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    ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์˜ ํšŒํ™”์  ์ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๊น€์„ฑํฌ.Reclusion, in East Asian tradition, has been regarded as a form of resistance against injustice and oppression. In many cases it was a political act: the literati who disapproved of the ruling party chose to retreat to remote regions, when holding a post at the court meant having to compromise with the unjust regime. Similarly, in comtemporary Asian subculture, the female creators and audience have chosen to stay underground rather than to seek acknowledgment from the patriarchal culture. Reclusion, again, is practiced as a means to avoid compromise. Undetected by the male-dominant mainstream, this subculture of young women in East Asia(namely Korea, China and Japan,) which is called "Yeoseonghyang(pronounced /yษ™-suฬ‡ล‹-hyรคล‹/)--meaning 'catering to women's taste,' but also broadly referring to 'the subculture with such characteristics--," has developed some distinctive traits in form and content, that can be considered as subversive to patriarchy. The purpose of this dissertation is to throw light on those subversive elements, which have previously been trivialized by the mainstream critique, and to account for how I, as an Asian female artist, have adapted them in my paintings with feminist purposes. Among many prominent artists in Asian art history who worked in reclusion, this dissertation pays special attention to Qian Xuan(้Œข้ธ: 1235-after 1301) and Zhao Mengfu(่ถ™ๅญŸ้ ซ:ใ€€1254ใƒผ1322) of the early Yuan. In their paintings, multiple techniques from different dynasties are revived. As the result, viewer is unable to single out one period in the past that these artists wish to bring back. It is never sure where the artists wish to be. Therefore they cannot be accused of instigating a rebellion to restore a certain dynasty, yet still instill in their art the bitter sense of displacement and their discontent with the Mongolian rule. This "twofold reclusion," in which the artist is physically removed from the mainstream culture and simultaneously obscuring her stance in artworks to avoid falling victim to censorship, appears again in contemporary Asia's Yeoseonghyang subculture. Created by and circulated among young women, its romance Manhwa(comic books / graphic novels) and fanfictions/fanart have been considered a uniquely female culture (hence the term "Yeoseonghyang", ) and therefore have been denigrated as petty, nonsensical or juvenile. But instead of correcting itself to comply with patriarchical standards, Yeoseonghyang has remained in the cove of underground culture, preserving its characteristics and functioning as a safe haven for women to freely unfold their thoughts and fantasies. Many Yeoseonghyang artists and audience hide under anonymity, often dividing themselves into multiple identities. This has the effect of confusing the patriarchal censor, rendering him unable to track down the creator of fantasies that patriarchy disapproves of. Also, Yeoseonghyang goes a step further by making it impossible to detect the location of the female subject inside those fantasies. Even in girl-meet-boy romance Manhwa, it is never clear whether the female artist/reader/viewer(i.e. the female subject) wholly identifies herself with the female protagonist(the girl). In many cases the girl does not sexually objectify the boy, because physical attraction is rarely present in the story. The drawings, on the other hand, constantly show off the boy's physique, not for the girl, but for the readers outside the story. Therefore the female reader is never completely inside the story or completely outside of it. She relates to the girl most of the time, but when it comes to enjoying the boy's sex appeal, she moves outside the story to the position of the omniscient viewer. The case becomes even more complicated in BL(Boys' Love) Manhwa and homoerotic fanfiction, where there are no female protagonists at all. Romance is carried out by two boys, and the female subject has the freedom to identify with either one of the boys, moving back and forth between the two as she pleases, or take on the position of a voyeur. Dispersing the position of the female subject is a means to conceal where she truly stands. The patriarchal censor may find highly sexualized male bodies, but he will never capture the subject who is objectifying them. This ever-elusive, reclusive female subject of Yeoseonghyang is subversive in that she uses her freedom to generate fantasies that defy patriarchical conventions. Many female protagonists of Yeoseonghyang violate the stereotypical depictions of women, and, unlike in other areas of mass culture, these oddballs are never punished with tragic endings in Yeoseonghyang's "alternate universe." This affects the reader: Yeoseonghyang readers either have not internalized patriarchal norms, or at least have grown to criticize it. They seek what truly pleases them, and the prettiness of romance Manhwa characters and the "unrealistic" or "naive" narratives of fanfiction are the results of such explorations. I adapted formal elements and the strategies of Yeoseonghyang subculture in my paintings. The "pretty boy" figures from Manhwa, appear not as representations of men in real life, but as a Yeoseonghyang invention: an invention to reflect uncensored female desire, and also to secure a hideout for the female subject to sefely conduct fantasizing. I often fuse art historical elements of Asian and Western art with Manhwa techniques. Just as the fanfiction writer takes pre-existing elements from original stories and appropriates them for women, I displace some well-known compositions or brushworks from masterpieces and use them to crown Yeoseonghyang like trophies. In this process the authority of the male-dominant high art is contaminated, and, in contrast, Yeoseonghyang (temporarily) usurps the power. Although Yeoseonghyang subculture is primarily an entertainment, the fantasies it provides often lead the female subject to a liberating experience from the confines of the patriarchal norms. Such subversive potentials are celebrated and experimented with in my artmaking. Keywords : Reclusion, Twofold Reclusion, Feminism, Subculture, Yeoseonghyang, Subversion์€๋‘”(้šฑ้)์ด๋ž€ ์ˆจ์–ด ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋„ํ”ผ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ฒด์ œ์— ํ™”ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋„ ํ•˜์— ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „๋ณต์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์€๋‘”์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์˜ ์–ต์••์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด๋“ค๋กœ์„œ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์ด ๋๋๋‚ด ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์™„๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์— ํ ์ง‘์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์ˆœ์‘์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ์งยท๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋Š” ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ์€๋‘”ํ•จ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ์ˆจ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์€๋‘” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์€๋‘” ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง€์–ด ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠน์ง•์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํšŒํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ›„ํ•œ(ๅพŒๆผข)๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์€๋‘”์€, ๋ฌธ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์—ญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ฒด์ œ์— ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ํ™œ๋™ ์ผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์€๋‘”์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ํƒํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋„๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์€ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์€๋‘”์€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ผ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํƒˆ์†์  ํ–‰๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋”ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์—, ๊ณต์ง์—์„œ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€๋กœ ๋„ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋„๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์œ„์•ˆ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์„ ์†Œ์™ธ์‹œํ‚จ ์†์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์†ก๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง€๋˜ ๋ฌต์ฃฝ๋„, ์„ธํ•œ์‚ผ์šฐ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒญ๋Œ€ ํŒ”๋Œ€์‚ฐ์ธ(ๅ…ซๅคงๅฑฑไบบ, ๋ณธ๋ช… ์ฃผํƒ‘(ๆœฑ่€ท): 1626?-1705?)์˜ ์ƒˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ž์—ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์€๋‘” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์›(ๅ…ƒ)๋Œ€ ์œ ๋ฏผํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์„ (้Œข้ธ: ca. 1235-1301์ดํ›„) ๊ณผ ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€(่ถ™ๅญŸ้ ซ: 1254-1322)์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜•์‹์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์€๋‘”์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์  ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์™ธ์—๋„, ์นจ๋žต ์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›„์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๋จผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์™•์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข…์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์˜ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ์”Œ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์›ํ•œ ์˜ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กญ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์†Œ๋…„๋งŒํ™”๋‚˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์ž‘ยท์œ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋Š” ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์˜ ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 1)์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ 2)๋‚จ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋กœ ์นญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ •๋งŒํ™”์™€ ํŒฌํ”ฝ์…˜ยทํŒฌ์•„ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ €ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ํ™€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํƒ€ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋”์šฑ ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์€๋‘”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์ฒด๊ณ„์— ํฌ์„ญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์–‘์‹๊ณผ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํŒํƒ€์ง€์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์œ ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํŒฌํ”ฝ์…˜ยทํŒฌ์•„ํŠธ๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์˜๋ฏธํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ „๋ณต์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ํฌ์„ญํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์  ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋ฒ” ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์œ ํ–‰์ด ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ณต์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์žฌ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ง€์ผ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์€๋‘”์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์ด ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ช…์— ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์  ๋”ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ก€๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„ํ”ผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ๋ง์ƒ์„ ํŽผ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ง์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ง€๋ชฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆจ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์ž์™€ ๋…์ž๋“ค์€ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ ๋’ค์— ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ž…ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ž… ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๊ฒ€์—ด์ž๋Š” ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋น„์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์˜จํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ‹€๊ณ  ์กฐ๋กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํŽผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฅด๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์— ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์€๋‘”์„ ์ด์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋“ค ์ค‘, ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ทŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๊ฒ€์—ด์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ”ผ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์‹œ์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ (์žฌ)๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์š•๋ง์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์น  ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์• ์  ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๋Š” ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ฃ„ํ•  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒํ™”๋  ๊ณ„๊ธฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์›์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์˜ ์ˆœ์ •๋งŒํ™”์  ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„ํ™”๋˜์–ด, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์ „(ๆญฃๅ…ธ, canon)๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ช…์ž‘์˜ ๊ตฌ๋„์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒํ™”์  ์กฐํ˜•์–ธ์–ด์™€ ํ˜ผ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋˜ ์˜์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์ •๋งŒํ™”์  ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋™์•„์ด์‚ฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ์ „์œ ๋ฌผ์ด๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฌต ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋งŒํ™”์  ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐํ˜•์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์›๋ž˜ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฝํžˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฐ์Šค๊ฝ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ์—ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ช…์ž‘๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „(็•ฐๆœฌ)์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์ฐฉ๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์›์ž‘์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ํšŒํ™”์— ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ๋ช…์ž‘ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์  ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ-๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ(alternate art history) ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํŒฌํ”ฝ์…˜ยทํŒฌ์•„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ํ•˜์— ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ๋Œ€๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ผ ๋งŒํผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค์€, ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์  ์›ƒ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์†Œ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ช…์ž‘์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—, ๊ทธ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ์˜ค๋Š” ์ „๋ณต์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆจ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ˆจ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ถˆ์˜จํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ์ฐ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒ€์—ด์ž๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ž€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ ์€๋‘”์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์—์„œ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ „๋ณต์„ฑ์ด ํšŒํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ์€๋‘”, ์ด์ค‘ ์€๋‘”, ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ, ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ, ์ „๋ณต์„ฑ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก i ๋ชฉ์ฐจ vii ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก xi ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก xvi ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 5 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 8 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ „ํ†ต๋ฏธ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์€๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด 12 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์€๋‘”์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 12 1. ์€๋‘”์˜ ์ •์˜ 12 2. ์€๋‘” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 14 3. ์€๋‘”๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  18 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์€๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด: ์›(ๅ…ƒ) ์ „๊ธฐ ์œ ๋ฏผํ™”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 20 1. ์›๋Œ€ ์œ ๋ฏผํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 22 2. ์›๋Œ€ ์œ ๋ฏผํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด์ค‘(ไบŒ้‡) ์€๋‘” 23 1) ์ „์„ (้Œข้ธ) 25 2) ์กฐ๋งน๋ถ€(่ถ™ๅญŸ้ ซ) 28 3. ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์€๋‘”์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ณต์„ฑ 34 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์˜ ์€๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด 39 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 39 1. ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ 40 2. ์ˆœ์ •๋งŒํ™”: 1990-2000๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ˆœ์ •๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 42 3. 2์ฐจ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌผ: ํŒฌํ”ฝ์…˜๊ณผ ํŒฌ์•„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 56 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ด์ค‘ ์€๋‘”(1): ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ์€๋‘” 61 1. ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์€๋‘”: ์ˆœ์ •๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 63 2. ๋น„์ƒ์—…์  ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์€๋‘”: ํŒฌํ”ฝ์…˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 65 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ด์ค‘ ์€๋‘”(2): ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์€๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด 67 1. ํ•œ์‹œ์  ์ •์ฒด์™€ ๋‹ค์ €์ž์„ฑ(multi-authorship)์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์€๋‘” 68 2. ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์ž…๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์€๋‘” 70 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์€๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์˜ ์ „๋ณต์„ฑ 72 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ์€๋‘”: ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„ํ”ผ 72 1. ์  ๋”ํ™” ์œ ์˜ˆ(็Œถ่ฑซ)์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 72 1) ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€ 74 2) ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™”๋‚ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž, ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ž 75 3) ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋…€๊ด€๊ณ„ 79 4) ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 84 2. ํŒํƒ€์ง€์™€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ-ํ˜„์‹ค: ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 91 1) ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹จ์ฃ„๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ง 92 2) ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ํƒˆ ๊ถŒ์œ„ํ™” 95 3. ์ƒ์—…ํ™”๊ณผ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข… 99 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ์€๋‘”: ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”๋œ ๊ฒ€์—ด์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„ํ”ผ 101 1. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒํ™” 101 1) ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€ 102 2) ์—ฌ์„ฑ์  ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด 103 2. ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”: ๊ฒ€์—ด์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„  ๊ต๋ž€ 106 3. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ธ์ • 111 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์—์„œ ์ „๋ณต์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ํšŒํ™”์  ์ ์šฉ114 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ „ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด 114 1. ์‹œ์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 114 2. ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ธ์šฉ 119 1) ์œ„๋ฐ˜์  ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ 119 2) ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์€๋‘”์ฒ˜ 120 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ-ํ˜„์‹ค ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๋žต ์‘์šฉ: ์ •์ „(ๆญฃๅ…ธ)์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ์œ„์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์  ์ฐฌํƒˆ 124 1. ๋งŒํ™”์  ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „์‹ (ๅ‚ณ็ฅž)์  ํ‘œํ˜„ 126 2. ์—ฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ณ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜ผ์šฉ 132 3. ํšจ๊ณผ์„ ยท๋งํ’์„ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฌต ํ•„์„ ์˜ ํ˜ผ์šฉ 133 4. ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ ์† ๋ช…์ž‘์˜ ์ฐจ์šฉ 137 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 144 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ช…์ž‘์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์ฐธ์กฐ 144 1. ๋ช…์ž‘ ์† ์„ฑ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์ „๋ณต 144 2. ์žฅ์ง€ ์ธ๋ฌผํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ํ™œ์šฉ 150 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ช…์ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ์ฐธ์กฐ 152 1. ์„ฑ ์—ญํ•  ๋ฐ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์—”ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์  ํด๋ฆฌ์…ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ณต 152 2. ์„œ์–‘ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์‘์šฉ 156 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ช…์ž‘ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ 158 1. ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํš๋œ ์žฅ๋ฉด ํ™œ์šฉ 158 2. ์ˆœ์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‹ด์ฑ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ๊ตฌ 162 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ „ํ†ต๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ํ€ด์–ด๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์š”์†Œ ํ˜ผ์šฉ166 1. ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์‹ ์ฒด๋“ค 166 2. ์ˆ˜๋ฌต ํ•„์„  ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด์ฑ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ํ™œ์šฉ 169 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  174 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 180 Abstract 189Docto
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