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    Functional characterization of genes encoding putative nuclear movement and positioning - associated proteins in Magnaporthe oryzae

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2013. 2. ์ด์šฉํ™˜.Rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes serious damage to global rice production and has been emerged as a model organism for the characterization of molecular mechanisms relevant to pathogenic development in host plants. Nuclei migration and distribution are known as important processes in development of infection structures called appressorium in M. oryzae. Two genes homologous to ApsA and ApsB in Aspergillus nidulans were selected to understand nuclear migration in M.oryzae. In A. nidulans, ApsA and ApsB proteins are involved in the regulation of asexual reproduction and apsA and apsB deletion mutants showed defects in nuclear migration and positioning of the fungus.(Veith et al., 2005) However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in nuclear distribution during conidiation in M. oryzae. Two genes were named Abnormal Nuclear Distribution (MoAND1 and MoAND2, respectively) and gene deletion mutant of MoAND1 was obtained by homologous recombination. The ฮ”Moand1 mutant showed defects in mycelial growth and conidiation. Observation of nuclei and septa after staining with Hoest33342 and Calcofluor White indicated that the ฮ”Moand1 mutant produced abnormal conidia such as one-, two-, four-, and five-celled conidia compared to three-celled wild-type conidia. To elucidate nuclei movement and positioning, RFP-tagged histones were introduced into both wild-type and ฮ”Moand1 strains. Microscopic observation of the ฮ”Moand1 strains with RFP-tagged histones revealed that nuclei distributed unevenly in hyphae and even some cells had no nucleus. Pathogenicity of ฮ”Moand1 was significantly reduced and this might be due to defects of appressorium formation and invasive growth in host cells. Furthermore, ฮ”Moand1 and double KO strain of MoAND1 and MoAND2 were more sensitive to microtubule-depolymerizing agent Benomyl, indicating that the mutants are defective in microtubule function. Taken together, these results represent that MoAND1 and MoAND2 are essential for pathogenicity as well as nuclei distribution in M. oryzae.CONTENTS ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS I. Fungal strains and culture conditions II. Sequence analysis III. Nucleic acid manipulation IV. Construction of the MoAND1 deletion mutants and complemented mutants V. Fungal developmental assay โ€“ Mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial morphology, conidial germination and appressorium formation VI. Conidiogenesis assay VII. Pathogenicity and leaf sheath injection VIII. Expression profiling of MoAND1 and MoAND2 RESULTS I. Identification of two genes involved in nuclear migration and distribution Magnaporthe oryzae. II. Targeted gene replacement of MoAND1 gene in M. oryzae III. Expression analysis of MoAND1 and MoAND2 IV. MoAND1 is involved in hyphal growth, conidial shape and septum formation V. MoAND1 is involved in conidiophore development and conidia production. VI. Nuclear distribution in hyphae and appressorium VII. Pathogenicity and penetration of the ฮ”Moand1 mutant VIII. Conidia viability of ฮ”Moand1 โ…จ. Double KO mutant of MoAND1and MoAND2 โ…ฉ. Benomyl resistance of wild-type, ฮ”Moand1 and Double KO mutant DISCUSSION LITERATURE CITED ABSTRACT IN KOREANMaste

    ใ€ˆ๊ตฌ์šด๋ชฝใ€‰์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์ž‘์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์งˆ์„œ ์˜์‹

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    ่ฅฟๆตฆ ้‡‘่ฌ้‡(1637~1692)์˜ ใ€ˆ๊ตฌ์šด๋ชฝ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ณ ์ „์†Œ์„ค ์ค‘์— ๋…๋ณด์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์€ ์ฃผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ๏ผŒ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ์ • ๋ฐ›์€๏ผŒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํŠน ์ง•์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ฒœ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ์ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋ก ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์œค๋ถ€์ธ์„ ์œ„๋กœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์ž ๊น€๋งŒ์ค‘์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ง„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋‘์–ด ์†์„ธ ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ท€๊ณต๋ช…์„ ์ผ์žฅ์ถ˜๋ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์–‘์†Œ์œ ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋ถ€๊ท€ ๊ณต๋ช… ์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–‘์†Œ์œ ์˜ ์˜์›…์  ์ผ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์ธต์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด

    An Exploratory Study on Physical Inactivity among Young Women in Seoul

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์œ ์Šนํ˜„.Regular physical activity is one of the most important things people can do to improve their health. Moving more and sitting less have tremendous benefits for everyone, regardless of age, sex, race, ethnicity, or current fitness level. However, in regards to young women, we notice that they report half the rate of physical activity compared to men in the same age group. According to surveys conducted in Seoul in 2017, the difference in physical activity rates between men and women in their twenties was the largest among all age groups. This is the time when women are expected to be the healthiest of their life, but the physical activity indicators reveal a different reality. Young women's physical activity level is not higher than women of other age groups. Bearing this in mind, comprehensive studies on the health and health behaviors of women in their twenties are scarce. There is also a lack of studies that focus on differences in health behaviors between men and women. Previous studies have posited that women in this age group may have lower levels of physical activity due to caretaking responsibilities; while this explanation may have been sufficient for previous generations, it no longer encapsulates the reality of women in their twenties' experiences. It is necessary to explore the perceptions and realities of young women who are physically inactive and identify how their health behaviors differ from other populations in order to introduce policies to promote their physical activity. The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of the personal experience of young women living in Seoul who are not physically active. Furthermore, this study seeks to explore the social contexts of physical inactivity and perceptions of physical environments that encourage physical activity. (such as parks, etc.) For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with young women who were physically inactive, between the ages of 19 and 34, and living in Seoul. Participants were recruited with consideration to age, occupation, and marital status. The in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 20 people. The data collected was analyzed through the Constant Comparison Method. According to the analysis, young women who lacked physical activity regarded physical activity as 'exercise'. At this time, the exercise they referenced is narrowed down to a โ€˜specialized exerciseโ€™ that has several defining characteristics. First, exercise is expected as a means to bring concrete results, such as changes in body shape or physical strength. In addition, it takes time and money to be guided by a trainer or fitness expert. Considering these factors, when exercise was viewed as a costly and time-consuming practice, those who lacked money or time, those who did not have the desired result through exercise, and those who lacked self-confidence were on the verge of abandoning exercise. The interviewees who were physically inactive had actually experienced, on average, three types of exercise in their past, such as yoga, Pilates, and fitness club. These women usually tried each form of exercise for under three months before moving on to a novel form of exercise. Interviewees were exposed to a fashionable exercise culture via social network services that motivated them to do a very specific type of exercise. Social network services were cited as a prominent factor misrepresenting exercise and therefore intervieweesโ€™ perception of physical activity. On the other hand, a hierarchy was occurring within the types of physical activity among young women. Walking as a form of exercise, which anyone can do, was perceived to be insufficient to achieve a desired effect and, therefore, to be avoided. As the value of walking diminished, policies for a physical activity-friendly environment were also ignored. For young women who do not consider walking as an important form of physical activity, the creation of parks and trails became unimportant to their exercise. The practice of exercise has become a matter of an individualโ€™s mindset. The results from the above analysis suggest that the idea of physical activity among young women may be different from the concept utilized in public health policies. It is demonstrated that improvement of physical activity among young women is difficult to achieve using current policies. Thus, identification of the specific meaning, content, and value of physical activity as defined by young women is necessary to lay the groundwork for an effective 'policy to promote physical activity for young women'. Following an understanding of these discrepancies in existing health policy as it applies to young women, novel guidelines following the life-course approach should be initiated for young women specifically, composed of low-impact, approachable exercises. Currently, the public health infrastructure provides general recommendations for adults regardless of their identity. However, to tailor health counsel to young women, the benefits of walking and low-intensity physical activity should be highlighted to encourage a reduction of sedentary lifestyles and an easy engagement in consistent, daily activity. The ultimate goal of public health policy directed to females in their early 20s and 30s should be to develop an exercise culture promoting easy and convenient routines to make fitness accessible to all, rather than costly, niche activities. Finally, given the rapid, exponential expansion of SNS and its influence today, particularly among younger generations, there has been a distortion of exercise culture to revolve around online appearances and social gratification rather than physical well-being. Thus, the policy approach should also seek to emphasize health literacy to help young women prioritize health over image, and to escape unrealistic body ideals.๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์ ๏ฝฅ์ •์‹ ์ ๏ฝฅ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์›ฐ๋น™์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services[USDHHS], 1996). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ์ƒ์• ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€(๋ณ€์ง„๊ฒฝ, 2018)๋ฅผ ์ €๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 20๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ์œจ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›”๋“ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์–‘์ƒ์ด๋‹ค(๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€, 2018). ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ(์ด์žฌ๋นˆ ์™ธ, 2020), ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค(๋ฐ•์€์ž, ์ฐจ๋ฏธ๋ž€, 2016). ์ฒด์œก ๊ต์œก์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ(๊น€๋™์‹ ์™ธ, 2015), ๋Œ๋ด„๋…ธ๋™(Duin et al., 2015)์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•™์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”(์žฅ์ง„ํฌ ์™ธ, 2016) ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธํกํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ฆ์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ, ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์นœํ™”์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์€ ๋„์‹œ ํ‰๊ท ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” A๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด, ์ง์ข…, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋งŒ 19์„ธ~34์„ธ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 20๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋งฅ๋ฝ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ฆ์ง„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•(Constant Comparison Method)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์„ โ€™์šด๋™โ€˜์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์€ โ€˜์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ์šด๋™โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ขํ˜€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์šด๋™์€ ์ฒดํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์šด๋™์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์šด๋™์ด ๋น„์šฉ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ผ ๋•Œ, ๋น„์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ด๋“ค, ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ด๋“ค, ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์šด๋™์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์š”๊ฐ€, ํ•„๋ผํ…Œ์Šค, ํ—ฌ์Šค์žฅ ๋“ฑ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์šด๋™์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์šด๋™์ด ํŠน์ • ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ผฝํ˜”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์ง€์ž ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑท๊ธฐ๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑท๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์›, ์‚ฐ์ฑ…๋กœ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ฆ์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ค„์˜จ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋นš์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ โ€˜์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ฆ์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…โ€™์˜ ๋ฐ‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑท๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ์˜๋ฏธ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ์ขŒ์‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ผ์ƒ ์† ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์„ ์Œ“๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์ด๋ž€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ํŠน์ • ์šด๋™๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•œ ์šด๋™๋„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ SNS ์† ๊ฒฝ๋„๋œ ์šด๋™ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋„๋ก ํ—ฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  5 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 1. ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 6 2. ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์นจ 8 3. ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 11 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 17 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 17 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ ์„ค์ • 17 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 19 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ง‘ 19 2) ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 21 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 24 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์งˆ ํ™•๋ณด 24 6. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ 25 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 1. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 26 2. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 26 3. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 30 1) ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ๊ฐœ๋… 30 2) ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šด๋™ 35 3) ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์šด๋™ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 53 4) ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ต์ง‘ํ•ฉ 68 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 72 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 72 1) ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด 74 2) ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šด๋™ 78 3) ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์  ๋…ผ์˜ 86 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 92 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  95 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 98์„
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