12 research outputs found

    45S5 ์ƒ์ฒดํ™œ์„ฑ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ(๋ฝํŠธ์‚ฐ-์ฝ”-๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ์‚ฐ) ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ธ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์ธํšŒ์„ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์˜ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    A wide range of synthetic bone graft materials are being used as scaffolds in medical fields such as oral, craniomaxillofacial, and orthopaedic surgery. One of these materials is porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold, which possess both biocompatibility and osteoconduction properties. However, it is limited in terms of bioactivity and osteoinduction. On the other hands, 45S5 bioactive glass (45S5 BG) well known to high bioactivity, osteoconduction, and osteoinduction. Also, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is an biodegradable polymer that is well known for its properties including control the rate of degradation. These advantageous properties motivated our study, which aimed to improve the bioactivity and osteoinduction of HAp scaffold covered with PLGA/45S5 BG composite microfiber (HPB scaffold) and to investigate the characteristics of HPB scaffold as bone graft materials. For experimental purpose, HPB scaffold was prepared by fabricating sponge replica method and electrospinning method. The spinning time differed that it depends on the experimental group, including 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The characteristics of the HPB scaffold were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), micro computed tomography (ฮผ-CT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, ion release was detected for 28 days by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-OES). Fibroblast and preosteoblast were cultured and assessed for cytotoxicity, proliferation and viability. To confirm osteogenic differentiation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, western blot, immunocytochemistry (ICC), and alizarin red s (ARS) staining were carried out. The results of each test were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukeyโ€™s post hoc statistical test (p < 0.05). All HPB scaffolds had a cancellous bone-like structure and they were covered with a layer of composite microfibers containing 45S5 BG atoms (Si-Ca-Na-P) by SEM-EDS. TGA analysis of all HPB scaffolds was confirmed to contain the 45S5 BG in PLGA microfiber. Additionally, these scaffolds enabled to sustain release of Si, Ca, Na, and P ions for 28 days. Cytotoxicity of all HPB scaffold was no significantly difference. Cell proliferation of HPB scaffolds was increased from 1 day to 3 days (p < 0.05). In addition, cell viability on the HPB scaffolds was confirmed with LIVE/DEAD assay. ALP activity and western blot analysis indicated that HPB scaffolds with 20 and 30 minutes of coating induced higher levels of osteogenesis-related markers compared to other scaffolds (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ICC indicated osteopontin expression in HPB scaffolds. ARS indicated that HPB scaffolds with 30 minutes of coating were more effective than the other scaffold in terms of mineralization (p < 0.05). These results showed that HPB scaffold was successfully fabricated by two step process and 45S5 BG ions were released for 28 days. In addition, HPB scaffold supported both pre-osteoblast proliferation and osteoblast differentiation into bone gene expression to osteoblast phenotype. Therefore, HPB scaffold may be a potential bone substitute for osteogenic activity. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•, ๋‘๊ฐœ์•…์•ˆ๋ฉด, ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์บํด๋“œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์ธํšŒ์„ (HAp) ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒด์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์ „๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ฒดํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์œ ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, 45S5 ์ƒ์ฒดํ™œ์„ฑ์œ ๋ฆฌ(45S5 BG)๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒดํ™œ์„ฑ, ๊ณจ์ „๋„, ๊ณจ์œ ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํด๋ฆฌ(๋ฝํŠธ์‚ฐ-์ฝ”-๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ์‚ฐ)(PLGA)๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ•ด์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ HAp ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด PLGA/45S5 BG ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ฝ”ํŒ…๋œ HAp ์ง€์ง€์ฒด(HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด)๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํฐ์ง€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”ผ๋‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 10๋ถ„, 20๋ถ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  30๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ-์—๋„ˆ์ง€ X์„  ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ธต ์ดฌ์˜, ์—ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ๋„์Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ 28์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. L929์„ธํฌ์™€ MC3T3-E1 ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ ๋…์„ฑ, ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„, western blot, ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•, Alizarin Res S (ARS) ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ฒ€์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ์›๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ Tukey ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (p < 0.05). ๋ชจ๋“  HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ-์—๋„ˆ์ง€ X์„  ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  45S5 BG/PLGA ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„ฌ์œ  ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, HAp ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์†Œ (Ca๊ณผ P)์™€ 45S5 BG ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์›์†Œ(Si, Ca, Na๊ณผ P)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ธต ์ดฌ์˜๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค๊ณต๋„๋Š” 89.2%๋กœ ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ณจ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ณต๋„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์˜ 45S5 BG/PLGA ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์—ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ PLGA ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„ฌ์œ ์— 45S5 BG๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋Š” 28 ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ Si, Ca, Na, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  P ์ด์˜จ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋…์„ฑ์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹์€ 1์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค 3์ผ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(p < 0.05). ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„์™€ western blot ๋ถ„์„์€ HPB20๊ณผ HPB30 ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(p < 0.05). ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด์—์„œ Osteopontin์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ARS ์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ 30๋ถ„ ์ฝ”ํŒ…๋œ HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด‘๋ฌผํ™” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(p < 0.05). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ€์ง€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 45S5 BG ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์›์†Œ์˜ ์ด์˜จ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณจ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์ „์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ HPB ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณจ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฌผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.open๋ฐ•

    ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐจ ์„ ์ ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ์กฐ๋งนํšจ.Piecewise polynomial approximation of solution of differential equation with governing equation and its derivatives is proposed to enhance the computational efficiency by reducing total degree of freedom. Total degree of freedom can be reduced by assigning the governing equation and its derivatives to eliminate interior degrees of freedom, which are independent with boundary conditions. As a result, total degree of freedom with the proposed method is O(pn-1) if pth order polynomial shape functions are assigned to elements for n dimensional problem, while total degree of freedom with conventional p-refinement is O(pn) because dimension of boundary of domain is always smaller than that of the domain by one. Therefore, bottleneck region of FEM for large scale problem, Gauss-Jordan elimination of matrix with total degree of freedom, can be eased. On the other hand, shape functions of each element should be constructed independently, i.e. sacrifice efficiency for local stiffness matrixes for fast Gauss-Jordan elimination of global stiffness matrix. Basic concept and theories are described though one dimensional ordinary differential equation, error functions, as an example. Merits and demerits of formulations, weak form vs. strong form, are compared. Applications of the proposed method described for time integration scheme and plane stress problem. Detail derivation of the explicit time integration scheme is described and vibration of mass-spring system is presented as an example. In the case of plane stress problem, construction procedure of shape functions with the proposed method is described. The shape functions with HOC are assumed as nth order polynomial which satisfies compatibility and completeness. The shape functions show less mesh dependency because of its fast convergence rate. Moreover, adaptive refinement could be implemented in systematic way because compatibility can be satisfied although polynomial order of adjacent elements is different. Finally, locking problems, such as incompressible material or Mindlin plate element with small thickness could be handled with HOC. The proposed scheme does not suffer from spurious mode due to reduced integral because analytic integral does not induce locking problem.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Motivations 1 1.2. Literature survey 3 1.2.1. Finite Element Method 3 1.2.2. Collocation Method 4 1.2.3. Differential Transformation Method 5 1.3. Organization 6 2. Higher order collocation 8 2.1. Basic concept 8 2.2. Polynomial approximation and interpolation strategy 10 2.3. Numerical example: Error function (ODE) 12 2.3.1 FEM with HOC (strong form) 13 2.3.2 FEM with HOC (weak form) 16 2.4. HOC at the center of each subdomain 17 3. Higher order collocation for time integral 26 3.1. Objective 26 3.2. Formulation 27 3.3. Numerical example 36 4. Higher order collocation for plane stress and plate problem 44 4.1. Objective 44 4.2. Formulation 50 4.2.1 Arrangement of degrees of freedom for compatibility 50 4.2.2 Strategy for assigning HOC 52 4.2.3 Example: 3rd order polynomial shape functions for plane stress 58 4.2.4 Calculation of strain, stress, local stiffness matrix 61 4.2.5 Compatibility between elements 63 4.3. Numerical Example 65 4.3.1 Plane stress 65 4.3.1.1 Completeness and compatibility of elements 65 4.3.1.2 Mesh regularity dependency 66 4.3.1.3 Adaptive refinement 67 4.3.2 Plane strain with incompressible material 69 4.3.3 Mindlin plate elements 71 5. Conclusion 103Docto

    Numerical calculation of a rectangular duct flow with a normally installed fence

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    Wellbore Stability Analyses for Hydrate Bearing Sediments Using a Bonded Particle Model

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2009.2.Maste

    A study of failure learning based on refereesโ€™ lived bad call experiences

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    The purpose of this study is to understand how the referee grows and learns through failure. Our society is so competitive, that it tends to be unforgiving of failure. However, numerous failure and learning experiences exist in the context of work and the life-world. This study examines the aspects of failure that adults naturally experience in the context of work, focusing on the refereesโ€™ lived bad call experiences, and explores the process and meaning of how failure experiences are transferred to failure learning. The aim of this approach is to derive educational implications necessary to link failure to learning and to contribute to the extension of failure learning research. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted through twelve international referees of ten sports events: badminton, basketball, biathlon, figure skating, handball, rowing, table tennis, taekwondo, volleyball, and water polo. Data were collected and analyzed based on the phenomenological methodology. Member checks, peer reviews and external audits were conducted to increase credibility and rigor of the study. In addition, IRB deliberation and regulations were observed. The main results are outlined below. First, the essays describing the international refereesโ€™ lived bad call experiences which demonstrate the aspect of recognizing and constructing their lived experiences in an integrated way, reveals concreteness and diversity of them. Second, the concrete aspect of lived bad call experiences were thematized into six constructs of lived experiences such as the subjects' perspectives of lived experiences, lived body experiences, lived time experiences, lived relations experiences, contexts of lived bad call experiences, and causes of lived bad call experiences. Especially, causes of lived bad call experiences are revealed as the aspects of perception, judgment, motivation, and action, and this result is recontextualized by 'PER JAM model: four factor model of failureโ€™ so that it can be applied to other situations and objects. Finally, the development pattern of failure learning was demonstrated by triggers, strategies, activities, outcomes of it and the spread of it. The outcomes obtained from failure learning are shown by changes in referee performance and emotions. Changes in performance were captured in which expertise increased through in establishing their own reference points, maintaining composure, having a great sense of exact timing, obtaining wholistic view, guessing the other person's mind, and having the power of execution. In addition, personal maturity was achieved by growing determination and responsibility for work, generating fellowship, gratitude, empathy for other referees, and a humble attitude. The results of failure learning did not remain at the individual level, but influenced the growth of the community. Based on the results, the role of reflection and emotional regulation in failure learning was discussed. Also, it was claimed that failure learning for international referees is meaningful as humility learning where cognition and emotion intersect. This study has the following significance. First, the factual aspects of the sports referee's bad call experience, which have not been revealed so far, were explained within the structure of lived experience phenomenologically. Second, the cause of failure and the development pattern of failure learning were identified to provide practical educational materials for adult learning. Third, failure learning was proposed as an academic term, and understanding of the process and meaning of failure learning was expanded to lay the foundation for the discourse of failure learning.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‹ฌํŒ์ด ์‹คํŒจ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์ž…์‹œ์™€ ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ธ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์ผ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์•ˆ์— ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹คํŒจ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์‹ค์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‹ฌํŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹คํŒจ์ฒดํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ด ์ข…๋ชฉ(๋†๊ตฌ, ๋ฐ”์ด์• ์Šฌ๋ก , ๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ฐฐ๋“œ๋ฏผํ„ด, ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ, ์กฐ์ •, ํƒ๊ตฌ, ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„, ํ”ผ๊ฒจ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ, ํ•ธ๋“œ๋ณผ)์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์‹ฌํŒ ์—ด๋‘ ๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์—„๋ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํ™•์ธ๋ฒ•, ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฒ•, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , IRB ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ตญ์ œ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ณ„๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์™„๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์Œโ€™, โ€˜์•ˆ ๋“ค๋ฆผ, ์•ˆ ๋ณด์ž„โ€™, โ€˜ํ˜ผ๋™๊ณผ ์ฐฉ๊ฐโ€™, โ€˜์•ˆ ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌ, ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋™๊ธฐ, ์ง€๊ฐ, ํŒ๋‹จ, ์‹คํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ชธ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๋งฅ๋ฝ, ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์˜ค์‹ฌ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” โ€˜์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ด์•Œ๋ฐ›์ด ๊ณต์ • ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์žโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , โ€˜๊ฐ€์Šด ๋œ€, ํž˜ ๋น ์ง, ์ž…๋ง›์„ ์žƒ์€ ๋ชธโ€™์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์€ โ€˜์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„โ€™์ด์ž, โ€˜ํ•ญ์˜์™€ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†์•“์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„โ€™๋กœ ์ฃผ์ œํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์€ โ€˜๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“คโ€™๋กœ์จ โ€˜์‹ฌํŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ ฅโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์š”์†Œ, โ€˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์ƒ์ฃผ์˜, ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ์••๋ ฅํ–‰์‚ฌโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์š”์†Œ, โ€˜์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๊ต์œก ์ง€์› ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๊ทœ์ • ๋ฏธ๋น„์™€ ํ˜ผ์„ , ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์šด์˜์˜ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€์กฑโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ฐ, ํŒ๋‹จ, ๋™๊ธฐ, ์‹คํ–‰์€ โ€˜์‹ฌํŒ์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ์„ ์œจโ€™์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์›์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ โ€˜ํผ ์žผ ๋ชจ๋ธ(PER JAM model)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์˜ 4์š”์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋งฅ๋ฝํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ด‰๋ฐœ ์š”์†Œ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๋žต, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™œ๋™, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ •์„œ, ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„, ์‹คํŒจ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ์ด‰๋ฐœ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์ง‘์ค‘, ๋™๊ธฐ์ „ํ™˜, ์ธ์ง€ํ•ด์„, ์ •์„œ์ดˆ์ , ์ •์„œํšŒํ”ผ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ โ€˜๋ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งโ€™์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , โ€˜๊ทœ์ • ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๊ธฐโ€™ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์‹์„ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด โ€˜๋ฉ”๋ชจโ€™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, โ€˜ํšŒ์˜์™€ ํ† ๋ก โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌํŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ •์„œ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‰์ •์‹ฌ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํž˜์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์„œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์˜ค์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ , ๋™๋ฃŒ์• ์™€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ฌํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ž๋งŒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์ž๋Š” ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ์„ฑ์ˆ™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ™•์‚ฐ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์ด ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒธํ—ˆ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž„์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€ ์„ฑ์ธํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๊ต์œก์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์„ ํ•™์ˆ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ํญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 11 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 12 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 15 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ•™์Šต 15 1. ์ „ํ†ต์  ํ•™์Šต์ด๋ก  15 2. ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ด๋ก  18 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ํ•™์Šต 28 1. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 28 2. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 32 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ฌํŒ 41 1. ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 41 2. ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ํ•™์Šต 47 3. ์‹ฌํŒ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 51 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 64 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 64 1. ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 64 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 71 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 81 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ 81 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 84 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 90 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 90 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ 92 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 96 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 102 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ 102 1. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์Œ 103 2. ์•ˆ ๋“ค๋ฆผ, ์•ˆ ๋ณด์ž„ 109 3. ํ˜ผ๋™๊ณผ ์ฐฉ๊ฐ 116 4. ์•ˆ ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌ, ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌ 119 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 125 1. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€์  : ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ด์•Œ๋ฐ›์ด ๊ณต์ • ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ž 127 2. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ชธ : ๊ฐ€์Šด ๋œ€, ํž˜ ๋น ์ง, ์ž…๋ง›์„ ์žƒ์€ ๋ชธ 137 3. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ : ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 140 4. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ : ํ•ญ์˜์™€ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†์•“์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„ 144 5. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ : ๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค 148 6. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ : ์‹ฌํŒ์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ์„ ์œจ 159 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ 170 1. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ด‰๋ฐœ ์š”์†Œ : ์ •์„œ, ํƒœ๋„, ์˜์ง€์˜ ํ•™์Šต ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ 171 2. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๋žต : ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ 184 3. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™œ๋™ : ๋นˆํ‹ˆ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค 202 4. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : ์‹ฌํŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 210 5. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ : ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™ ํ…ƒ๋ฐญ 231 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 240 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜ 240 1. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ 240 2. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ 247 3. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ 253 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 259 1. ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 259 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 264 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 273 ๋ถ€๋ก 293 Abstract 299๋ฐ•

    Study on the distortion of a childs honest behavior

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2011.2. ๋ฌธ์šฉ๋ฆฐ.Maste

    A study of failure learning based on refereesโ€™ lived bad call experiences

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์œ ์„ฑ์ƒ๊ฐ•๋Œ€์ค‘.The purpose of this study is to understand how the referee grows and learns through failure. Our society is so competitive, that it tends to be unforgiving of failure. However, numerous failure and learning experiences exist in the context of work and the life-world. This study examines the aspects of failure that adults naturally experience in the context of work, focusing on the refereesโ€™ lived bad call experiences, and explores the process and meaning of how failure experiences are transferred to failure learning. The aim of this approach is to derive educational implications necessary to link failure to learning and to contribute to the extension of failure learning research. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted through twelve international referees of ten sports events: badminton, basketball, biathlon, figure skating, handball, rowing, table tennis, taekwondo, volleyball, and water polo. Data were collected and analyzed based on the phenomenological methodology. Member checks, peer reviews and external audits were conducted to increase credibility and rigor of the study. In addition, IRB deliberation and regulations were observed. The main results are outlined below. First, the essays describing the international refereesโ€™ lived bad call experiences which demonstrate the aspect of recognizing and constructing their lived experiences in an integrated way, reveals concreteness and diversity of them. Second, the concrete aspect of lived bad call experiences were thematized into six constructs of lived experiences such as the subjects' perspectives of lived experiences, lived body experiences, lived time experiences, lived relations experiences, contexts of lived bad call experiences, and causes of lived bad call experiences. Especially, causes of lived bad call experiences are revealed as the aspects of perception, judgment, motivation, and action, and this result is recontextualized by 'PER JAM model: four factor model of failureโ€™ so that it can be applied to other situations and objects. Finally, the development pattern of failure learning was demonstrated by triggers, strategies, activities, outcomes of it and the spread of it. The outcomes obtained from failure learning are shown by changes in referee performance and emotions. Changes in performance were captured in which expertise increased through in establishing their own reference points, maintaining composure, having a great sense of exact timing, obtaining wholistic view, guessing the other person's mind, and having the power of execution. In addition, personal maturity was achieved by growing determination and responsibility for work, generating fellowship, gratitude, empathy for other referees, and a humble attitude. The results of failure learning did not remain at the individual level, but influenced the growth of the community. Based on the results, the role of reflection and emotional regulation in failure learning was discussed. Also, it was claimed that failure learning for international referees is meaningful as humility learning where cognition and emotion intersect. This study has the following significance. First, the factual aspects of the sports referee's bad call experience, which have not been revealed so far, were explained within the structure of lived experience phenomenologically. Second, the cause of failure and the development pattern of failure learning were identified to provide practical educational materials for adult learning. Third, failure learning was proposed as an academic term, and understanding of the process and meaning of failure learning was expanded to lay the foundation for the discourse of failure learning.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‹ฌํŒ์ด ์‹คํŒจ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์ž…์‹œ์™€ ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ธ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์ผ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์•ˆ์— ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹คํŒจ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์‹ค์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‹ฌํŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹คํŒจ์ฒดํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ด ์ข…๋ชฉ(๋†๊ตฌ, ๋ฐ”์ด์• ์Šฌ๋ก , ๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ฐฐ๋“œ๋ฏผํ„ด, ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ, ์กฐ์ •, ํƒ๊ตฌ, ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„, ํ”ผ๊ฒจ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ, ํ•ธ๋“œ๋ณผ)์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์‹ฌํŒ ์—ด๋‘ ๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์—„๋ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํ™•์ธ๋ฒ•, ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฒ•, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , IRB ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ตญ์ œ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ณ„๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์™„๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์Œโ€™, โ€˜์•ˆ ๋“ค๋ฆผ, ์•ˆ ๋ณด์ž„โ€™, โ€˜ํ˜ผ๋™๊ณผ ์ฐฉ๊ฐโ€™, โ€˜์•ˆ ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌ, ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋™๊ธฐ, ์ง€๊ฐ, ํŒ๋‹จ, ์‹คํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ชธ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๋งฅ๋ฝ, ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์˜ค์‹ฌ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” โ€˜์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ด์•Œ๋ฐ›์ด ๊ณต์ • ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์žโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , โ€˜๊ฐ€์Šด ๋œ€, ํž˜ ๋น ์ง, ์ž…๋ง›์„ ์žƒ์€ ๋ชธโ€™์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์€ โ€˜์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„โ€™์ด์ž, โ€˜ํ•ญ์˜์™€ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†์•“์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„โ€™๋กœ ์ฃผ์ œํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์€ โ€˜๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“คโ€™๋กœ์จ โ€˜์‹ฌํŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ ฅโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์š”์†Œ, โ€˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์ƒ์ฃผ์˜, ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ์••๋ ฅํ–‰์‚ฌโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์š”์†Œ, โ€˜์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๊ต์œก ์ง€์› ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๊ทœ์ • ๋ฏธ๋น„์™€ ํ˜ผ์„ , ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์šด์˜์˜ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€์กฑโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ฐ, ํŒ๋‹จ, ๋™๊ธฐ, ์‹คํ–‰์€ โ€˜์‹ฌํŒ์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ์„ ์œจโ€™์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์›์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ โ€˜ํผ ์žผ ๋ชจ๋ธ(PER JAM model)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์˜ 4์š”์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋งฅ๋ฝํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ด‰๋ฐœ ์š”์†Œ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๋žต, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™œ๋™, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ •์„œ, ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„, ์‹คํŒจ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ์ด‰๋ฐœ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์ง‘์ค‘, ๋™๊ธฐ์ „ํ™˜, ์ธ์ง€ํ•ด์„, ์ •์„œ์ดˆ์ , ์ •์„œํšŒํ”ผ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ โ€˜๋ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งโ€™์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , โ€˜๊ทœ์ • ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๊ธฐโ€™ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์‹์„ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด โ€˜๋ฉ”๋ชจโ€™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, โ€˜ํšŒ์˜์™€ ํ† ๋ก โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌํŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ •์„œ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‰์ •์‹ฌ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํž˜์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์„œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์˜ค์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ , ๋™๋ฃŒ์• ์™€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ฌํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ž๋งŒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์ž๋Š” ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ์„ฑ์ˆ™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ™•์‚ฐ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์ด ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒธํ—ˆ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž„์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€ ์„ฑ์ธํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๊ต์œก์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์„ ํ•™์ˆ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ํญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 11 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 12 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 15 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ•™์Šต 15 1. ์ „ํ†ต์  ํ•™์Šต์ด๋ก  15 2. ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ด๋ก  18 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ํ•™์Šต 28 1. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 28 2. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 32 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ฌํŒ 41 1. ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 41 2. ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ํ•™์Šต 47 3. ์‹ฌํŒ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 51 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 64 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 64 1. ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 64 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 71 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 81 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ 81 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 84 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 90 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 90 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ 92 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 96 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 102 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ 102 1. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์Œ 103 2. ์•ˆ ๋“ค๋ฆผ, ์•ˆ ๋ณด์ž„ 109 3. ํ˜ผ๋™๊ณผ ์ฐฉ๊ฐ 116 4. ์•ˆ ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌ, ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ฌ 119 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 125 1. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€์  : ์˜ค์‹ฌ ์ด์•Œ๋ฐ›์ด ๊ณต์ • ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ž 127 2. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ชธ : ๊ฐ€์Šด ๋œ€, ํž˜ ๋น ์ง, ์ž…๋ง›์„ ์žƒ์€ ๋ชธ 137 3. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ : ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 140 4. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ : ํ•ญ์˜์™€ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†์•“์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„ 144 5. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ : ๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค 148 6. ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ : ์‹ฌํŒ์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ์„ ์œจ 159 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ 170 1. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ด‰๋ฐœ ์š”์†Œ : ์ •์„œ, ํƒœ๋„, ์˜์ง€์˜ ํ•™์Šต ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ 171 2. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ „๋žต : ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ 184 3. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™œ๋™ : ๋นˆํ‹ˆ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค 202 4. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : ์‹ฌํŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 210 5. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ : ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™ ํ…ƒ๋ฐญ 231 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 240 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜ 240 1. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ 240 2. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ •์„œ์กฐ์ ˆ 247 3. ์‹คํŒจํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ 253 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 259 1. ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 259 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 264 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 273 ๋ถ€๋ก 293 Abstract 299๋ฐ•
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