대 초반으로 이어지는 이행기 속에서 집나간 딸들의 귀환이 그려지고 있는 소설들이 1990년대 집의 정치화 문제와 연결된다는 점에 주목했다. 이와 함께 1990년대 여성서사의 쟁점으로 부상한 여성성 개념을 살펴보고, 당대 여성작가의 개략적인 지형도를 그려보았으며, 전반적인 테마와 경향에 따라 작품들의 계열을 분류해보았다. 3장에서는 아버지-남편에 의해 여성의 운명이 결정되는 가족의 풍경을 그린 전경린의 작품들을 살피고, 그로부터 파생되는 삶의 조건들로부터 여성인물들이 어떠한 방식으로 위반과 저항의 욕망을 드러내는지를 분석하였다. 전경린의 소설에 등장하는 여성 인물들은 성차의 적극적인 긍정을 통해 여성(성)의 기원에 접근하며, 이 과정은 여성신화 다시-쓰기라는 여성 주체화의 방법론으로 나타난다. 또한 전경린의 소설은 여성의 욕망에 주목하며 성차화된 몸을 적극적으로 가시화한다는 특징을 가지고 있으며, 이와 같은 특징들은 이른바 불륜소설로 분류된 작품들에서도 확인된다. 이러한 고찰을 통해 본고는 전경린의 불륜소설이 단지 통속화의 소산이라기보다는, 일상 속에서 부단히 낯선 몸의 감각을 요청하는 변화 혹은 해방의 출발점으로서 독해될 수 있다고 주장한다. 4장에서는 배수아의 소설들에 나타난 소녀고아와 여성청년 인물들을 살펴보며, 가족의 해체라는 조건 하에서 자리를 교환하며 끊임없이 반복되는 여성들의 운명이 그들로 하여금 실존적 소외와 불안의 감각을 불러일으키고 있음을 분석하였다. 배수아 소설의 중심인물인 소녀들은 성장소설의 문법이나 남근로고스중심주의 체제에 포획되지 않은 존재들이다. 배수아가 보여주는 소녀의 서사는 복수적인 목소리들과 시간성이 내재하고 있는 반(反)-기억의 형식으로 소녀-되기의 생성을 드러낸다. 본고는 이어서 1990년대 후반 발표된 배수아의 소설에서는 폭력과 가난이라는 극한의 조건에 내몰린 소녀와 여성청년들이 등장하며, 이들을 통해 일상적 시간의 악무한적 반복에 대한 의식과 서사적 변화가 포착되고 있다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 본고는 두 작가의 소설적 전략을 분석함에 따라 최종적으로 전경린의 문학이 차이로서의 여성성을 과잉 재현함으로써 여성이 계속해서 스스로의 욕망을 긍정하고 그것을 언어화할 수 있음을 보여주었던 반면, 배수아의 문학은 규범적 정체성을 가로지르는 주체의 복수화를 통한 새로운 여성-서사의 가능성을 보여주었다고 판단했다. 즉, 여성 주체화라는 문제와 관련하여, 전경린의 소설은 여성의 욕망에 대한 적극적인 긍정을 통해 전략적 본질주의의 방식을, 배수아의 소설은 타자화된 여성의 위치로부터 복수적 주체화의 가능성을 제시한 사례로 새롭게 독해할 수 있을 것이다. 이후 2000년대 문학/비평(장)에서 전경린의 소설은 나르시시즘적이고 통속적인 불륜서사를 재생산하거나, 여성성을 지나치게 신비화화한다는 이유로 외면받기 시작했으며, 배수아의 소설은 보편성과 예술성(미학성)을 구현하는 문학적 실험이라는 평가와 함께 탈성화된다. 여성-되기의 과정이 생물학적 성별에 의거한 주어진 정체성이 아니라 끊임없이 성별권력의 비대칭성을 가시화하고 저항하며 형성되는 부단한 운동이라고 할 때, 2000년대 이후로도 계속된 전경린의 여성(성)의 탐구를 지배적인 것으로부터 차이화하는 여성서사의 실천으로, 배수아의 소녀-되기의 서사전략을 탈본질화, 혹은 복수화하는 여성주체의 가능성으로 읽어내는 일이 가능해진다. 본 논의는 여성(성)의 이름으로만 호명되었던 전경린의 문학과 여성을 넘어선 보편으로 독해된 배수아의 문학을 젠더 프리즘을 통해 다시 여과시킴으로써 1980년대의 유산 속에서, 1990년대를 거쳐 2000년대로 이어지는 여성문학의 계보와 새로운 페미니즘 문학연구의 가능성을 탐색할 수 있기를 목표하였다.This thesis aims to examine the new possibilities of feminine identity narrative, the topic of discourse on womens literature in the 1990s, referred to as the era of womens literature, through the works of Jeon Gyeong-lin and Bae Su-ah. This study is based on the awareness of a problem that womens literature in the 1990s was discussed in a rather limited way. In the history of Korean literature, women's literature in the 1990s has often been devalued because of its lack of universality and its predisposition to feminine specificities. In addition, most of the research and criticism on womens literature in the 1990s focused mainly on several representative female writers such as Shin Kyung-sook, Gong Ji-young, and Eun Hee-kyung, and limitedly examined the wide spectrum of many other female writers active in the 1990s. In order to explore the new aspects of womens literature in the 1990s, this study focuses on the novels of Jeon Gyeong-lin and Bae Su-ah. Regarding the creation of female identity narrative, they embodied the subjectification of women as their own narrative strategy rather than autobiographical writing. In this article, I defined womens literature as a critical concept that emerged in the process of representing women's special experiences and positions in the language of literature, not a normative concept. And I examined how womens literature was imagined in the special historical context of the 1990s. Female writers in the 1990s sought ways to describe feminine identity and femininity, but there was no continuous attention from researchers or critics on that. As a result, in the 1990s, women's literature was easily criticized for essentializing the concept of feminity. This study noted that in the 1990s to 2000s, the discourse on the reconstruction of femininity faces a dilemma of whether to emphasize femininity as a difference or to dislocate the women category, which could be linked to the core theme of contemporary feminism politics, the subjectification of women. First, in chapter 2, I examined the transition from the womens liberation literature to the womens literature by looking into the formation of discourse on womens liberation in the 1980s and the womens literature in the 1990s that followed. In particular, I noted that novels about the return of daughters who left home during the transitional period from the late 1980s to the early 1990s are related to the politicization of the home in the 1990s. And then, I examined the concept of femininity that emerged as an issue in the early 1990s to the mid-1990s and the topography of female writers, and tried to classify their works according to the theme and tendency. In Chapter 3, I looked into the works of Jeon Gyeong-lin, stories about the family scene in which the fate of women is determined by their father or husbands, and analyzed how female characters reveal their desire for violation and resistance under the conditions of life derived from patriarchy. In Jeon Gyeonglins novels, female characters approach the origin of women(/femininity) through the affirmation of sexual difference, and re-writing the feminine mythology is a kind of methodology to subjectify women. Especially, her novels are characterized by paying attention to women's desires and actively visualizing the sexualized body. These features are also found in so-called affair novels. Through this examination, I suggested that affair novel could be read as a starting point for change or liberation to request a sense of a strange body in everyday life, not just as a result of vulgarization. In Chapter 4, I focused on girl-orphans and young women in Bae Su-ahs novels and analyzed that the repetition of womens fate in the condition of family dissolution which causes them a sense of existential alienation and anxiety. The girls, who are main figures in her novels, are not obsessed with the grammar of Bildungsroman or the system of Phallocentrism. The girls narratives of Bae Su-ah are in the form of counter-memory or becoming-girl that preserve plural voices and times within them. I figured out that young girls or women, driven to the extreme conditions of poverty and violence in Bae Su-ahs novels since the late 1990s, show a change in being conscious of the vicious repetition of everyday life. Analyzing the writing strategies of the two authors, I finally judged that Jeon Gyeong-lins novels showed that women should be able to desire and speak for themselves by over-representing femininity as a difference. On the other hand, Bae Su-ahs novels showed the possibility of a new female narrative by pluralizing the subject beyond the gender binary. In other words, with regard to the subjectification of women, Jeon Gyeong-lins novels can be read as examples of strategic essentialism through affirmation of womens desires, while Bae Su-ahs novels suggest the possibility of pluralization of the subject from the positions of the otherized women.1. 서론 1 1.1. 문제제기 1 1.2. 연구의 시각 10 2. 여성해방문학에서 여성문학으로의 이행과 잔여들 26 2.1. 1980년대 여성해방문학 탄생의 좌표 26 2.2. 집나간 딸들의 귀환, 여성성 탐색의 본격화 34 3. 성차의 긍정과 이질적인 것들의 마주침 48 3.1. 남성-신화의 전도, 육체성이라는 기원 48 3.2. 밀애의 성정치: 차이화 전략으로서의 통속 66 4. 소녀-되기의 시간성과 복수화된 주체 84 4.1. 소녀-고아들의 반(反)기억 서사 84 4.2. 악무한적 일상성의 반복과 탈정체화의 역설 104 5. 결론 116 참고문헌 119 Abstract 130Maste

Prediction of Behind-Iris Structures by Use of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Parameters

Purpose: To evaluate whether the ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) parameters associated with structures behind iris can be induced using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) parameters in patients with primary angle closure (PAC). Study design: Retrospective, observational study Subjects: A total of 106 eyes of 106 PAC patients Methods: PAC eyes were imaged using both UBM and AS OCT under the same lighting conditions. Anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber area, lens vault, iris cross-sectional area, iris curvature, iris thickness at 750μm form the scleral spur (SS), angle-opening distance at 750μm anterior to SS, angel recess area at 750μm anterior to SS, trabecular iris space area at 750μm anterior to SS, and pupil diameter were estimated on AS OCT image; trabecular-ciliary process angle, trabecular-ciliary process distance, iris-ciliary process distance, ciliary body thickness 1mm posterior to SS were measured on UBM image using ImageJ software. UBM images were categorized into one of three angle closure mechanisms; pupillary block (PB), plateau iris configuration (PIC), and iridolenticular wrapping (WR). Outcome measure: Uni- and multivariate linear regression analysis were used for prediction of UBM parameters. Subgroup comparison was done with Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Forty-nine eyes were categorized into PB group, 28 eyes into PIC group, and 29 eyes into WR group. In multivariate linear regression, LV, IC and IA were major parameters to predict behind-iris structure. Coefficients of determination of multivariate linear regression analysis for UBM parameter were 3.9~28.3%. PB group showed larger IC compared with the other groups. AOD750 in PIC group was longer than those in the other groups, and WR group had smaller ACD and larger LV compared with the other groups. Conclusions: AS OCT parameters alone are insufficient to predict and explain the UBM parameters. However, some AS OCT parameters are associated with subclassification using UBM images showing behind-iris structures, thus angle closure mechanism classification can be done by assist of AS OCT parameters.Maste

Oculomotor outcomes of cranial nerve palsy in patients with skull base tumors

Objectives Skull base tumors, can cause oculomotor dysfunction, presenting a management challenge given their proximity to cranial nerves. This study investigated the oculomotor outcomes in patients with skull base tumors presenting cranial nerve palsy due to tumor compression and aimed to identify associated factors. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study enrolled patients diagnosed with primary skull base tumors who exhibited cranial nerve palsy due to tumor compression, confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging treated at Asan Medical Center between January 2011 and December 2022. Patients were assessed for oculomotor function pre- and post-treatment, and categorized into recovery and non-recovery groups based on outcomes. Factors associated with oculomotor outcomes were also analyzed. Results Fifty-six patients were enrolled, with the majority (n = 37, 66.1%) demonstrating recovery in oculomotor function post-treatment. The duration from symptom onset to treatment initiation was short in the recovery group, suggesting that early treatment may contribute to improved oculomotor outcomes. The type of tumor was significantly associated with oculomotor outcomes, with patients with pituitary adenoma exhibiting better outcomes. In the recovery group, 19/37 (51.4%) patients underwent surgical resection alone. In contrast, in the non-recovery group, 17/19 (89.5%) patients received primary or adjuvant radiosurgery or radiation therapy. Conclusion Approximately 70% of patients with skull base tumors experienced recovery in oculomotor function post-treatment. The duration before treatment and the type of tumor were significantly associated with the oculomotor outcome. These findings aid neuro-ophthalmologists in predicting oculomotor outcomes for patients with skull base tumors, guiding management strategies for oculomotor dysfunction

Augmented Reality based Learning System for Solid Shapes

최근 교육의 학습 효과에 도움을 제공하기 위해 실감 콘텐츠 환경에서 상호작용을 제공하는 시스템이 널리 활용되고 있다. 특히, 증강현실(Augmented reality) 기술은 실제 학습 환경에 가상의 물체를 합성하여 정보를 직관적으로 이해하는데 도움을 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 기하와 관련된 입체도형에 대한 수학개념을 3차원의 공간 정보를 이용하여 학습하는 증강현실 도구를 개발하였다. 이를 위해 수학 교육 과정 중 각기둥과 각뿔에 관한 교과서에 증강현실 합성 기술을 적용하여 공간적인 학습 효과를 보다 높일 수 있도록 하였다. 또한, 카메라와 마커 사이의 위치 관계에 의해 정합이 되도록 가상의 도형을 표현하였고, 공간에 대한 지각 효과를 높이기 위해 평면도, 전개도 등 도형 형태의 다양화, wireframe 가시화 모드 선택 기능 등이 가능하도록 하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 증강현실 기반 학습도구를 통해 수업에 관한 학업성취도 및 흥미도에 관한 효과성을 평가한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법을 통하여 입체도형 학습 뿐 아니라 다양한 수업에서 교육적 효과를 높일 수 있을 것으로 전망한다. Recently, realistic contents such as virtual reality(VR) and augmented reality (AR) are widely used for education to provide beneficial learning environments with thee-dimensional(3D) information and interactive technology. Specially, AR technology will be helpful to intuitively understand by adding virtual objects registered in the real learning environment with effective ways. In this paper, we developed an AR learning system using 3D spatial information in the 2D based textbook for studying math related to geometry. In order to increase spatial learning effect, we applied to solid shapes such as prisms and pyramids in mathematics education process. Also, it allows participants to use various shapes and expression methods (e.g., wireframe mode) with interaction. We conducted the experiment with our AR system, evaluated achievement and interest. Our experimental study showed positive results, our results are expected to provide effective learning methods in various classes through realistic visualization and interaction methods

Neuro-Ophthalmologic Features and Outcomes of Thalamic Infarction: A Single-Institutional 10-Year Experience

Background: Neuro-ophthalmologic deficit after thalamic infarction has been of great concern to ophthalmologists because of its debilitating impacts on patients' daily living. We aimed to describe the visual and oculomotor features of thalamic infarction and to delineate clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of the oculomotor deficits from an ophthalmologic point of view. Methods: Clinical and neuroimaging data of all participants were retrospectively reviewed. Among the 12,755 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, who were registered in our Stroke Data Bank between January 2009 and December 2018, 342 were found to have acute thalamic infarcts on MRI, from whom we identified the patients exhibiting neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations including visual, oculomotor, pupillary, and eyelid anomalies. Results: Forty (11.7%) of the 342 patients with thalamic infarction demonstrated neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations, consisting of vertical gaze palsy (n = 19), skew deviation with an invariable hypotropia of the contralesional eye (n = 18), third nerve palsy (n = 11), pseudoabducens palsy (n = 9), visual field defects (n = 7), and other anomalies such as isolated ptosis and miosis (n = 7). Paramedian infarct was the most predominant lesion of neuro-ophthalmologic significance, accounting for 84.8% (n = 28) of all patients sharing the oculomotor features. Although most of the patients with oculomotor abnormalities rapidly improved without sequelae, 6 (18.2%) patients showed permanent oculomotor deficits. Common clinical features of patients with permanent oculomotor deficits included the following: no improvement within 3 months, combined upgaze and downgaze palsy, and the involvement of the paramedian tegmentum of the rostral midbrain. Conclusions: Thalamic infarction, especially in paramedian territory, can cause a wide variety of neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations, including vertical gaze palsy, skew deviation, and third nerve palsy. Although most oculomotor abnormalities resolve spontaneously within a few months, some may persist for years when the deficits remain unimproved for more than 3 months after stroke