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    18F-ํ‘œ์ง€ ํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ PET ์˜์ƒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์ •์žฌ๋ฏผ.Purpose: The serotonergic system is related to various dysfunctions in the central nervous system, such as depression, social anxiety disorder, and epilepsy. Thus, the development of a radioactive probe for imaging serotonin synthesis is important for the diagnosis of such diseases. ฮฑ-[11C]Methyltryptophan ([11C]AMT) is available for the imaging of serotonin synthesis. However, the brain uptake of [11C]AMT reflects both serotonin and kynurenine metabolism. In addition, since tryptophan is rapidly cleared from the brain, ฮฑ-methylation would be needed to prolong the retention time in the brain and reduce the metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO). In the present study, we designed and synthesized 18F- labeled [18F]trifluoromethyl-L-tryptophan ([18F]CF3-L-Trp) and [18F]trifluoromethyl-L-ฮฑ-methyl tryptophan ([18F]CF3-L-AMT) which might be metabolized to serotonin only. To evaluate the feasibility of labeled tryptophan derivatives for imaging the serotonergic system, the distribution and metabolism were investigated in rat brain. Methods: Precursor of [18F]CF3-L-Trp or [18F]CF3-L-AMT was prepared by regio-selective iodination using palladium or mercury catalyst, respectively. [18F]Trifluromethyl group was introduced by copper-catalyzed coupling using methyl chlorodifluoroacetate and tetramethylenediamine at 150C for 15 min. Protecting groups were removed by 1 N HCl at 100C for 10 min. The reaction mixture was purified by HPLC and radiochemical and enantiomeric purities were measured by HPLC. Biodistribution was performed in normal BALB/c mice at 10, 60 and 120 min post injection. For the autoradiography, [18F]CF3-L-Trp and [18F]CF3-L-AMT were injected into rats by tail vein injections without anesthesia. PET studies were performed in SD rat by intravenous administration of [18F]CF3-L-Trp. Metabolite study was performed in BALB/c mice using non-radioactive CF3-L-Trp and brain, blood, and urine samples were analyzed by HPLC and LC/MS. To evaluate brain distribution of [18F]CF3-L-AMT in serotonin metabolism enhanced SD rat, lithium chloride was administered to rats 2 times per day for 5 days (85 mg/kg, i.p.). Results: Protected L-Trp and its bromo and iodo derivatives were tested for [18F]trifluoromethylation and iodo derivative showed the highest labeling efficiency. Radiochemical yield was 6ยฑ1.5% based on the isolated product and radiochemical purity was over 99%. The molar activity of [18F]CF3-L-Trp was 0.44โ€“0.76 GBq/ฮผmol and [18F]CF3-L-AMT was 0.94โ€“1.44 GBq/ฮผmol which are enough for in vivo application. Enantiomeric purity was measured by chiral HPLC and no racemic form was found. In the biodistribution, at 10 min, the brain uptakes of [18F]CF3-L-AMT and [18F]CF3-L-Trp were 2.27 ยฑ 0.14%ID/g and 2.06 ยฑ 0.22%ID/g, respectively and the brain uptake of [18F]CF3-L-AMT (0.73 ยฑ 0.08%ID/g) at 60 min was significantly higher than that of [18F]CF3-L-Trp (0.43 ยฑ 0.08%ID/g). This result indicated that ฮฑ-methylation increased the retention in the brain by reducing metabolism by MAO. The bone uptake of [18F]CF3-L-AMT at 60 min (4.50 ยฑ 0.47%ID/g) was significantly lower than that of [18F]CF3-L-Trp (9.34 ยฑ 0.62%ID/g), suggesting the lower in vivo defluorination of [18F]CF3-L-AMT. Both of the tracers showed high uptakes in the kidney. In PET and autoradiography measurements, the uptake of raphe nucleus (dorsal and medial) was comparatively very low. Instead, pineal gland, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain showed particularly high uptake. [18F]CF3-L-Trp penetrated the blood-brain barrier via the L-type amino acid transporter, while [18F]CF3-D-Trp did not. In the metabolism study, CF3-serotonin peak was found in brain and blood at 60 min, and the mass value of the CF3-serotonin peak was confirmed by LC-MS. The distribution pattern of [18F]CF3-L-AMT in Li-treated SD rat brains was similar to that detected in normal SD rat brains. However, the brain uptake rate of [18F]CF3-L-AMT in Li-treated SD rats was faster than normal SD rats and the brain uptake in Li-treated SD rats lasted longer than that in normal SD rats. Conclusion: [18F]CF3-L-Trp could be successfully synthesized by [18F]trifluoromethylation, but fast washout from the brain and high in vivo defluorination showed that [18F]CF3-L-Trp was not suitable for imaging the serotonergic system. ฮฑ-Methylation of tryptophan increased the retention in the brain by reducing metabolism and might decrease the in vivo defluorination. However, it is not clear that the PET imaging of [18F]CF3-L-Trp reflect serotonin metabolism due to the low uptake in raphe nucleus. A large unmetabolized form in the brain also makes it difficult to obtain the absolute serotonin synthesis rate. Nevertheless, experimental data suggest that the distribution patterns of [18F]CF3-L-AMT in normal and Li-treated SD rats were related with serotonergic activity and metabolism. Therefore, [18F]CF3-L-AMT could be used as an feasible imaging agent representing serotonergic system.๋ชฉ์ : ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์ถ” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์˜์ƒํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ฮฑ-[11C]๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ ([11C]AMT)์€ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์˜์ƒ์— ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ [11C]AMT ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋‚ด ์„ญ์ทจ๋Š” ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ์€ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‡Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋…ธ ์•„๋ฏผ ์‚ฐํ™” ํšจ์†Œ (MAO)์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ฮฑ-๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(I)๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•œ [18F]ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ธ๋Œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ 2 ๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜์— 18F์„ ํ‘œ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” [18F]ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ-L-ํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ ([18F]CF3-L-Trp)๊ณผ [18F]ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ-L-ฮฑ-๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ ([18F]CF3-L-AMT)์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ์˜์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ง€๋œ ํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฅ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋‚ด ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: [18F]CF3-L-Trp ๋˜๋Š” [18F]CF3-L-AMT์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋Š” ํŒ”๋ผ๋“ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์€ ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์š”์˜ค๋“œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [18F]ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋กœ์˜ค๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” methyl chlorodifluoroacetate์™€ tetramethylethylenediamine๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด‰๋งค ํ•˜์—์„œ 150C์—์„œ 15 ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ํ›„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” 1 N ์—ผ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์„ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  100C์—์„œ 10 ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ HPLC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ [18F]CF3-L-Trp์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ ์ˆœ๋„์™€ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ ์ˆœ๋„๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์šฉ HPLC๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ BALB/c ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ทจ ์—†์ด [18F]CF3-L-Trp๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ 10, 60 ๋ฐ 120 ๋ถ„์— ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ SD ๋žซ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ 10 ๋ถ„์งธ์— ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PET ์˜์ƒ ์—ญ์‹œ SD ๋žซ์—์„œ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ทจ ์—†์ด [18F]CF3-L-Trp๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ 5, 10, 20, 40 ๋ฐ 80 ๋ถ„์— ์ฅ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ CF3-L-Trp๋ฅผ BALB/c ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ํ›„ 10 ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ 60 ๋ถ„์งธ์— ๋‡Œ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก, ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์–ป์–ด HPLC์™€ LC/MS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์ง„๋œ SD ๋žซ์—์„œ [18F]CF3-L-AMT์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ผํ™” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 2 ํšŒ 5์ผ๊ฐ„ 85 mg/kg์„ ๋ณต๊ฐ•์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ SD ๋žซ์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ L-Trp๋ฐ ๋ธŒ๋กฌํ™”์™€ ์š”์˜ค๋“œํ™” ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด [18F]ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์š”์˜ค๋“œํ™” ์œ ๋„์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์„ ํ‘œ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ง€ ํ›„, ์‚ฐ์— ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 1 N ์—ผ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ HPLC๋กœ ์ •์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 6ยฑ1.5%์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ˆœ๋„๋Š” 99% ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  [18F]CF3-L-Trp์˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฐ๋‹น ๋น„๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ์€ [18F]CF3-L-Trp๊ฐ€ 0.44โ€“0.76 GBq/ฮผmol์ด๊ณ  [18F]CF3-L-AMT๊ฐ€ 0.94โ€“1.46 GBq/ฮผmol์œผ๋กœ ์นœํ•ต์„ฑ ์น˜ํ™˜๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ 18F-ํ‘œ์ง€๋œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์ ์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์šธ์ƒ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ ์ˆœ๋„๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ž„ HPLC์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 10 ๋ถ„์— ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ [18F]CF3-L-AMT์™€ [18F]CF3-L-Trp์˜ ๋‡Œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.27 ยฑ 0.14%ID/g์™€ 2.06 ยฑ 0.22%ID/g ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  [18F]CF3-L-AMT์˜ ๋‡Œ ์„ญ์ทจ (0.73 ยฑ 0.08%ID/g)๋Š” [18F]CF3-L-Trp (0.43 ยฑ 0.08%ID/g)๋ณด๋‹ค 60 ๋ถ„์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ฮฑ-๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๊ฐ€ MAO์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ณด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 60 ๋ถ„ (4.50 ยฑ 0.47%ID/g)์—์„œ [18F]CF3-L-AMT์˜ ๊ณจ ํก์ˆ˜๋Š” [18F]CF3-L-Trp (9.34 ยฑ 0.62%ID/g)์˜ ๊ณจ ํก์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์„ญ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. PET ๋ฐ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ, ์†”๊ธฐํ•ต (์ง€๋Š๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์ธก)์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์†ก๊ณผ์„ , ์‹œ์ƒ, ์‹œ์ƒ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. [18F]CF3-L-Trp๋Š” Lํ˜• ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ˆ๋‡Œ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  [18F]CF3-D-Trp๋Š” ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 60 ๋ถ„์— ๋‡Œ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ CF3-serotonin์˜ ํ”ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , LC-MS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด CF3-serotonin์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‡Œ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด์—์„œ CF3-L-Trp์ด CF3-serotonin๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•œ SD ๋ž˜ํŠธ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ์˜ [18F]CF3-L-AMT์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ •์ƒ SD ๋žซ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ SD ๋ž˜ํŠธ์—์„œ [18F]CF3-L-AMT ์˜ ๋‡Œ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ ์ •์ƒ SD ๋žซ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 10 ๋ถ„ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋†๋„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ SD ๋žซํŠธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ SD ๋žซ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋งค๋กœ ํ•œ [18F]ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ [18F]CF3-L-Trp๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  2 ๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜์˜ 18F์€ ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํƒˆ ๋ถˆ์†Œํ™”๋Š” [18F]CF3-L-Trp๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ์„ ์˜์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ์˜ ฮฑ-๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํƒˆ ๋ถˆ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†”๊ธฐํ•ต ์„ญ์ทจ๋Š” [18F]CF3-L-AMT์˜ PET ์˜์ƒ์ด ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ์˜ [18F]CF3-L-AMT๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์†๋„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ SD ๋žซ์—์„œ [18F]CF3-L-AMT์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ [18F]CF3-L-AMT๋Š” ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜์ƒํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” PET ์˜์ƒ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.ABSTRACT - 2 LIST OF SCHEMES, FIGURES AND TABLES - 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 13 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS - 26 2.1 General 26 2.2 [18F]Trifluoromethyl- L-tryptophan ([18F]CF3- L-Trp) 28 2.2.1 Chemistry- 28 2.2.2 General procedure for [18F]trifluoromethylation for optimization of the labeling conditions 39 2.2.3 Radiosynthesis - 40 2.2.4 Stability test - 41 2.2.5 Serum protein binding assay 41 2.2.6 Biodistribution study 42 2.2.7 [18F]CF3-L-Trp PET acquisition in rats 43 2.2.8 Autoradiography in rats - 43 2.2.9 Metabolites study 44 2.3 [18F]Trifluoromethyl-L-ฮฑ-methyltryptophan ([18F]CF3-L-AMT) 46 2.3.1 Chemistry 46 2.3.2 Radiosynthesis 52 2.3.3 Stability test - 53 2.3.4 Biodistribution (in mice) 54 2.3.5 Autoradiography (in rat) 54 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57 3.1 [18F]Trifluoromethyl- L-tryptophan ([18F]CF3- L-Trp) 57 3.1.1 Chemistry 57 3.1.2 Optimization of the [18F]trifluoromethylation conditions - 62 3.1.3 Automatic radiosynthesis - 65 3.1.4 Stability test - 67 3.1.5 Serum protein binding assay 68 3.1.6 Biodistribution study 69 3.1.7 [18F]CF3-L-Trp PET acquisition in rats 71 3.1.8 Autoradiography in rats - 74 3.1.9 Metabolites study 75 3.2 [18F]Trifluoromethyl-L-ฮฑ-methyltryptophan ([18F]CF3-L-AMT) 79 3.2.1 Chemistry 79 3.2.2 Radiosynthesis - 83 3.2.3 Stability test - 89 3.2.4 Biodistribution (in mice) 89 3.2.5 Autoradiography (in rat) - 91 3.2.6 Comparison of distribution and metabolism between [18F]CF3- L-Trp and [18F]CF3-L-AMT 98 4 CONCLUSION - 101 5 REFERENCES - 103 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS RESULTS 109 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 141Docto

    A Study on the Pressure Drop of Air-Water Two-phase Flow in Small Diameter Vertical Tubes

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    The two-phase flow is encountered in nature and many industrial applications such as the evaporators and condensers of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, the conventional steam power plants, the nuclear power plants, and the chemical processing systems. Recently, on the increase of heat flux due to a high-integrated electric circuit using in the computer, it is impossible to cool the electric circuit by the forced convection cooling method with air. So the phase-change heat transfer has been proposed. The phase-change heat transfer can be adopted to design the cooling of electric circuit, narrow-gap boiling in nuclear power plants and compact heat exchanger. In this case, the tube size is less than 5.0 mm inner diameter but until now, the two-phase research have been performed in greater than 10.0 mm inner diameter. If working fluid and the shape of tube change, the characteristics of the heat transfer and flow patterns will be changed and it can't be adopted to the small diameter tubes. In the present study, single-phase and two-phase experiments were performed to develop the pressure drop correlation, the flow regime map, and flow characteristics in 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 10.0 mm inner diameter under the assumption of phase-change heat transfer. Working fluid were air and water. Single-phase flow experiments were performed to check the conventional prediction method for single-phase flow and the reliability of the experimental apparatus before two-phase flow experiments. The conventional method to predict the friction factor in single-phase turbulent flow is the Blausius equation. In case of 6.0 and 10.0 mm inner diameter, the friction factor agreed very precisely with the Blausius equation but in case of 2.0 and 4.0 mm inner diameter, the friction factor not agreed and were lower than the Blausius eqution. From the experimental results, the new friction factor equation at the Reynolds number greater than 2,000 in turbulent flow region were obtained. The total two-phase flow pressure drop consists of three components such as a frictional, a gravitational, and an acceleration (or deceleration) component. The frictional pressure drop of two-phase flow was calculated by subtracting gravitational pressure drop from the measured total pressure drop. The acceleration pressure drop was neglected because of no phase change, constant void fraction, quality and cross sectional area. The void fraction was calculated and compared by homogeneous model, drift flux model, and Hibiki correlation as a function of inner diameter. The frictional pressure drop of two-phase flow was calculated and compared by Chisholm parameter, Hibiki correlation and new fricton factor obtained from single-phase flow. The mechanism of the pressure drop in small tubes was discussed and new prediction method was proposed.๋ชฉ์ฐจ Abstract = iv ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐํ˜ธ = vii ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  = 1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ด์ƒ์œ ๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” = 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ = 3 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ = 8 3.1 ์ˆ˜์ง์œ ๋™ = 8 3.2 ์ˆ˜ํ‰์œ ๋™ = 14 3.3 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ด€์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์œ ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ = 19 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  = 21 ์ œ2์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 23 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” = 23 1.1 ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํ†ต = 24 1.2 ๋ฌผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํ†ต = 25 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฒ”์œ„ = 30 2.1 ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 30 2.2 ์‹คํ—˜๋ฒ”์œ„ = 31 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ = 34 3.1 ๋‹จ์ƒ์œ ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜ = 34 3.2 ์ด์ƒ์œ ๋™์—์„œ์˜ 1์ฐจ์› ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ = 38 3.3 ์ด์ƒ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ์Šน์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • = 44 3.4 ๋ณด์ด๋“œ์œจ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ = 47 3.5 ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ = 50 ์ œ3์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ = 53 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋‹จ์ƒ์œ ๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 53 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ด์ƒ์œ ๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 59 2.1 Chisholm ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ = 59 2.2 ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ = 64 2.3 ๋ณด์ด๋“œ์œจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ = 66 2.4 ์œ ๋™์–‘์‹ = 73 ์ œ4์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  = 78 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ = 80 ํ•™์ˆ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐํ•™ํ˜‘๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์  = 85 Appendix I : Detailed schematic diagram = 87 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ = 9

    ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒยท์ƒ๋‹ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Maste

    ๊ณ ๋ฌด์˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šค์™€ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ง„๋™ ์ €๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Maste

    Unmet medical needs according to time since cancer diagnosis

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    Cancer is the biggest part of life-threatening diseases in modern society, and the number of cancer patients increases due to aging and change of lifestyles. However, due to the development of medical technology and disease prevention activities, the 5-year relative survival rate for cancer patients diagnosed in the last 5 years (2013-2017) is 70.4%, and it is estimated that more than 7 out of 10 people survive for more than 5 years. It is 1.3 times higher than the survival rate (54.1%) of cancer patients diagnosed about 10 years ago (2001-2005). Therefore, cancer began to be regarded as a chronic disease that requires long-term management, and the medical system is changing from acute disease management to chronic disease management. Studies on the relevance of unmet medical needs according to time since cancer diagnosis in cancer patients have been conducted in abroad. However, there have not yet been much studies on this subject in South Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted a cross-sectional study using sample of 2,681 patients who were diagnosed with cancer, and who had data from the 4th (2007-2009) to 7th (2016-2018) โ€œKorea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)โ€ to analyze the relationship between the time since cancer diagnosis and unmet medical needs. Socio-demographic factors (age, gender, marital status, living area, education, Household income, health security, private insurance), and health-related factors (cancer type, age at diagnosed with cancer, smoking, drinking, chronic disease, perceived health status) were considered as confounding variables, and their relationships of unmet medical needs by time since cancer diagnosis (<1 year, 1<3 years, 3<5 years, 5<10 years, โ‰ฅ10 years) were analyzed. Chi-square test was performed to confirm difference from unmet medical needs according to time since cancer diagnosis. Then, after controlling confounding variables, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze relationship about unmet medical needs according to time since cancer diagnosis. Unmet medical needs for cancer patients increased as survival period increased (โ€œ<1 yearโ€ is 7.6%, โ€œ1<3 yearsโ€ is 11%, โ€œ3<5 yearsโ€ is 13.4%, โ€œ5<10โ€ is 13.6%, โ€œโ‰ฅ10 yearsโ€ is 17%), and there was a statistically significant difference(P=0.04). When socio-demographic and health-related factors were controlled, based on the group with โ€œ<1 yearโ€ after cancer diagnosis, odds ratio of unmet medical needs of the group with โ€œ5<10 yearsโ€ was 2.32(95% CI 1.03-5.23), odds ratio of unmet medical needs of the group with โ€œโ‰ฅ10 yearsโ€ was 2.73(95% CI 1.16-6.44). There were significant differences. Reasons for unmet medical needs were โ€˜economical reason (It is burdened with medical expenses)โ€™, which was 35.14%. โ€˜slight symptoms (Symptoms are likely to improve over time)โ€™ was 22.16%, โ€˜lack of time (it is not open at the desired time, I cannot empty the workplace, There is no one to look for child, etc)โ€™ was 16.76%, โ€˜others (It is not a convenient location, It is difficult to make a reservation in the clinic)โ€™ was 25.95%. This study utilized a โ€œKorea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)โ€, which was a sample data representing national population of South Korea. The significance of this study was to analyze relationship unmet medical needs according to time since cancer diagnosis, which has not been conducted in South Korea. As a result of this study, unmet medical needs were high in long-term survivors after cancer diagnosis. Therefore, policy and institutional approach are needed for long-term cancer survivors. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ ์•”์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ 5๋…„๊ฐ„(2013๋…„โˆผ2017๋…„) ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ 5๋…„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ 70.4%๋กœ, 10๋ช… ์ค‘ 7๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์€ 5๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์•ฝ 10๋…„ ์ „(2001๋…„โˆผ2005๋…„)์— ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ(54.1%)๋ณด๋‹ค 1.3๋ฐฐ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์ธํ•ด ์•”์„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ4๊ธฐ(2007โˆผ2009)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ7๊ธฐ(2016โˆผ2018)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ด 2,681๋ช…์˜ ์•”ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ(์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ง€์—ญ, ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ณดํ—˜), ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ(์•”์ข…, ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ์‹œ ์—ฐ๋ น, ํก์—ฐ, ์Œ์ฃผ, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ) ์š”์ธ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ํ›„ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(1๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 1โˆผ3๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 3โˆผ5๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 5โˆผ10๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ˜ผ๋ž€๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ํ›„ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” 1๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ 7.6%, 1โˆผ3๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ 11%, 3โˆผ5๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ 13.4%, 5โˆผ10๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ 13.6%, 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ 17%๋กœ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(P=0.04). ์ธ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ํ›„ 1๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๊ตฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 5~10๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„๋Š” 2.32(95% CI 1.03-5.23), 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„๋Š” 2.73(95% CI 1.16-6.44)์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ(์ง„๋ฃŒ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋˜์–ด์„œ)๊ฐ€ 35.14%, ์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์›Œ์„œ(์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ) 22.16%, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ(๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ, ์ง์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์„œ, ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ด์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ๋“ฑ) 16.76%, ๊ธฐํƒ€(๊ตํ†ตํŽธ์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ด์„œ, ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด์„œ, ๋ณ‘์˜์›์— ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์–ด์„œ ๋“ฑ) 25.95% ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ „๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ํ›„ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ์ดํ›„ 5~10๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์•”ํ™˜์ž์ธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ , ์ œ๋„์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค.open์„

    Effects of Cognitive Control Training on Brain Function in Older Adults

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    ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„ ๋…ธ๋…„์„ ์ธ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์œ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์„œ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํƒ์ƒ‰์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ง€๋…ธํ™” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ฑ…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ ์‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ 17๋ช…, ์ •์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ 15๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ •์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์—๋„ ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ด๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํœด์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ธ ์ „๋‘-๋‘์ • ํ†ต์ œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ํœด์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์ธ ๋””ํดํŠธ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋นˆ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ƒ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 8์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด 24ํšŒ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ›„ ์ธ์ง€์ฆ์ง„ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง‘๋‹จ 13๋ช…, ๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ 12๋ช…). ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ›ˆ๋ จํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๊ด€๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ธ์ง€ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ผํ™”๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณผ์ œ ์ค‘ ์ธ์ถœ ์‹œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ํ•ด์†Œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ธ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ จํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ํ›ˆ๋ จํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.2์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „๋‘-๋‘์ • ํ†ต์ œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด, ๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ „๋‘-๋‘์ • ํ†ต์ œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ๋””ํดํŠธ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•จ์˜์™€ ์ œํ•œ์ , ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Due to longer lifespan, efforts to ensure a happy and healthy senescence, has become a matter of global interest. Since cognitive function is an important factor of the individuals functional independence and quality of life, there are active attempts under progress in Western developed countries to prevent age-related cognitive decline. However, most studies are still at an exploratory stage, in which a systematic and scientific approach is needed to make cognitive interventions more effective. This study was intended to develop a training program for older adults to enhance the cognitive control, a core function for daily adaptation but also an area known to be vulnerable to aging, and to examine its training effect comprehensively. After an in-depth investigation on age-related changes in cognitive control and their neural mechanisms, I developed a cognitive control training program, implemented the program on normal older adults, and examined the effects of the training on cognitive and brain functions. In Study 1, comprehensive neuropsychological tests were conducted on 17 healthy younger adults and 15 older adults, in order to examine the age-related changes in various cognitive domains including the cognitive control function, and to explore the age-related changes in brain functions related to the cognitive control. A comparison of the two groups showed that generally older adults had decline in cognitive functions, and the decline of cognitive control was evident even when the decrease in simple attention and processing speed were taken into consideration. Also, there were age-related changes in brain activity during cognitive control tasks. In older adults, the areas of the brain utilized by younger adults were activated more strongly, with additional activity in the homologous areas of the contralateral hemisphere, implying an inefficiency of the brain function related to cognitive control. Furthermore, in the functional connectivity analysis during the resting state, older adults exhibited a weaker connectivity than younger adults in the frontoparietal control network, a network related to cognitive control, and in the default mode network, an area implicated in self-reflection and self-reference. In Study 2, a training program targeting cognitive control efficiency was developed, and its effects were examined in 25 normal older adults. The neural correlates of training-related cognitive enhancement were explored as well. In study 2.1, changes in neuropsychological test performance of the training group (n= 13) were compared with those of control group (n=12). Generally, the trained older adults showed an enhancement in overall cognitive functions compared with those who were not trained, and the difference was striking in cognitive control. In addition, the training effect was significant in recognition tasks of working memory and episodic memory, where interference resolution capabilities were required. The generalizability of the effect of cognitive control training was supported by the fact that general intellectual functioning as measured with Korean version of the DRS2 improved as well. In study 2.2, changes in brain function of the training group were compared with those of the control group. Increased activity could be found in parts of the right fronto-parietal control network as for the training group, whereas there was no significant change between pre scan and post scan as for the control group. Furthermore, in the case of the training group, cognitive enhancement was significantly correlated to the change in brain activity in over-recruited areas. This supports the notion that the compensatory process which additionally activates the brain areas is the neural correlate of the training effects of cognitive control. Also, the training group and the control group displayed differences in in functional connectivity change in the fronto-parietal control network and the default mode network. The pattern of change in the training group was related to the positive change in cognitive functions while in the control group it was not. Lastly, I discussed the implications and limitations of the research findings of this study, as well as the direction of future studies.Docto

    Luteolin์˜ ํ•ญ ์ „์ด ํšจ๋Šฅ ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2009.2.Maste

    ๆตทๅค– ๆ ชๅผ ้ ่จ— ่ญ‰ๆ›ธ์˜ ็™ผ่กŒ์ด ๅœ‹ๅ…ง ๆ ชๅผ์˜ ๆ ชๅƒน ๆ”ถ็›Š๏ฅก์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :็ถ“็‡Ÿๅญธ็ง‘ ็ถ“็‡Ÿๅญธๅฐˆๆ”ป,1997.Maste
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