22 research outputs found

    Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measuring the liver stiffness and biochemical markers in chronic hepatitis B patients

    Get PDF
    Background: Transient elastography (FibroScan(R)) is a rapid and non-invasive method to measure liver stiffness and this allow the assessment of liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of measuring the liver stiffness in addition to measuring the other biochemical markers such as the aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index [APRI] and the AST/ALT ratio. Methods: We enrolled 228 HBsAg positive patients whose liver stiffness was measured by FibroScan(R) between March 2005 and September 2005. Liver biopsy examinations were performed in 34 patients. The fibrosis (F) was staged on a 0-4 scale according to the Ludwig classification. Results: According to the clinical diagnosis, the median values of liver stiffness were 7.0ยฑ2.7 kPa for inactive carriers (n=29), 8.3ยฑ5.3 kPa for chronic hepatitis patients (n=106), 15.9ยฑ8.3 kPa for compensated cirrhosis patients (n=63), 31.8ยฑ20.3 kPa for decompensated cirrhosis patients (n=26), and 45.1ยฑ34.5 kPa for HCC patients (n=4). The degree of liver stiffness was significantly different between the different disease groups (p<0.001). Liver stiffness was well correlated with the fibrosis stages (r=0.726; p< 0.001). The AUROC of FibroScan(R), the APRI and the AST/ALT ratio values were of the same order; 0.72, 0.61 and 0.58, respectively, for Fโ‰ฅ2; 0.92, 0.73, and 0.56, respectively, for Fโ‰ฅ3; and 0.97, 0.79, and 0.55, respectively, for F=4. FibroScan(R) offered the best diagnostic performance both for significant fibrosis (Fโ‰ฅ2) and severe fibrosis-cirrhosis (F3-F4). Conclusions: FibroScan(R) is a reliable, rapid non-invasive method to diagnose the severity of chronic liver disease and to predict fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, in addition to using the APRI and AST/ALT ratio.ope

    Study on the factors of continuation of breast feeding for the primipara who attempted breast feeding

    No full text
    ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ง€์†์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์˜์–‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ, ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ 6๊ฐœ ๋ณด๊ฑด์†Œ ์˜์œ ์•„์‹ค์— ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ดˆ์‚ฐ๋ชจ 106๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด์ ‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€1991๋…„ 4์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์›” 27์ผ ๊นŒ์ง€ 8์ผ๊ฐ„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์€ 66๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์€ 40๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ง€์† ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ธ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์˜์–‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์€ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค 1. ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ  ์‹คํƒœ ์ดˆ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์›, ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€. ๋ชจ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์Šต๋“์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 68.9%๊ฐ€ ์œก์•„์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ์žก์ง€์—์„œ, 9.4%๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์Šต๋“์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜. ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ "๋ฉด์—ญ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ"์ด 90.0%๋กœ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—„๋งˆ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” "์•„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ • ๋•Œ๋ฌธ"์ด 74.2%๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š” "๋ชจ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด 45.0%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ง€์†์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ง€์†์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์˜์–‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€. ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ณ„ํš์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 83.3%, ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 65.0%๊ฐ€ ์ž„์‹  ์ „๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.05์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค (X**2 : 4.64.df=1, p<.05). ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋งŒ ํ›„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ๋ง›์‚ฌ์ง€ ์œ ๋ฌด ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 71.2%, ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 47.5%๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋งŒ ์งํ›„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ๋ง›์‚ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=4.99, df=1, p<.01). ๋‚˜. ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค. ์˜์–‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. (1). ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐฅ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 47%, ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 22.5%๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ. ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X*2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=11.35, df=1, p<.01). (2). ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์—ญ๊ตญ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฌด ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 77.3%, ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 57.5%๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์—ญ๊ตญ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=9.71, df=1, p<.01). (3). ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์•ฝ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋ ค ์œ ๋ฌด๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 21.2%๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 17.5%๊ฐ€ ์˜์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์•ฝ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=9.57, df=1, p<.01). (4). ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์šฐ์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ง€์กฑ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฌด๋น„๊ต๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 34.8%, ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 25.0%๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ง€์กฑ์œจ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=9.44, df=1, P<.01). (5). ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฌด ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 34.8%, ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 15.0%๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=11.30, df=1, p<.01). (6). ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฌด ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 24.2%, ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 22.5%๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=9.97, df=1, p<.01). ๋ผ. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ˆ˜์œ ์‹œ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ • ์œ ๋ฌด์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 93.9%, ์ธ๊ณต์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 67.5%๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ์ˆ˜์œ ์‹œ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ , ๋‘๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ’ 0.01์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (X**2=11.04, df=1, p<.01). ๋งˆ. ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ตฐ์ด ์ธ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ, ๋ถ„๋งŒ ์งํ›„์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ๋ง›์‚ฌ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ, ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์„ญ์ทจ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ ๋น„์œจ , ์ˆ˜์œ ์‹œ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ทจํ•œ ๋น„์œจ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ์ง€์† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ง€์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between feeding type and the factors which assumed to be related to the continuation of breast feeding. The subjects of this study were 106 primiparas who visited six health centers in Seoul to get vaccinations for their babies. They were in the period of from 3 weeks to 12 weeks after childbirth. The breast feeding group was composed of 66 primiparas and artificial feeding ceeding group of 40 primiparas. Data collection was carried out in the eight days during the period from April 19 to April 27. 1991. General characteristics were measured by actual number and percentage. Chi sqare test was applied for testing the association between feeding type and the continuing factors (feeding care, physical care, nutritional care, psychological conditions and support). The main result of this study are as follow: 1. The actual state of the breast feeding (source of information, the reasion for breast feeding and the reasion for giving up breast feeding) was ; 1) 68.9% of the primiparas got the information from a book on child care, 2) The most common reason, when the baby was considered, is "immunity" (90.0%) and when the mother was considered, was "love or affection to babies (74.2%). 3) The most important reason for giving up breast feeding was insufficient milk (45.0%). 2. Analysis of the continuing factors which assumed to be related to breast feeding was; 1) The association between feeding care and feeding type were; - 83.3% of the breat feeding group and 65.0% of the artificial feeding group had planned feeding type before pregnancy or in early stage in pregnancy. the difference between two groups was statistically significant (X**2 =4.64, df=1, p<.05) - 71.2% of the breast feeding group and 47.2% of the artificial feeding group had done breast massage right after delivery. the difference between two groups was statistically significant(X**2=4.99, df=1, p<.01). 2) The association between feeding type and physical care was not statistically significant. 3) The association between postnatal nutritional care and feeding type was; - 47.0% of breast feeding group and 22.5% of artificial feeding group had eaten rice, the difference of two groups was statistically significant (X**2=11.35, df=1. p.01). - 77.3% of the breast feeding group and 57.5% of the artificial feeding group had eaten sea weed soup. the difference of two groups was statistically significant (X**2=9.71, df=1,p<.01). - 21.2% of the breast feeding group and 17.5% of the artificial feeding group had eaten supplements. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=9.57, df=1, p<.01). - 34.8% of the breast feeding group and 25.0% of the artificial feeding group had eaten protein food. the difference of the two groups was statistically significant(X**2=9.44,df= 1, p< .01). - 34.8% of the breast feeding group and 15.0% of the artificial feeding group had drunk milks. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=11.3, df=1, p< .01). - 24.2% of the breast feeding group and 15.0% of the artificial feeding group had drunk water. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=9.97, df= 1, p< .01). 4) The association between psychological conditions was ; - 93.9% of the breast feeding group and 67.5% of the artificial feeding group had a peaceful mind at the initiation of breast feeding. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=11.04, df=1, p<.01). 5) The association between support and feeding type was not statistically significant. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that initiating time of planning feeding type should be early and breast massage should be done immediately after delivery. For nutritional care (rices, sea weed soup, nutrients, protein feed, milk, water) should be included. A peaceful mind on feeding as psychological condition is important.restrictio

    Noninvasive models to predict liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B

    No full text
    Objectives: Few noninvasive models of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to predict liver cirrhosis have been studied. The aim of the current study is to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of two simple novel models of spleenโ€“platelet ratio index (SPRI) and ageโ€“spleenโ€“platelet ratio index (ASPRI) in patients with CHB. Patients and methods: A total of 346 consecutive treatment-naรฏve patients with CHB were retrospectively studied. The aspartate to alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR), ageโ€“platelet index (API), aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), SPRI, and ASPRI were compared with liver histology. Results: AAR, APRI, SPRI, API, and ASPRI correlated significantly to fibrosis stage (all P12, the presence of cirrhosis could be correctly identified with a high accuracy (96.3% positive predictive value) in 35 (10.1%) of 346 patients. Similarly, using a cutoff of <5, the presence of cirrhosis could be totally excluded with 100% of negative predictive value in 120 (34.7%) of 346 patients. Conclusion: ASPRI was accurate in predicting cirrhosis and screening with ASPRI has the potential to reduce the number of liver biopsies in CHB patients.ope
    corecore