10 research outputs found

    Convergence characteristic of commercialized nanotechnology in North America versus East Asia : using SOFM and Co-word analysis

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste

    (The) prevalence of diabetes mellitus in chronic liver disease

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‹น๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋‹น๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹น๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์›์ธ์ด Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1994๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1998๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์„ธ์˜๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๊ณต๋ณตํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ›์€ 417๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์œ ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ 30๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž 99๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 30๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 1997๋…„ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์ด 1ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ 140 mg/dl ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Expert Committee์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ๋‹น 126 mg/dl ์ด์ƒ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1. ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ 417๋ช… ์ค‘ ๋‚จ์ž 309์˜ˆ(74.1%), ์—ฌ์ž 108์˜ˆ(25.9%)์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ๋…€๋น„๋Š” 2.86:1 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‹น์‹œ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 48.09์„ธ(19-80์„ธ) ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์ •๋„๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž 44๋ช…(10.6%), ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์ง€์†์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ 34๋ช…(8.2%), ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ 116๋ช…(27.8%), ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ A๊ตฐ 106๋ช…(25.4%), ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ B๊ตฐ 56๋ช…(13.4%), ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ C๊ตฐ 61๋ช…(14.6%)์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์›์ธ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ 322๋ช…(77.2%), Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ 37๋ช…(8.9%), ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ 40๋ช…(9.6%), ๊ธฐํƒ€ 18๋ช…(4.3%)์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ๋‹น 140 mg/dl๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒดํ™˜์ž 417๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ 16.8%(70์˜ˆ)์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ ํ™˜์ž 224๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ 25.0%(56์˜ˆ)์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ ๋‚จ์ž 16.8%, ์—ฌ์ž 18.1%๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” 30์„ธ ์ดํ•˜ 0%, 31-40์„ธ 4.9%, 41-50์„ธ 19.6%, 51-60์„ธ 22.9%, 61-70์„ธ 21.3%, 71์„ธ ์ด์ƒ 44.4%๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ๋„ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค(p<0.001). 3. ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ๋‹น 140 mg/dl๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž 2.3%, ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์ง€์†์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ 8.8%, ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ 8.6%, ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ A๊ตฐ 17.8%, B๊ตฐ 33.9%, C๊ตฐ 29.5%๋กœ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ A๊ตฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๋Œ€์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค(p<0.001). ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ 12.1%, Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ 35.1%, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ 40.0%, ๊ธฐํƒ€ 11.1%๋กœ Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ๊ณผ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p 0.001). 4. ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ๋‹น 126 mg/dl๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒด ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ 20.1%์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 29.5%์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž 20.9%, ์—ฌ์ž 19.7%๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” 30์„ธ ์ดํ•˜ 0%, 31-40์„ธ 5.5%, 41-50์„ธ 22.6%, 51-60์„ธ 28.4%, 61-70์„ธ 28.3%, 71์„ธ ์ด์ƒ 44.4%๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ น ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค(p<0.001). 5. ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ๋‹น 126mg/dl๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž 4.7%, ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์ง€์†์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ 11.4%, ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ 10.4%, ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ A๊ตฐ 23.4%, B๊ตฐ 39.3%, C๊ตฐ 31.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ A๊ตฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ , ๋น„๋Œ€์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค(p<0.001). ์›์ธ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ 14.0%, Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ 40.5%, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ 52.5%, ๊ธฐํƒ€ 16.7%๋กœ Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ๊ณผ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p<0.001). 6. ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น(p=0.0002)๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ •๋„(p=0.0003) ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ, ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์›์ธ, ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ ๋“ฑ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. 30๊ฐœ์›” ์ถ”์ ๊ตฐ 99๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ๋‹น 140 mg/dl ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ 6%(6๋ช…), 126 mg/dl ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ 12.1%(12๋ช…)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋Š” ์„ฑ(๋‚จ์ž, p=0.02), ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์˜ ์•…ํ™” (p=0.04) ๋“ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์ด Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The insulin resistance and the altered glucose metabolism in chronic liver disease increase the alteration of glucose intolerance and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of DM is higher in advanced cirrhosis and C-viral hepatitis or alcoholic liver disease than in early cirrhosis and B-viral hepatitis. But the prevalence of DM in Korea has not been well known. A retrospective analysis was done on 417 patients visiting to the Yonsei University Sevrance Hospital from the period of January 1994 to March 1998 who were diagnosed with chronic liver disease and the fasting blood sugar, biochemical study and abdominal ultrasonography was done. In that patients, 99 patients who were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis were also evaluated in whom the regular check-up had been done during the 30 months. We investigated the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in chronic liver disease and several possible diabetic risk factors. DM was defined on the basis of fasting hyperglycemia (fasting blood sugar exceeding 140 mg/dl) at least one sample. Diagnostic criteria for DM recommended by the Expert Committee on the diagnosis and classification of DM was also evaluated (fasting blood sugar exceeding 126mg/dl). 1. Among the 417 patients examined, there were 309(74.1%) men and 108(25.9%) women. Mean age at the diagnosis was 48.1(range 19-80) years. Liver disease was classified with chronic viral carrier 44(10.6%), chronic persistent hepatitis 34(8.2%), chronic active hepatitis 116(27.8%), liver cirrhosis Child class A 106(25.4%). class B 56(13.4%), class C 61(14.4%). The causes of chronic liver disease were B-viral hepatitis 322(77.2%), C-viral hepatitis 37(8.9%), alcohol 40(9.6%) and others 18(4.3%). 2. In criteria with fasting blood sugar 140 mg/dl, the DM prevalence was 16.8%(70case) in total patients and 25.0% (56cases) in cirrhotic patients. According to sex, DM prevalence was 16.8% in men and 18.1% in women. According to age, 0% in below 30 years, 4.9% in 31-40, 19.6% in 41-50, 22.9% in 51-60, 21.3% in 61-70 and 44.4% in over 71 years. The DM prevalence was increased according to age.(p<0.001) 3. In criteria with fasting blood sugar 140 mg/dl, the DM prevalence according to severity of liver disease was 2.3% in chronic viral carrier, 8.8% in chronic persistent hepatitis, 8.6% in chronic active hepatitis, 17.9% in cirrhosis Child class A, 33.9% in class B, 29.5% in class C. The DM prevalence was increased in cirrhosis and was higher in uncompensated cirrhosis(p<0.001). According to causes, 12.1% in B-viral hepatitis, 35.1% in C-viral hepatitis, 40.0% in alcoholics. The prevalence was higher in C-viral hepatitis and alcoholics than in B-viral hepatitis(p<0.001). 4. In criteria with fasting blood sugar 126 mg/dl, the DM prevalence was 20.1%(84cases) in total patients and 29.5%(66cases) in cirrhotic patients. According to sex, 20.9% in men and 17.9% in women. According to age, 0% in below 30years, 5.5% in 31-40, 22.6% in 41-50, 28.4% in 51-70, 28.3% in 61-70 and 44.4% in over 71years 5. In criteria with fasting blood sugar 126 mg/dl, the DM prevalence according to disease severity was 4.7% in chronic viral carrier, 11.4% in chronic persistent hepatitis, 10.4% in chronic active hepatitis, 23.4% in liver cirrhosis Child class A, 39.3% in class B, 31.3% in class C. According to cause, 14.0% in B-viral hepatitis, 40.5% in C-viral hepatitis, 52.5% in alcoholics. 6. The risk factors related to prevalence of diabetes were age(p=0.0002) and severity of liver disease(p=0.0003). The sex and cause were not related. 7. In 99 follow-up cases during the 30 months, the DM incidence was 6% according to old criteria (fasting blood sugarโ‰ฅ140 mg/dl) and 12.1% according to new criteria. (fasting blood sugar:โ‰ฅ126 mg/dl) The risk factors related to DM incidence were sex(p=0.02, male), deterioration of liver disease(p=0.04). In conclusion, the prevalence of diabetes in chronic liver disease is much higher than in general population. And the DM prevalence is increased in advanced cirrhosis and C-viral or alcoholic hepatitis. The early diagnosis and treatment of DM in chronic liver disease are important.restrictio

    ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ํ›„๋‘ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋งˆ์ทจ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ ๋ฐ์Šคํ”Œ๋ฃจ๋ž€๊ณผ ์„ธ๋ณดํ”Œ๋ฃจ๋ž€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋น„๊ต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ทจํ†ต์ฆ์˜ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์˜ค์•„์˜.Background : Desflurane is known to be the most pungent of the currently used volatile anaesthetics. We aimed to assess wehether desflurane increases the incidence of perioperative upper airway complications in infants and children undergoing general anaesthesia using supraglottic airway devices compared with sevoflurane. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed and analysed the electrical medical records of consecutive children aged 15 years or younger who underwent general anaesthesia under supraglottic airway devices using sevoflurane or desflurane as maintenance agents at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between June 2013 and June 2015. Results : In total, 3,511 patients were evaluated. The incidence of upper airway events was 0.46% (13/2,831) in patients maintained with sevoflurane and 0.74% (5/680) in those maintained with desflurane (P = 0.370). In a logistic regression model, after controlling for the effect of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class, the type and size of the supraglottic airways, as well as the type of surgery, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.99 (0.31-3.14), and there was no significant difference between sevoflurane and desflurane. Conclusions : The incidence of perioperative upper airway complications after anaesthesia using supraglottic airway devices in children was not significantly different between sevoflurane and desflurane used as maintenance agents in infants and children.Introduction 1 Methods 2 Statistical Analysis 3 Results 5 Duscussion 11 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 15Maste

    ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ํƒ„์†Œ์ˆœํ™˜์—์„œ ๋™๋ถ€ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒณ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2007.Maste

    The Three Phases of Lee Bulโ€™s Cyborg Series

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ(๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ์žฅ์ง„์„ฑ.The change in Lee Bulโ€™s (1964-) Cyborg series is intertwined with the shifting situation and discourse in the art world during the 1990s. While examining that correlation, this study aims to investigate the Cyborg series within the historical context of the rise of globalism. Directly after its first presentation in 1998, Lee Bulโ€™s Cyborg was extensively discussed by domestic as well as international art critics. But most previous studies either made a single argument about Cyborg, or they attempted to connect Cyborg with other works in Lee Bulโ€™s oeuvre. This study chose a different approach to Leeโ€™s Cyborg series with regard to her active responses to the constantly changing art world. I have looked separately at the individual artworks of the Cyborg series which transformed over a short period of time between the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s and therefore showed a diversity of shapes. Their production period can be divided into the time before the year 1997, the time from 1998 to 1999, and the time after the year 2000. For each time period, I found different explanations for the creation, the publicโ€™s response to, and the ending of the Cyborg. series. Here, the situation of the art world in and outside Korea during the 1990s and the first half of the 2000s is considered particularly important. In the birth of Cyborg the sensibility of Koreaโ€™s New Generation Artists (Sinsaedae misulga) since the late 1980s played a significant role. Lee Bul was a member of the small group called Museum, which has been understood as the driving force in the emergence of New Generation Art. This thesis investigates the circumstances of how the artists of the Museum group influenced each other in the early 1990s. By carrying out artistic experiments incorporating kitsch and non-art elements into the field of high art, the artists developed a peculiarly sensual and nihilistic sensibility. Through an analysis of the visual features and concerns that the works of the Museum artists, this study argues that the sensibility of these artists strongly affected the creation of Lee Bulโ€™s Cyborg. Globalization and multiculturalism that swept the art world in the 1990s are of great significance in discussing the art worldโ€™s and peopleโ€™s responses toward the Cyborg series. Female or Third-world artists received attention at international art events as representatives of a minority or โ€œthe Other.โ€ Being a female artist from an Asian country, Lee Bul accordingly rose to prominence with her individual and extraordinary works on the international stage. Her Cyborg series at the time were naturally linked with cyberfeminism, and as a result Lee Bul was thought of as a defiant female artist from Asia. But she soon began to perceive it as restrictive that her art was interpreted within the frame of feminism. The final phase of the Cyborg series took place along with its moving beyond gender and ethnicity issues. Any elements associated with โ€œfemaleโ€ and โ€œAsiaโ€ were removed from the Cyborg series created after 2000. Instead, global and neutral motifs were applied to the making of the Cyborg series. This change happened gradually and in a subtle way. But it can also be found in Lee Bulโ€™s other artworks that were produced during the same period. This thesis examines the connection between this transformation and the shift of discourse within the larger context of globalization and the role of the biennale. Starting with the 2000s, the hope of the 1990s that artists from Third World countries, whose identity was based on locality, could play a leading role in the rise of global art began to be reconsidered. When themes such as โ€œThird World,โ€ โ€œfemale,โ€ and โ€œminorityโ€ were no longer novel, Lee Bul sought for a new breakthrough. She created her new artistic strategies exploring such themes as โ€œhuman conditionsโ€ and the โ€œuniversal problems existing anywhere in the world.โ€ As discussed above, the evolution of Lee Bulโ€™s Cyborg series is closely related to the changes in discourses on contemporary art after the 1990s. This study is an attempt to investigate the changing aspects of Leeโ€™s Cyborg series within the context of globalization and the rise of new art worlds.์ด๋ถˆ(ๆŽๆ˜ข, 1964-)์˜ ์—ฐ์ž‘์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํ•„์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํ•Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐ์ž‘์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ถˆ์˜ ๋Š” 1998๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์งํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด์™ธ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์— ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ถˆ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ›„(ๅ‰ๅพŒ)์˜ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ง€์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ํ•„์ž๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•„์ž๋Š” 1997๋…„ ์ด์ „, 1998๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1999๋…„๊นŒ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ 1990๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ โ€˜์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ฐ€โ€™๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ถˆ์€ โ€˜์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ โ€™์„ ์ด๋ˆ ์ฃผ์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ โ€˜๋ฎค์ง€์—„โ€™์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ถˆ, ๊ณ ๋‚™๋ฒ”(้ซ˜๏ค”็ฏ„, 1960-), ์ดํ˜•์ฃผ(1963-), ์ตœ์ •ํ™”(ๅด”ๆญฃๅ’Œ, 1961-)๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ โ€˜๋ฎค์ง€์—„โ€™ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆยท์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์„œ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ‚ค์น˜(kitsch)์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋น„(้ž)๋ฏธ์ˆ ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์žฅ(ๅ ด)์— ๋“ค์—ฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” โ€˜๋ฎค์ง€์—„โ€™ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ, ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ๊ณต์—…์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ํ•˜์œ„๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ(ไพ‹็คบ)๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋ถˆ์ด ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— โ€˜๋ฎค์ง€์—„โ€™ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํœฉ์“ธ์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์— โ€˜์†Œ์ˆ˜โ€™ ํ˜น์€ โ€˜ํƒ€์žโ€™๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑโ€™ ๋ฐ โ€˜์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ถœ์‹ โ€™์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ์ด๋ถˆ์€ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋–จ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ถˆ์€ ์ €ํ•ญ์ ์ธ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ์ด๋ถˆ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตด๋ ˆ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์—๋Š” โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑโ€™ ๋ฐ โ€˜์•„์‹œ์•„โ€™์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ์— ๋ฒ”์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ ์ง„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ถˆ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ๋„ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋น„์—”๋‚ ๋ ˆ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ฃผ์—ญ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ด ์žฌ๊ณ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ€˜์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„์„ฑโ€™์ด๋‚˜ โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑ,โ€™ โ€˜์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑโ€™ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ถˆ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ถˆ์€ โ€œ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด,โ€ โ€œ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋“  ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œโ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ ˆํ† ๋ฆญ(rhetoric)์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฉด ์†์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ถˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ถˆ์˜ ๋ฅผ 1990๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง€์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ 1997๋…„ ์ด์ „: ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๊ณผ โ€˜๋ฎค์ง€์—„โ€™ 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ โ€˜๋ฎค์ง€์—„โ€™๊ณผ 21 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ 1998-99๋…„: ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ „์‚ฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ํš๋“ 28 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ 2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„: ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ 37 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธํ™” 38 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 45 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  53 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 56 ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก 64 ๋„ ํŒ 69 Abstract 87Maste

    ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งˆ์‚ฌํšŒ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ธ์‹์œ ํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ - Q๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ-

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ์ •๊ด‘ํ˜ธ.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ•ฉ๋ฒ• ์‚ฌํ–‰์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ถ”์ง„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋งค์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ „์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์šด์˜์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ์ž…, ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์†Œ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•…ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌํ–‰์‚ฐ์—… ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „ยท์„ค์น˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Q ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งˆ์‚ฌํšŒ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ธ์‹์œ ํ˜•์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™” ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ธ์‹์œ ํ˜• ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์€ 5๊ฐœ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์šด์˜์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ , ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ 1์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ œ 4์œ ํ˜•์€ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „์ด ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •ํ–‰์œ„์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ๊ฐœ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ 1์œ ํ˜•์€ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์šด์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šด์˜์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์šด์˜์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ œ 5์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ 5์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์œ ํ˜•์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค ๊ต์œก์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹ฌ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์šด์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ?๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ˜œํƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ 3์œ ํ˜•์€ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋Œ€์ฑ…์œ„ ์–‘ ์ธก์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ฐฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์งธ, ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ์ค‘์žฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค์น˜์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ›ผ์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ์™€ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹, ํƒœ๋„์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์˜์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ(definitional conflict)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, Q ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์„ค์น˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด์†Œ์— ๋‹ค์†Œ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 5 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ •์˜ 5 2. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 6 3. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ „๋žต 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  14 1. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 14 2. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ฃผ์ฒด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 17 3. ์‚ฌํ–‰์‚ฐ์—…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 4. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  21 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งˆ์‚ฌํšŒ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 22 1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฌํ–‰์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 22 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งˆ์‚ฌํšŒ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 25 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์šฉ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฐœ๋งค์†Œ ์ด์ „ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ฒฝ์œ„ 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐœ์š” 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ • 31 1. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž ๋ณต๊ณผ ํ‘œ์ถœ 31 2. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ 31 3. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ต์ฐฉ๊ธฐ 33 4. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™”๊ธฐ 34 5. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฌ๊ต์ฐฉ๊ธฐ 37 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 39 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 39 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ 39 1. Q ์ง„์ˆ ๋ฌธ ์„ค๊ณ„ 39 2. P ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ์„ ์ • 41 3. Q ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 43 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 44 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 45 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„์„ 45 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผํ•ด์„ 50 1. ์œ ํ˜• 1(๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ๋ฌธํ™” ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ด€์ ) 50 2. ์œ ํ˜• 2(์‚ฌํ–‰์„ฑ ๋„๋ฐ• ๊ด€์ ) 52 3. ์œ ํ˜• 3(์‹œ์žฅ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ) 55 4. ์œ ํ˜• 4(๊ฒฝ๋งˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ ˆํฌ์ธ  ๊ด€์ ) 57 5. ์œ ํ˜• 5(๊ฒฝ๋งˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์•… ๊ด€์ ) 59 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์ข…ํ•ฉ 62 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ํ•จ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  66 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 71 ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ง€ 74 Abstract 77Maste

    ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์œตํ•ฉ ์ง„ํ™” ํŒจํ„ด : ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    Thesis(doctors) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ „๊ณต,2010.2.Docto

    ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฏธํ•™๊ณผ,2008. 8.Maste
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