22 research outputs found
Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measuring the liver stiffness and biochemical markers in chronic hepatitis B patients
Background: Transient elastography (FibroScan(R)) is a rapid and non-invasive method to measure liver stiffness and this allow the assessment of liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of measuring the liver stiffness in addition to measuring the other biochemical markers such as the aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index [APRI] and the AST/ALT ratio. Methods: We enrolled 228 HBsAg positive patients whose liver stiffness was measured by FibroScan(R) between March 2005 and September 2005. Liver biopsy examinations were performed in 34 patients. The fibrosis (F) was staged on a 0-4 scale according to the Ludwig classification. Results: According to the clinical diagnosis, the median values of liver stiffness were 7.0ยฑ2.7 kPa for inactive carriers (n=29), 8.3ยฑ5.3 kPa for chronic hepatitis patients (n=106), 15.9ยฑ8.3 kPa for compensated cirrhosis patients (n=63), 31.8ยฑ20.3 kPa for decompensated cirrhosis patients (n=26), and 45.1ยฑ34.5 kPa for HCC patients (n=4). The degree of liver stiffness was significantly different between the different disease groups (p<0.001). Liver stiffness was well correlated with the fibrosis stages (r=0.726; p< 0.001). The AUROC of FibroScan(R), the APRI and the AST/ALT ratio values were of the same order; 0.72, 0.61 and 0.58, respectively, for Fโฅ2; 0.92, 0.73, and 0.56, respectively, for Fโฅ3; and 0.97, 0.79, and 0.55, respectively, for F=4. FibroScan(R) offered the best diagnostic performance both for significant fibrosis (Fโฅ2) and severe fibrosis-cirrhosis (F3-F4). Conclusions: FibroScan(R) is a reliable, rapid non-invasive method to diagnose the severity of chronic liver disease and to predict fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, in addition to using the APRI and AST/ALT ratio.ope
Study on the factors of continuation of breast feeding for the primipara who attempted breast feeding
๋ณด๊ฑด๊ฐํธํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ์ง์์์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ฒด ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ํ, ๋ฐ ์ง์ง์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์๋๋์๋ค.
์กฐ์ฌ๋ ์์ธ์ 6๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ ์์ ์์ค์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ข
์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ์ด์ฐ๋ชจ 106๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ค์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์1991๋
4์ 19์ผ๋ถํฐ 4์ 27์ผ ๊น์ง 8์ผ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ค ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 66๋ช
์ด์๊ณ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 40๋ช
์ด์๋ค.
๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋์์๋ค์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ค์์ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ์จ๋ก ๊ตฌํ์๊ณ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ์ง์ ์์ธ๋ค์ธ ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ฒด ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ํ ๋ฐ ์ง์ง์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ X**2 ๊ฒ์ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค
1. ๋ชจ์ ์์ ์คํ
์ด์ฐ๋ชจ๋ค์ ์์ ๊ด๋ จ ํน์ฑ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด์, ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์๋ค.
๊ฐ. ๋ชจ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ต๋์ ์ ์ฒด ๋์์์ 68.9%๊ฐ ์ก์์ฑ
์ด๋ ์ก์ง์์, 9.4%๊ฐ ์๋ฃ์ธ์๊ฒ์ ์ป์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ ์๋ฃ์ธ์๊ฒ์ ์ป์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด ์ต๋์ ๋น์จ์ ๋ฎ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์๋ฃ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.
๋. ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ด์ ์ค ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ "๋ฉด์ญ์ฑ ๋๋ฌธ"์ด 90.0%๋ก ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ง ์์ ์ ์ํด ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ "์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ ์ ๋๋ฌธ"์ด 74.2%๋ก ๋์๋ค.
๋ค. ๋ชจ์ ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๋ "๋ชจ์ ๋ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด 45.0%๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์๋ค.
2. ๋ชจ์ ์์ ์ง์์์ธ ๋ถ์
๋ชจ์ ์์ ์ง์์์ธ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ฒด ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ํ ๋ฐ ์ง์ง์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์๋ค.
๊ฐ. ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ณํ์๊ธฐ ๋น๊ต ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 83.3%, ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 65.0%๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์์ ๊ณํ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ ๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.05์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค (X**2 : 4.64.df=1, p<.05). ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋ถ๋ง ํ ์ ๋ฐฉ ๋ง์ฌ์ง ์ ๋ฌด ๋น๊ต ๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 71.2%, ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 47.5%๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ง ์งํ ์ ๋ฐฉ ๋ง์ฌ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ๋ ๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค (X**2=4.99, df=1, p<.01).
๋. ์ ์ฒด ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์๋ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๋ค. ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์๋ ์์๋ฌผ ์ญ์ทจ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์๋ค.
(1). ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐฅ์ ์ญ์ทจ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด์ ๊ดํ ๋น๊ต๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 47%, ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 22.5%๊ฐ ๋ฐฅ์ ๋ง์ด ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ. ๋ ๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X*2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค (X**2=11.35, df=1, p<.01).
(2). ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋ฏธ์ญ๊ตญ ์ญ์ทจ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด ๋น๊ต ๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 77.3%, ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 57.5%๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ญ๊ตญ์ ๋ง์ด ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค (X**2=9.71, df=1, p<.01).
(3). ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ์์๊ณ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ฝ ์ญ์ทจ ๋
ธ๋ ค ์ ๋ฌด๋น๊ต ๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 21.2%๋ก ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 17.5%๊ฐ ์์๊ณ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ฝ์ ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค (X**2=9.57, df=1, p<.01).
(4). ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ์ฐ์กฑ์ด๋ ๋ผ์ง์กฑ ์ญ์ทจ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด๋น๊ต๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 34.8%, ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 25.0%๊ฐ ์ฐ์กฑ์ด๋ ๋ผ์ง์กฑ์จ ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค (X**2=9.44, df=1, P<.01).
(5). ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ฅ ์ญ์ทจ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด ๋น๊ต ๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 34.8%, ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 15.0%๊ฐ ์ฐ์ ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค (X**2=11.30, df=1, p<.01).
(6). ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ์๋ถ ์ญ์ทจ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด ๋น๊ต ๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 24.2%, ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 22.5%๊ฐ ์๋ถ์ ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค (X**2=9.97, df=1, p<.01).
๋ผ. ์ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ํ์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๊ตฐ์ ์ฒซ ์์ ์ ๋ง์์ ์์ ์ ๋ฌด์ ๋น๊ต ๊ฒ์ฆ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ 93.9%, ์ธ๊ณต์์ ๊ตฐ์ 67.5%๊ฐ ์ฒซ ์์ ์ ๋ง์์ด ์์ ๋ ์ํ์๊ณ , ๋๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ X**2 ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P๊ฐ 0.01์์ค์์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์
ํ์๋ค (X**2=11.04, df=1, p<.01).
๋ง. ์ง์ง์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
์ด์๊ฐ์ด ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๊ตฐ์ด ์ธ๊ณต ์์ ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ๊ณํ์ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ํ ๋น์จ, ๋ถ๋ง ์งํ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ ๋ง์ฌ์ง ๋น์จ, ์์๋ฌผ ์ญ์ทจ ๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ ๋น์จ , ์์ ์ ๋ง์์ ์์ ์ ์ทจํ ๋น์จ์ด ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์์ ๊ฐ์
์์ธ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ ๊ฐํธ๊ฐ ์ดํ๋์ด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง์์ ์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between feeding type and the factors which assumed to be related to the continuation of breast feeding.
The subjects of this study were 106 primiparas who visited six health centers in Seoul to get vaccinations for their babies.
They were in the period of from 3 weeks to 12 weeks after childbirth. The breast feeding group was composed of 66 primiparas and artificial feeding ceeding group of 40 primiparas.
Data collection was carried out in the eight days during the period from April 19 to April 27. 1991.
General characteristics were measured by actual number and percentage. Chi sqare test was applied for testing the association between feeding type and the continuing factors (feeding care, physical care, nutritional care, psychological
conditions and support).
The main result of this study are as follow:
1. The actual state of the breast feeding (source of information, the reasion for breast feeding and the reasion for giving up breast feeding) was ;
1) 68.9% of the primiparas got the information from a book on child care,
2) The most common reason, when the baby was considered, is "immunity" (90.0%) and when the mother was considered, was "love or affection to babies (74.2%).
3) The most important reason for giving up breast feeding was insufficient milk (45.0%).
2. Analysis of the continuing factors which assumed to be related to breast feeding was;
1) The association between feeding care and feeding type were; - 83.3% of the breat feeding group and 65.0% of the artificial feeding group had planned feeding type before pregnancy or in early stage in pregnancy. the difference between two groups was statistically significant (X**2 =4.64, df=1,
p<.05) - 71.2% of the breast feeding group and 47.2% of the artificial feeding group had done breast massage right after delivery. the difference between two groups was statistically significant(X**2=4.99, df=1, p<.01).
2) The association between feeding type and physical care was not statistically significant.
3) The association between postnatal nutritional care and feeding type was;
- 47.0% of breast feeding group and 22.5% of artificial feeding group had eaten rice, the difference of two groups was statistically significant (X**2=11.35, df=1. p.01).
- 77.3% of the breast feeding group and 57.5% of the artificial feeding group had eaten sea weed soup. the difference of two groups was statistically significant (X**2=9.71, df=1,p<.01).
- 21.2% of the breast feeding group and 17.5% of the artificial feeding group had eaten supplements. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=9.57, df=1, p<.01).
- 34.8% of the breast feeding group and 25.0% of the artificial feeding group had eaten protein food. the difference of the two groups was statistically significant(X**2=9.44,df= 1, p< .01).
- 34.8% of the breast feeding group and 15.0% of the artificial feeding group had drunk milks. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=11.3, df=1, p< .01).
- 24.2% of the breast feeding group and 15.0% of the artificial feeding group had drunk water. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=9.97, df= 1, p< .01).
4) The association between psychological conditions was ;
- 93.9% of the breast feeding group and 67.5% of the artificial feeding group had a peaceful mind at the initiation of breast feeding. the difference of two groups was statistically significant(X**2=11.04, df=1, p<.01).
5) The association between support and feeding type was not statistically significant.
From the results of this study, it can be concluded that initiating time of planning feeding type should be early and breast massage should be done immediately after delivery. For nutritional care (rices, sea weed soup, nutrients, protein
feed, milk, water) should be included. A peaceful mind on feeding as psychological condition is important.restrictio
A Study on the Satisfaction Level towards Choreography Related Curriculum for the Cultivation of Choreographers at Dance Department and on the Improvement Measures
The Study on Application of TCAM (Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement) Test for Evaluating Dance Creativity
Analysis of dance education and cultural arts education research trends for the handicapped
Noninvasive models to predict liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Objectives: Few noninvasive models of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to predict liver cirrhosis have been studied. The aim of the current study is to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of two simple novel models of spleenโplatelet ratio index (SPRI) and ageโspleenโplatelet ratio index (ASPRI) in patients with CHB.
Patients and methods: A total of 346 consecutive treatment-naรฏve patients with CHB were retrospectively studied. The aspartate to alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR), ageโplatelet index (API), aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), SPRI, and ASPRI were compared with liver histology.
Results: AAR, APRI, SPRI, API, and ASPRI correlated significantly to fibrosis stage (all P12, the presence of cirrhosis could be correctly identified with a high accuracy (96.3% positive predictive value) in 35 (10.1%) of 346 patients. Similarly, using a cutoff of <5, the presence of cirrhosis could be totally excluded with 100% of negative predictive value in 120 (34.7%) of 346 patients.
Conclusion: ASPRI was accurate in predicting cirrhosis and screening with ASPRI has the potential to reduce the number of liver biopsies in CHB patients.ope