淸學書 小兒論의 出處에 관한 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 언어학과, 2014. 2. 김주원.淸學書(청학서) ≪小兒論 (소아론)≫은 여진학서 ≪소아론≫을 바탕으로 조선중기에 司譯院(사역원)에서 출간한 청어 학습을 위한 청학서이다. 본고에서는 이 ≪소아론≫의 출처를 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 일명 項託(항탁) 설화에 바탕을 둔 이 책은 그 제목은 明代(명대)에 유행한 ≪소아론≫에 바탕을 두고 있고 그 내용은 후대에 유행한 通勝(통승)의 ≪소아론≫보다는 敦煌(돈황)에서 발굴된 이야기에 더욱 유사한 내용을 담고 있다. 그러나 청학서 소아론을 통해 한국에 그리고 ≪今昔物語集 (금석물어집)≫을 통해 일본에 전해진 이야기에는 그 목적에 따라 원전을 그대로 따르기보다는 그 책의 쓰임에 따라 내용의 가감이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. ≪소아론≫의 출처를 찾기 위한 정밀한 비교연구를 위하여 청어 ≪소아론≫의 제5문답을 중심으로 주요어 분석을 하였다. 본고에서는 청어 ≪소아론≫ 및 통승의 ≪소아론≫, ≪騎黑牛的少年傳 (기흑우적소년전)≫, ≪공자항탁상문서≫, ≪P.T. 992(Pelliot Tibetain 992)≫: 공자항탁상문서의 장문본(藏文本), ≪금석물어집≫의 설화를 면밀히 비교분석하였다. 청어 ≪소아론≫은 어떤 책을 보고 그대로 쓴 책이 아니라 기본 어학서로서의 목적을 위해서 같은 문장이 반복되며 ≪공자항탁상문서≫와 비교할 때 어려워 보이는 부분은 삭제되어있음을 찾아볼 수 있었다.1. 머리말 1 1.1 연구의 목적 1 1.2. 앞선 연구 개관 1 1.3. 연구 방법 3 1.4. 다룰 자료 4 1.5. 관련 자료 개관 5 1.5.1. 청어 ≪소아론≫ 5 1.5.2. 통승의 ≪소아론≫ 7 1.5.3. 孔子項託相問書 8 1.5.4. P.T. 992(Pelliot Tibetain 992) 9 1.5.5. 今昔物語集 9 1.5.6. 西蒙古民間故事 ≪騎黑牛的少年傳≫ 9 2. 고문헌의 번역 양상 11 2.1. 개요 11 2.2. 석보상절 11 2.3. 삼강행실도 11 2.4 직역과 의역 14 3. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 항탁설화(통승의 ≪소아론≫) 16 3.1. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 통승의 ≪소아론≫의 비교 16 3.2. 자료 전체 개관 26 3.3. 내용 분석 26 3.3.1. 도입부 27 3.3.2. 제1문답 27 3.3.3. 제2문답 27 3.3.4. 제3문답 27 3.3.5. 제4문답 28 3.3.6. 제5문답 28 3.3.7. 제6문답 29 3.3.8. 제7문답 29 3.3.9. 마무리 30 4. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 ≪공자항탁상문서≫ 31 4.1. ≪공자항탁상문서≫ 31 4.2. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 ≪공자항탁상문서≫의 비교 35 4.3. 내용 분석 42 4.3.1. 도입부 (제1문답 앞부분) 42 4.3.2. 제1문답 42 4.3.3. 제2문답 43 4.3.4. 제3문답 43 4.3.5. 제4문답 44 4.3.6. 제5문답 44 4.3.7. 제6문답 45 4.3.8. 제7문답 46 4.3.9. 마무리 47 4.4. ≪공자항탁상문서≫에서 삭제되었거나 혹은 청어 ≪소아론≫에 없는 ≪공자항탁상문서≫의 내용 47 4.4.1. 문답 1의 후반부 47 4.4.2. 문답 3의 후반부 48 4.4.3. 문답 7 48 4.4.4. 문답 9 48 5. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 P.T. 992 50 5.1. 敦惶古藏文 P.T. 992 ≪공자항탁상문서≫ 50 5.2. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 P.T. 992의 비교 53 5.3. 내용분석 59 5.3.1. 도입부 59 5.3.2. 제1문답 59 5.3.3. 제2문답, 제4문답 60 5.3.4. 제3문답 60 5.3.5. 제5문답 60 5.3.6. 제6문답 및 제7문답 61 5.3.7. 마무리 61 6. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 ≪금석물어집≫ 63 6.1. 개요 63 6.2. ≪금석물어집≫ 63 6.3 청어 ≪소아론≫과 ≪금석물어집≫의 비교 66 6.4. 내용 분석 71 7. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 ≪기흑우적소년전≫ 73 7.1. ≪기흑우적소년전≫ 73 7.2. 청어 ≪소아론≫과 ≪기흑우적소년전≫의 비교 81 7.3. 내용분석 87 7.3.1. 도입부 87 7.3.2. 제1문답 87 7.3.3. 제2문답-제4문답 88 7.3.4. 제5문답 88 7.3.5. 제6문답 89 7.3.6. 제7문답 89 7.3.7. ≪기흑우적소년전≫의 문답 11 90 7.3.8. 마무리 90 8. 소아론 관련 자료의 분석 종합 91 8.1. 대화의 주체 91 8.2. 항탁설화가 전파된 나라의 특징 91 8.3. 각 자료의 항목별 일치 정도 92 9. 결론 93 95 Abstract 98Maste

A Study on the Field Development Planning through Productivity Analysis of Onshore Shallow Gas

Shallow gas is a natural gas that is buried at a depth of less than 1,500m and is widely distributed around the world. It has lower reservoir pressure and smaller scale compared to conventional deep gas, and has been considered as a risk factor in developing deep gas from the past. However, due to the recent decrease in the discovery of new gas fields and increased demand for natural gas, interests in shallow gas is increasing. Shallow gas fields are being developed commercially in various regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia. Also, as shallow gas was discovered in Daejam-dong, Pohang in March 2017, the expectation for domestic development is increasing, and the necessity of research has been highlighted. These gas fields are differ by the reservoir properties and forms depending on the existent area, and there are fewer development cases than deep gas fields. Therefore, there is a lack of research on the uncertainty of the field development planning and reservoir characteristics that affect the economic feasibility of gas field development. In this study, the original gas in place was evaluated with a reservoir model that was developed reflecting the forms and properties of the shallow gas reservoir. Also, productivity analysis and economic analysis were performed according to production operating conditions. As a result, the application period of the material balance method for the evaluation of the original gas in place in shallow gas reservoir model was identified, and the development planning was conducted through productivity and economic analysis according to production operating conditions. In addition, the effects of reservoir characteristics on productivity was analyzed and the minimum economic field size(MEFS), a reserve of zero net present value, was determined due to the development plan. As a result, the effects of porosity, permeability, and initial reservoir pressure on the development of onshore shallow gas field were confirmed, and the development plan was identified the reserves that could secure economic feasibility. The results of this study could be used as fundamental data in selecting field development plan for shallow gas. In addition, it can be used to confirm development plan through productivity analysis with the additional information on the properties of Pohang shallow gas reservoir.|천부가스는 1,500m 이하의 심도에 부존되어 있는 천연가스로 전 세계적으로 광범위하게 분포하고 있다. 일반적인 심부가스에 비해 저류층 압력이 낮고 규모가 작으며, 과거부터 심부가스 개발 시 위험요소로 고려되어 왔다. 하지만 최근 신규 가스전 발견 감소 및 천연가스 수요 증가로 인해 천부가스에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으며, 북미, 유럽, 아시아 등의 다양한 지역에서 상업적 개발을 진행하고 있다. 또한 2017년 3월, 포항 대잠동에서 천부가스가 발견됨에 따라 국내 개발 가능성에 대한 기대가 증가하고 있으며, 연구의 필요성이 부각되고 있다. 이러한 천부가스는 부존 지역에 따라 저류층 물성 및 형태가 상이하고 심부가스에 비해 개발 사례가 적다. 이에 가스전 개발 시 사업의 경제성에 영향을 미치는 개발계획 수립 및 저류층 특성의 불확실성에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 천부가스 부존 지역의 형태 및 물성을 반영한 저류층 모델을 구축하여 원시가스부존량 평가를 수행하고, 생산운영조건에 따른 생산성 분석 및 경제성 평가를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 천부가스 저류층 모델의 원시가스부존량 평가에 대한 물질수지법의 적용시기를 파악하였으며, 생산운영조건에 따른 생산성 및 경제성 분석을 통해 개발계획을 수립하였다. 또한 생산성에 대한 저류층 물성의 영향을 분석하였으며, 개발계획에 따라 순현재가치가 0이 되는 매장량인 MEFS(Minimum Economic Field Size)를 파악하였다. 이를 통해 육상 천부가스전 개발 시 공극률, 유체투과도, 저류층 초기압력이 미치는 영향을 확인하였으며, 개발계획이 경제성을 확보할 수 있는 매장량을 예측하였다. 향후 이 연구결과는 천부가스 개발을 위한 개발계획 수립에 기초자료로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 포항 천부가스 부존 지역의 물성 정보를 추가한 생산성 분석을 통해 개발계획 수립 시 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.제 1 장 서 론 1 제 2 장 가스전 개발 시 개발계획 수립 방법 4 2.1 원시가스부존량 평가 4 2.2 생산정 위치 8 2.3 생산정 규격 및 생산 유량 11 2.3.1 유정시험 11 2.3.2 노달분석 13 2.4 경제성 평가 17 제 3 장 육상 천부가스 부존 지역에 대한 적용 19 3.1 연구대상지역 19 3.2 천부가스 저류층 모델 구축 21 3.3 생산운영조건에 따른 생산성 분석 23 3.3.1 원시가스부존량 평가 결과 23 3.3.2 저류층 모델의 생산운영조건 선정 25 3.3.3 생산성 분석 및 매장량 평가 결과 38 3.4 생산운영조건 별 경제성 평가 결과 46 제 4 장 천부가스 저류층 특성의 영향 분석 51 4.1 생산성에 대한 저류층 물성의 영향 분석 결과 51 4.2 개발계획에 따른 MEFS 분석 결과 54 제 5 장 결 론 57 참고문헌 59Maste

The First 100 Cases of Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery in Korea: Matched Cohort Analyses versus Shock-Wave Lithotripsy

Purpose: This study presents our initial experience with endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) for large renal stones and compares the results of a propensity score-matched cohort of patients undergoing shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL). Materials and methods: A total of 100 adults underwent ECIRS for renal stones between August 2017 and January 2019. For comparison, 2172 patients who underwent a first session of SWL between January 2005 and May 2018 were included in the SWL cohort. Propensity score matching was performed using maximal stone length (MSL), mean stone density (MSD), and stone heterogeneity index (SHI) scores. Stone-free rate (SFR) and success rate were compared between ECIRS and SWL. Results: In the ECIRS group, the mean MSL, mean MSD, and mean SHI were 28.7±15.2 mm, 1013.9±360.0 Hounsfield units (HU), 209.4±104.0 HU, respectively. The SFR was 70%, and the success rate was 82.0% in this group. Although the ECIRS group had larger, harder, and more homogeneous stones than the SWL group, ECIRS showed a higher SFR and success rate than SWL. After propensity-score matching, SFR and success rate remained higher with ECIRS than with SWL (both, p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression, smaller stone size [odds ratio (OR): 0.947, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.913-0.979, p=0.002] and lower Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity score (OR: 0.759, 95% CI: 0.610-0.935, p=0.011) were independent predictors of successful ECIRS. Conclusion: ECIRS showed a higher SFR and success rate than SWL for large renal stones. Smaller stone size and lower complexity of stones were associated with a higher likelihood of successful ECIRS.ope

In Vivo Feasibility Test of a New Flexible Ureteroscopic Robotic System, easyUretero, for Renal Stone Retrieval in a Porcine Model

Purpose: Using a new robotic endoscopic platform system developed for retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) called easyUretero (ROEN Surgical Inc.), we evaluated the feasibility and safety of renal stone retrieval in a porcine model. Materials and methods: Six female pigs were used for our in vivo study. First, 0.3-cm-sized phantom stones were inserted into the kidneys of each pig via the ureteral access sheath. Next, renal stone retrieval was attempted using manual RIRS in three pigs and robotic RIRS in three pigs. Three surgeons performed extraction of 10 stones in each session. Results: The mean stone retrieval time by manual RIRS was significantly shorter than that by robotic RIRS (399.9±185.4 sec vs. 1127.6±374.5 sec, p=0.001). In contrast, the questionnaire regarding usability showed high satisfaction in the surgeons' fatigue category for surgeons using robotic RIRS. The radiation exposure dose was also lower in robotic RIRS than in manual RIRS (0.14 µSv vs. 45.5 µSv). Postoperative ureteral injury assessment revealed Grade 0 in manual RIRS cases and Grades 0, 1, and 2 in robotic RIRS cases. Conclusion: The easyUretero system is a new robotic RIRS system that was developed in Korea. The results of the present study suggest that using easyUretero for stone retrieval during RIRS is safe and ergonomic.ope

Effects of intravesical BCG maintenance therapy duration on recurrence rate in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC): Systematic review and network meta-analysis according to EAU COVID-19 recommendations

Purpose: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommended that courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy lasting more than 1 year could be safely terminated for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Thus, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis according to EAU's COVID-19 recommendations. Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We conducted a network meta-analysis of recurrence rate in patients with NMIBC receiving induction therapy (M0) and those receiving maintenance therapy lasting 1 year (M1) and more than 1 year (M2). Results: Nineteen studies of 3,957 patients were included for the network meta-analysis. In a node-split forest plot using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modeling, there were no differences between the M1 and M2 groups in recurrence rate [odds ratio (OR) 0.95 (0.73-1.2)]. However, recurrence rate in the M0 group was higher than that in the M1 [OR 1.9 (1.5-2.5)] and M2 [OR 2.0 (1.7-2.4)] groups. P-score tests using frequentist inference to rank the treatments in the network demonstrated that the therapy used in the M2 group (P-score 0.8701) was superior to that used in the M1 (P-score 0.6299) and M0 groups (P-score 0). In rank-probability tests using MCMC modeling, the M2 group showed the highest rank, followed by the M1 and M0 groups. Conclusion: In the network meta-analysis, there were no differences between those receiving BCG maintenance therapies in terms of recurrence rate. In the rank tests, therapy lasting more than 1-year appears to be most effective. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1-year maintenance therapy can be used, but after the COVID-19 pandemic, therapy lasting more than 1-year could be beneficial.ope

Silodosin versus Tamsulosin for Medical Expulsive Therapy of Ureteral Stones: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background and Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was performed to compare the therapeutic effects and safety profiles of silodosin and tamsulosin for medical expulsive therapy (MET) of ureteral stones. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to identify articles published before July 2022 that described randomized controlled trials comparing silodosin and tamsulosin for MET of ureteral stones. Endpoints were stone expulsion rate, stone expulsion time, and total complication rate. Results: In total, 14 studies were included in our analysis. The size of ureteral stones was &lt;1 cm. Compared with tamsulosin, silodosin resulted in a significantly higher stone expulsion rate (p &lt; 0.01, odds ratio (OR) = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.91 to 3.06, I2 = 0%) and significantly shorter stone expulsion time (p &lt; 0.01, mean difference = -3.04, 95% CI = -4.46 to -1.63, I2 = 89%). The total complication rate did not significantly differ between silodosin and tamsulosin (p = 0.33, OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.52, I2 = 7%). Conclusions: Compared with tamsulosin, silodosin resulted in significantly better expulsion of ureteral stones &lt;1 cm. The total complication rate did not significantly differ between silodosin and tamsulosin. Thus, silodosin may be superior to tamsulosin for MET of ureter stones &lt;1 cm.ope

A New Parameter for Calcium Oxalate Stones: Impact of Linear Calculus Density on Non-Contrast Computed Tomography

Background and Objectives: Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is widely used to evaluate urolithiasis. The NCCT attenuation, measured in Hounsfield units (HU), has been evaluated to predict stone characteristics. We propose a novel parameter, linear calculus density (LCD), and analyze variables from NCCT imaging to predict calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones, which are common and challenging to fragment. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with urolithiasis between 2014 and 2017. Among those, 790 patients were included. Based on the NCCT pre-treatment, the maximal stone length (MSL), mean stone density (MSD), and stone heterogeneity index (SHI) were obtained. In addition, the variation coefficient of stone density (VCSD = SHI/MSD × 100) and linear calculus density (LCD = VCSD/MSL) were calculated. In accordance with the stone analysis, the patients were divided into two groups (CaOx and non-CaOx groups). The logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for predictive modeling. Results: In the CaOx group, the SHI, VCSD, and LCD were more significant than in the non-CaOx group (all p < 0.001). SHI (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.001-1.004, p < 0.001), VCSD (OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.016-1.041, p < 0.001), and LCD (OR 1.352, 95% CI 1.270-1.444, p < 0.001) were significant independent factors for CaOx stones in the logistic regression models. The areas under the ROC curve for predicting CaOx stones were 0.586 for SHI, 0.66 for VCSD, and 0.739 for LCD, with a cut-point of 2.25. Conclusions: LCD can be a useful new parameter to provide additional information to help discriminate CaOx stones before treatment.ope

Feasibility of Laser Lithotripsy for Midsize Stones Using Robotic Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery System easyUretero in a Porcine Model

Purpose: To test the safety and feasibility of laser lithotripsy for midsize renal stones using a newly developed robotic retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) system (easyUretero) in a porcine model. Materials and Methods: Three urologic surgeons representing three different RIRS experience levels (beginner, intermediate, and expert) participated. Four female pigs (aged 6 months) underwent manual or robotic RIRS. Under general anesthesia, a nephrostomy tract was created ventrally, and calcium stones (diameter, 1.0-1.5 cm) were inserted at renal calices. For manual RIRS, surgeons operated a flexible ureteroscope. For robotic RIRS, the ureteroscope was attached to the robotic slave device. The Auriga XL™ Holmium laser was used for lithotripsy. Lasering and stone retrieval time were measured. Kidneys and ureters were inspected for injury at the end of each session. Results: For the expert, both lasering and stone retrieval by manual RIRS were quicker than by robotic RIRS (22.8 ± 11.0 s/stone vs 234.5 ± 102.5 s/stone, p = 0.02; 41.5 ± 0.5 s/stone vs 79.3 ± 8.1 s/stone, p = 0.02). For the intermediate and beginner, lasering and stone retrieval times were not significantly different between manual and robotic procedures (127.8 ± 93.2 s/stone vs 284.8 ± 112.3 s/stone, p = 0.08; 86.0 ± 30.5 s/stone vs 84.1 ± 21.4 s/stone, p = 0.92). All stones were removed. Grade 1 ureteral and renal injuries occurred in both manual RIRS and robotic RIRS. Conclusions: The laser lithotripsy using the easyUretero robotic system is safe and feasible in a porcine model, even for less-experienced surgeons.restrictio