93 research outputs found

    Mutation landscape of germline and somatic BRCA1/2 in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer

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    BACKGROUND: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors targeting BRCA1/2 mutations are available for treating patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. These treatments may be more appropriately directed to patients who might respond if the tumor tissue is additionally tested by next-generation sequencing with a multi-gene panel and Sanger sequencing of a blood sample. In this study, we compared the results obtained using the next-generation sequencing multi-gene panel to a known germline BRCA1/2 mutational state determined by conventional Sanger sequencing to evaluate the landscape of somatic mutations in high-grade serous ovarian cancer tumors. METHODS: Cancer tissue from 98 patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer who underwent Sanger sequencing for germline BRCA1/2 analysis were consecutively analyzed for somatic mutations using a next-generation sequencing 170-gene panel. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (24.5%) showed overall BRCA1/2 mutations. Seven patients (7.1%) contained only somatic BRCA1/2 mutations with wild-type germline BRCA1/2, indicating acquired mutation of BRCA1/2. Three patients (3.1%) showed reversion of germline BRCA1 mutations. Among the 14 patients (14.3%) with both germline and somatic mutations in BRCA1/2, two patients showed different variations of BRCA1/2 mutations. The next-generation sequencing panel test for somatic mutation detected other pathogenic variations including RAD51D and ARID1A, which are possible targets of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Compared to conventional Sanger sequencing alone, next-generation sequencing-based tissue analysis increased the number of candidates for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor treatment from 17.3% (17/98) to 26.5% (26/98). CONCLUSIONS: Somatic mutation analysis by next-generation sequencing, in addition to germline BRCA1/2 mutation analysis, should become the standard of care for managing women with high-grade serous ovarian cancer to widen the indication of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors.ope

    패혈증 λΉ„λΈŒλ¦¬μ˜€κ· μ—μ„œ 포도당 μœ λ¬΄μ— λ”°λ₯Έ HPr의 pyruvate kinase A ν™œμ„± 쑰절

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€, 2015. 2. μ„μ˜μž¬.The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) consists of two general proteins (enzyme I and histidine phosphocarrier protein) and several sugar-specific enzyme IIs (EIIs). In the case of the glucose PTS, EII consists of the cytoplasmic enzyme IIAGlc (EIIAGlc) and the membrane associated enzyme IICBGlc (EIICBGlc). During the uptake of glucose, the phosphoryl group is transferred from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to glucose in order of PEP β†’ enzyme I (EI) β†’ histidine phosphocarrier protein (HPr) β†’ EIIAGlc β†’ EIICBGlc β†’ glucose. In addition to the phosphorylation-coupled transport of sugars, PTS proteins participate in various physiological processes through protein-protein interaction depending on their phosphorylation state. Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes severe and often fatal infections in susceptible individuals. Although regulatory roles of the PTS have been extensively studied in Escherichia coli, much less is known about the Vibrio vulnificus PTS. To elucidate regulatory roles of the V. vulnificus PTS, ligand fishing was performed using HPr as bait. A HPr-binding protein in V. vulnificus was revealed as an ortholog of E. coli pyruvate kinase A (ePykA), and it was named a vPykA standing for Vibrio pyruvate kinase A. Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, which is the transfer of a phosphoryl group from PEP to ADP, generating the products ATP and pyruvate for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. The interaction between HPr and vPykA was strictly dependent on the presence of inorganic phosphate, and only dephosphorylated HPr interacted with vPykA. Experiments involving domain swapping between the PykAs of V. vulnificus and E. coli revealed the requirement for the C-terminal domain of vPykA for a specific interaction with V. vulnificus HPr. Because the binding site for the allosteric effector is located at the C-terminal domain of PKs and the C-terminal domain determines the specificity of the HPr-vPykA interaction, the effect of HPr as an allosteric regulator of vPykA was assessed by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-coupled enzyme assay. Only dephosphorylated HPr decreased the Km of vPykA for PEP by approximately four-fold without affecting Vmax. To elucidate physiological roles of vPykA, the vPykA-deficient mutant (pykA mutant) was constructed. the pykA mutant cells entered the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state much faster than wild-type cells when 5 x 106cells of each of the two strains were incubated in Luria-Bertani medium containing 2.5% NaCl (LBS) at 4Β°C. Several studies have provided evidence for the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the VBNC state of V. vulnificus by showing that a significant portion of the VBNC population of V. vulnificus can be resuscitated if H2O2 scavenger (catalase or pyruvate) is present in the culture medium. Interestingly, a pykA mutant was more susceptible to H2O2 than wild-type V. vulnificus, and this sensitivity was completely rescued by the addition of pyruvate to the culture medium. Here, it is shown that V. vulnificus dephospho-HPr increases the affinity of vPykA for PEP to confer resistance to H2O2 stress in the presence of a PTS sugar, such as glucose.CONTENTS ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………i CONTENTS ………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………xi LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………xiv ABBREVIATIONS ………………………………………………xv CHAPTER I. Introduction ………………………………………1 1. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus ……2 1.1. Overview of V. vulnificus ………………………………2 1.2. Epidemiology of V. vulnificus …………………………3 1.2.1. Types of infection and disease …………………3 1.2.2. Host susceptibility …………………………………4 1.2.3. Clinical symptoms and treatment ………………5 1.3. Virulence factors of V. vulnificus ………………………7 1.3.1. Polysaccharide capsule …………………………7 1.3.2. LPS ……………………………………………………8 1.3.3. Pili ……………………………………………………9 1.3.4. Hemolysins …………………………………………9 1.3.5. Metalloprotease ……………………………………12 1.3.6. Iron …………………………………………………13 1.4. Viable but non-culturable state in V. vulnificus ……14 1.4.1. Characteristics of viable but non-culturable cells …………………………………………………14 1.4.2. The occurrence of VBNC cells and their importance …………………………………………16 2. Phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system ………………………………………………………………………17 2.1. Overview of phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli …17 2.2. Components of glucose PTS in E. coli ……………19 2.3. PTS-mediated regulation in E. coli …………………22 2.3.1. Glucose PTS-mediated regulations …………23 2.3.2. Carbon catabolite repression …………………23 2.3.3. Inducer exclusion …………………………………25 2.3.4. Regulation of adenylate cyclase activity by EIIAGlc ………………………………………………26 2.3.5. Regulation of FrsA by EIIAGlc …………………27 2.3.6. Interaction between acetate kinase and EI …28 2.3.7. Interaction between glycogen phosphorylase and HPr ……………………………………………29 2.3.8. Interaction between anti-Οƒ70 factor Rsd and HPr …………………………………………………30 2.4. PTS in V. vulnificus ……………………………………30 2.5. PTS-mediated regulation in V. vulnificus ……………34 2.5.1. Interaction between Vibrio insulin degrading enzyme (vIDE) and EIIAGlc ……………………34 3. Pyruvate kinase in glycolytic pathway ……………………35 3.1. Regulatory and functional properties of pyruvate kinase ……………………………………………………35 3.2. Characterization of bacterial pyruvate kinases ……37 4. Aims of this study ……………………………………………39 CHAPTER II. Materials and Methods ………………………40 1. Construction of bacterial strains and plasmids …………41 1.1. Deletion of vPykA gene …………………………………41 1.2. Complementation of the vpykA mutant ………………42 1.3. Construction of chimeric PykA proteins ……………42 2. Media and cell culture ………………………………………49 3. Protein purification ……………………………………………49 4. Ligand fishing to search for proteins interacting with H-vHPr ………………………………………………………………50 4.1. Ligand fishing using protein bait ………………………50 4.2. In gel-digestion …………………………………………53 5. RNA isolation and qRT-PCR ………………………………53 6. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy ……………54 7. Measurement of pyruvate kinase activity ………………55 8. Determination of the in vivo phosphorylation state of vHPr ………………………………………………………………………57 9. Determination of the intracellular PEP and pyruvate concentrations ……………………………………………………58 CHAPTER III. Results ……………………………………………60 1. Specific interaction between HPr and pyruvate kinase A in Vibrio vulnificus ………………………………………………61 1.1. Ligand fishing using V. vulnificus HPr as bait ……61 1.2. Ligand fishing using vPykA as bait …………………67 1.3. Dependence of the interaction between vHPr and vPykA on inorganic phosphate ………………………69 1.4. Confirmation of the interaction between vHPr and vPykA by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) ……75 1.5. Phosphorylation state-dependent interaction between vHPr and vPykA ………………………………77 1.6. The C-terminal domain of vPykA determines the binding specificity of the vHPr-vPykA complex ……81 2. Effect of vHPr on vPykA activity ……………………………88 2.1. Allosteric effect between PKs and HPr proteins ……88 2.2. The phosphorylation state of vHPr is important for the regulation of vPykA activity ……………………………92 3. In vivo effect of the vHPr–vPykA interaction ………………97 3.1. The in vivo phosphorylation state of vHPr …………97 3.2. Phosphorylation state-dependent effect of vHPr on vPykA activity is dependent on the presence of glucose ……………………………………………………99 3.3. Phenotypes of pykA deletion mutant ………………105 3.4. vPykA activity confers resistance to H2O2 …………109 4. The essentiality of the gene coding for the vPykF ……115 CHAPTER IV. Discussion ……………………………………117 ꡭ문초둝 …………………………………………………………149Docto

    A Study on the Characteristics of Nanofluid on Heat Transfer and Nano-molecular Motions at the Liquid-Vapor Interface

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    Traditional heat transfer fluid has a heat transfer characteristic which is worse than that of the solid although many studies have been conducted to increase heat transfer in fluid. One of the various heat transfer enhancement techniques is to suspend fine metallic or nonmetallic solid powder in traditional fluid. Nanofluid is defined at a new kind of heat transfer fluid containing a very small quantity of nanometer particles that are uniformly and stably suspended in a liquid. In this study, CuNi or CuAg nano particles are used to investigate heat transfer enhancement. Through the molecular dynamic(MD) method, molecular behavior was clarified on an interface to examine the heat transfer mechanism of nanofluid in a molecular dynamics point of view . The result showed that the thermal conductivity of 0.5vol% CuNi nanopowder in ethyleneglycol solution was 124% higher than that of ethyleneglycol solution only. By the numerical analysis for the molecular motions at the liquid-vapor interface, a criterion to distinguish between liquid and vapor was suggested by a potential energy and the number of neighboring molecules. When a molecule moved into a vapor region from a liquid region, the potential energy of a molecule was increased but the number of neighboring molecules was decreased.List of tables List of figures Abstract 1. μ„œλ‘  = 1 1.1 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ = 1 1.2 기쑴의 연ꡬ = 3 1.3 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  = 5 2. λ‚˜λ…Έ κ΅¬λ¦¬ν•©κΈˆλΆ„λ§μ„ ν˜Όν•©ν•œ μš©μ•‘μ΄ 열전달에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ = 6 2.1 λ‚˜λ…Έμœ μ²΄μ˜ 열전달 νŠΉμ„± = 6 2.1.1 κΈˆμ†μ˜ 높은 열전도 μ„±μ§ˆ = 6 2.1.2 λ‚˜λ…Έμœ μ²΄μ˜ 냉각 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ˜ μ œμ‹œ = 9 2.2 μ‹€ν—˜λ°©λ²• = 12 2.2.1 비정상열선법 이둠 = 12 2.2.2 μ‹€ν—˜μž₯치 및 쑰건 = 14 2.3 μ‹€ν—˜κ²°κ³Ό 및 κ³ μ°° = 20 3. λΆ„μžλ™μ—­ν•™λ²•μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ κΈ°μ•‘κ³„λ©΄μ—μ„œμ˜ λΆ„μžκ±°λ™μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ³ μ°° = 25 3.1 λΆ„μžλ™μ—­ν•™λ²• = 25 3.1.1 Lennard-Jones potential = 28 3.1.2 λ‰΄ν„΄μ˜ μš΄λ™λ°©μ •μ‹ = 31 3.1.3 μš΄λ™λ°©μ •μ‹μ˜ 적뢄 = 32 3.2 계산쑰건 및 방법 = 34 3.2.1 주기경계쑰건(Periodic boundary condition) = 34 3.2.2 μ˜¨λ„μ œμ–΄ 방법 = 37 3.2.3 계산계 = 39 3.3 계산결과 및 κ³ μ°° = 42 4. κ²°λ‘  = 53 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ = 5

    μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ(SSI) κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μžμ—°κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ ν˜‘λ™κ³Όμ • 과학사 및 과학철학전곡, 2022.2. λ°•μƒμš±.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό 진화 과정을 Franco Malerbaκ°€ μ£Όμ°½ν•œ μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ(Secotral System of Innovation, SSI) 관점을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μΆ”μ ν–ˆλ‹€. μ‚°μ—…ν™” ν›„λ°œμ£Όμžλ‘œμ„œ 성곡적인 선진ꡭ 좔격을 μ™„μ„±ν•œ ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” 1980λ…„λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜μ— λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ 산업이 νƒœλ™ν–ˆμœΌλ©° μ•½ 40μ—¬ 년이 μ§€λ‚œ ν˜„μž¬μ—λŠ” λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—… μ„ λ„κ΅­κ³Όμ˜ μ‚°μ—…κ²½μ œμ  격차λ₯Ό ν•΄μ†Œν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 세계적인 μ£Όμš” μ‚°μ—… ν”Œλ ˆμ΄μ–΄λ‘œ 인정받기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€. 40μ—¬ λ…„μ˜ ν•œκ΅­ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—… λ°œλ‹¬ 과정은 ν•œ κ΅­κ°€ λ‚΄μ—μ„œμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ λ“±μž₯κ³Ό μ„±μˆ™μœΌλ‘œ 이해할 수 있으며 이 과정은 μ‚°μ—…μ˜ κ³ μœ ν•œ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό μ‚°μ—…μ˜ λ™νƒœμ  진화λ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ— 뢄석할 수 μžˆλŠ” 관점인 μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 톡해 효과적으둜 νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•΄ 각 μš”μ†Œμ˜ κ°œλ³„μ , μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ  진화λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν•œκ΅­ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ ν–‰μœ„μžλ“€μ΄ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ μ œλ„μ  틀을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λ©° μ—­λŸ‰μ„ κ°•ν™”ν•΄μ˜¨ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ νŠΉμ§•μ„ λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆλ‹€. ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό μ§„ν™”λŠ” μœ λ‘€κ°€ μ—†λŠ” 좔격 사둀이닀. μ‚°μ—…ν™” ν›„λ°œκ΅­μ΄ κ³Όν•™κΈ°λ°˜ 산업인 λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ 산업에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”κ²©ν•œ 경우λ₯Ό 찾아보기 μ–΄λ ΅κ³  기쑴의 μ œμ‘°μ—… μΆ”κ²©κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–‘μƒμ˜ κΈ°μˆ ν˜μ‹ μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ˜ ν™•λŒ€λ‘œ κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ  μ—­λŸ‰μ„ μΆ•μ ν–ˆμœΌλ©°, 이전 μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ 성곡 κ²½ν—˜μ—μ„œ μΆ•μ λœ μ œλ„μ , 쑰직적, 산업적 μžμ›μ„ λ™μ›ν–ˆλ‹€. 이에 따라 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—… λ°œλ‹¬μ„ 좔격을 μ™„λ£Œν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μ‚°μ—…μ˜ 좔격 ν˜„μƒμ΄λΌκ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ©°, νƒˆμΆ”κ²©ν˜• 좔격이라고 μ œμ•ˆν–ˆλ‹€.This paper examines the formation and evolution of biopharmaceutical industry in Korea since 1980s. The process of development of biopharmaceutical industry in Korea over 40 years can be understood as the emergence and maturation of a new industry within a country. Since Franco Malerba’s sectoral system of innovation(SSI) perspective is an effective research framework for analyzing the evolutionary process of sectoral dynamics, this paper applies SSI to trace the biopharmaceutical industry development process. This study identifies the components of the biopharmaceutical SSI and confirms the individual and interactive evolution of each element, showing the characteristics of actors in the Korean context in the process of forming and interacting with the institutional framework of the industry and building their capabilities. It is also important to notice that the formation and evolution of the biopharmaceutical industry in Korea is an unprecedented case of catching-up. This is because it is difficult to find a case in which a latecomer of industrialization has even successfully developed the biopharmaceutical industry, which is a science-based industry. The strategies observed in this case are different from those which has been accepted as a typical innovation process of catching-up countries. Korea has accumulated scientific and technological capabilities through the expansion of R&D projects, and mobilized institutional, organizational, and industrial resources accumulated from successful experiences in the previous period. Accordingly, this study asserts that the development of the Korean biopharmaceutical industry is a industrial catching-up process occurring in a country that has completed catching-up.제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제 2 μž₯ 선행연ꡬ κ²€ν†  7 1. μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ(Sectoral System of Innovation) 7 1-1. μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ μ œμ•ˆ 7 1-2. μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 적용: λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ 산업을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 9 2. λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ νŠΉμ§• 11 2-1. κ³Όν•™κΈ°λ°˜ μ‚°μ—… 12 2-2. μ œλ„μ™€ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ 곡진화 14 2-3. ν˜μ‹  주체 κ°„ 연계와 ν˜‘λ ₯ 16 3. 좔격과 νƒˆμΆ”κ²© 18 3-1. κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 좔격과 νƒˆμΆ”κ²© 18 3-2. μ‚°μ—…μ˜ 좔격 21 제 3 μž₯ 뢄석틀 25 제 4 μž₯ ν•œκ΅­ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 30 1. μ œλ„(Institutions) 30 1-1. μ •μ±… 및 법λ₯  30 1-2. κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ ꡬ쑰 48 1-3. μ‚°μ—…λΆ€λ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 인식둠적 κ·œλ²” 55 2. μ§€μ‹κΈ°λ°˜(Knowledge Base) 57 3. ν–‰μœ„μž 및 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 64 3-1. 곡곡뢀문 65 3-2. λ―Όκ°„λΆ€λ¬Έ 82 3-3. μ •λ ¬(Alignments) 106 4. ν™•μ‚°(Transfer Factors) 111 제 5 μž₯ μš”μ•½ 및 κ²°λ‘  117 1. ν•œκ΅­ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—…ν˜μ‹ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 진화 117 2. νƒˆμΆ”κ²© κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 좔격 μ‚°μ—… 123석

    Study on Prokaryotic Community Structure in Moist Acidic Tundra Soil in Council, Alaska

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€, 2016. 8. μ²œμ’…μ‹.The Arctic has gained much scientific attention because global warming is predicted to be greatest and most rapid at high latitudes. A point that should yield scientific attention might be concerned about the loss of soil organic matter (SOM), as it contributes to the positive feedback of global warming. Because a warmer climate will cause carbon stored in the soil to be released into the atmosphere via microbial decomposition. With increasing scientific attention on permafrost environments impacted by global warming, many scientists have focused on the global carbon cycle in Arctic soils observing microbial life. However, knowledge on microbial community and diversity in Arctic soil yet very lacking. Thus, this study investigated prokaryotic community structure, diversity and ecological functions in moist acidic tundra soil of Alaska through the next generation sequencing (NGS) with bioinformatics processing. Moreover, this study investigated the relationship between microbial communities and soil properties. In chapter1, a general introduction with background information on Arctic environment and on the necessity of research objectives to explain further chapters is given. In chapter 2, bacterial community structure and its relationship to soil properties in moist acidic tundra soil are described. Although various plants covered the top soil and some vegetation formed a colony, the bacterial communities were not related with vegetation types. Rather, the bacterial community could be markedly differentiated by soil depth and soil pH. The vertical structure of soil profile from active layer to permafrost was observed to be more specific. All soil properties changed along soil depth, and the soil cores were divided by the decomposition status of soil organic matter (SOM). When I observed the shift of bacterial community from active layer to permafrost, active layer could be divided into Oi, Oe and OA horizons, and permafrost was classified as A horizon. Some bacterial groups abruptly changed near the boundary separating the horizons. Briefly, Acidobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and WPS-2 were relatively abundant in Oi horizon, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia and AD3 were abundant in Oe and OA horizons, and Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Caldiserica, and Firmicutes were abundant in A horizon. In archaeal groups, Crenarchaeota accounted for approximately 80% from most soil layers. Although the relative abundance of Euryarchaeota was insignificant from total archaeal abundance, the relative abundance of Methanobacteria and Methanomicrobia increased below Oi horizon. Although many studies have emphasized the quantity of soil organic carbon, this study indicated that the soil quality is primary important factor that shapes microbial community structure as well as soil pH. In chapter 3, bacterial community in Arctic tundra soil was compared with Temperate and Tropical soils. According to a previous study, microbial community significantly interacted with specific soil properties. Thus, I identified the overall bacterial community structure and diversity between biomes, and assessed their relationship with soil properties. From the results of soil properties, Arctic soil was found to be relatively acidic and of nutrient rich environment, and Temperate and Tropical soil showed to be of low nutrient environment. Temperate soil showed highest richness and diversity, while Arctic soil showed the lowest richness and diversity. At phylum level, Acidobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria were predominant in all biomes. However, specific bacterial groups relatively abundant in each biomethe relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and AD3 were dominant in Arctic soil, and Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria were dominant in Temperate soil, and Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Ntrospirae were dominant in Tropical soil. Most dominant OTUs in all biomes play an important role in biogeochemical cycle in their habitat. Arctic and Tropical soil contained dominant OTUs, which contribute to the reducing of positive feedback of global warming. Although the sample size was limited, this study might help with advancing an understanding the biogeography of bacterial community at regional scales. The results in this study may contribute to extend our understanding about microbial community in moist acidic tundra soil, as well as help predict the microbial response to warming effect in Arctic soil.CHAPTER 1. Introduction: Microbial Ecology in Arctic Tundra Soil 1 1.1 General characteristics of Arctic soil 2 1.2 Current status of global scientific attention for Arctic soil 6 1.3 Microbial ecology in Arctic tundra soil 10 1.4 Objectives of this study 15 CHAPTER 2. Spatial Distribution of Prokaryotic Community Structure in Moist Acidic Tundra Soil 17 2.1 Horizontal and vertical distribution of bacterial community and relationships with soil properties in active layer 18 2.1.1 Introduction 18 2.1.2 Materials and Methods 21 2.1.3 Results 33 2.1.4 Discussion 70 2.2 Comparing prokaryotic community structure between active layer and permafrost 85 2.2.1 Introduction 85 2.2.2 Materials and Methods 87 2.2.3 Results 93 2.2.4 Discussion 112 CHAPTER 3. Bacterial Community Structure in Arctic Tundra and non-Arctic Soils 117 3.1 Comparison of bacterial community structure between Arctic soil and non-Arctic soil 118 3.1.1 Introduction 118 3.1.2 Materials and Methods 120 3.1.3 Results 125 3.1.4 Discussion 140 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 143 REFERENCES 146 APPENDIX 166 κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝(Abstract in Korean) 177Docto

    ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ˜ μˆ˜μ€€κ³Ό 영ν–₯μš”μΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³ μ°° : μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λ³΄κ±΄λŒ€ν•™μ› : 보건학과(보건정책관리학전곡), 2013. 2. 양봉민.연ꡬλͺ©μ  λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³ , 영ν–₯μš”μΈμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ ν–₯상을 μœ„ν•œ 기초자료λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. κ΅¬μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³ , μΈκ΅¬μ‚¬νšŒν•™μ  νŠΉμ„±, 건강관련 νŠΉμ„±, κ°€μ‘± 및 μ‚¬νšŒν™œλ™ νŠΉμ„±, 일반 문해에 λ”°λ₯Έ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ 차이λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ—¬ 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” μš”μΈμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€ ν–₯상을 μœ„ν•œ 기초자료λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€. 연ꡬ방법 일개 지역 μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³ , 영ν–₯μš”μΈμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λΉ„ μ‹€ν—˜ μ„€κ³„λ‘œ νš‘λ‹¨μ  μ„œμˆ μ  쑰사 연ꡬ이닀. μ„€λ¬Έμ˜ ꡬ성은 일반 λ¬Έν•΄ λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έν•­κ³Ό ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έν•­, 그리고 건강관련 νŠΉμ„±, κ°€μ‘± 및 μ‚¬νšŒν™œλ™ νŠΉμ„±, μΈκ΅¬μ‚¬νšŒν•™μ  νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έν•­μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ 이λ₯Ό 톡해 ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€κ³Ό 영ν–₯μš”μΈμ„ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 톡계적 뢄석 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΉˆλ„ 뢄석, λ³€μˆ˜λ“€ 간에 상관뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ λ‹€μŒ νŠΉμ„±λ³„ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ˜ 차이λ₯Ό t-test/ANOVAλ₯Ό 톡해 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³ , λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ³€μˆ˜λ“€ 간에 λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ결과 연ꡬ결과 μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ€ μ μ ˆν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€, μ§μ—…μœ λ¬΄, 일반 문해에 따라 ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ— 차이가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ λ†’μ„μˆ˜λ‘, 직업이 μ—†λŠ” 것보닀 μžˆλŠ” μ§‘λ‹¨μ—μ„œ, 일반 λ¬Έν•΄ μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ λ†’μ„μˆ˜λ‘ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ λ†’μ•˜κ³ , 일반 λ¬Έν•΄, κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€, μ§μ—…μœ λ¬΄μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…λ ₯은 27.6%μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, 일반 λ¬Έν•΄κ°€ κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 영ν–₯μš”μΈμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. κ³ μ°° 및 κ²°λ‘  μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ€ μ μ ˆν•œ μˆ˜μ€€μΈ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬κ³ , λŒ€μƒμžμ˜ κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€, μ§μ—…μœ λ¬΄, 일반 문해에 따라 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ©° 이 μ„Έ μš”μΈμ΄ μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λŠ”λ° κ·Έ 쀑 일반 λ¬Έν•΄κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 큰 영ν–₯λ ₯을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ νŒŒμ•…λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ™€ 같은 μΌλ°˜μΈμ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œλ„ 선행연ꡬ듀이 주둜 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜λ˜ 노인듀과 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ 보닀 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€λ³΄λ‹€ 일반 λ¬Έν•΄λ₯Ό 높일 수 μžˆλŠ” μ€‘μž¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ©° 이에 λŒ€μƒμžμ˜ κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€, μ§μ—…μœ λ¬΄ λ“±μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ ν•™λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ 보닀 일반적으둜 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμ„ ν™•λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ λ°˜λ³΅μ—°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λΆ€λͺ¨κ°€ μžμ‹ μ˜ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ μˆ˜μ€€ 제고 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μžλ…€μ—κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ³΄κ±΄κ΅μœ‘μžλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 역할을 ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 학ꡐ와 μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 보건ꡐ윑 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ 있고, ν˜„μž¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ²ˆμ—­λ˜μ–΄ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œμ˜ μš©μ–΄κ°€ 톡일될 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€.Ξ™. μ„œλ‘  1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 1 2. 연ꡬλͺ©μ  5 3. μš©μ–΄μ •μ˜ 6 β…‘. 이둠적 λ…Όμ˜ 1. ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ 9 2. ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈ 15 3. λΆ€λͺ¨κ°€ μžλ…€μ˜ 건강에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ 18 4. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 이둠적 ν‹€ 20 β…’. 연ꡬ 방법 1. 연ꡬ섀계 21 2. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒ 21 3. 연ꡬ도ꡬ 22 4. μžλ£Œμˆ˜μ§‘ 방법 26 5. μžλ£ŒλΆ„μ„ 방법 26 6. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμžμ˜ 윀리적 κ³ λ € 26 β…£. 연ꡬ결과 1. λŒ€μƒμžμ˜ νŠΉμ„± 28 2. ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ˜ ν˜„ν™© 34 3. λŒ€μƒμžμ˜ νŠΉμ„±λ³„ ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œ 39 4. ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈ 44 β…€. λ…Όμ˜ 및 κ³ μ°° 1. 연ꡬ 결과에 λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜ 48 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ œν•œμ  52 3. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 의의 53 4. ν—¬μŠ€λ¦¬ν„°λŸ¬μ‹œμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³ μ°° 53 β…₯. κ²°λ‘  및 μ œμ–Έ 60 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 64 뢀둝 76 Abstract 97Maste

    Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cancer Stem Cell Marker Expression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

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    Cancer stem cell (CSC) markers have prognostic significance in various cancers, but their clinical significance in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has not been demonstrated. In this study, CSC markers expressed in PTC and their relationships with prognosis were evaluated. We constructed tissue microarrays for 386 PTC cases, divided it into 42 low risk cases and 344 intermediate risk cases according to the American Thyroid Association 2009 Risk Stratification System. Immunohistochemical staining of CSC markers (CD15, CD24, CD44, CD166, and ALDH1A1) was performed, and the proportion of stained cells and immunostaining intensity were evaluated to determine positive marker expression. The relationships between CSC marker expression and other clinicopathological parameters or survival were analyzed. CD15 expression was higher in PTC with intermediate risk than in PTC with low risk (29.4 vs. 11.9%, p = 0.017). According to a multivariate analysis, CD15, CD44, CD166, and ALDH1A1 positivity were independently associated with a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.929, 2.960, 7.485, and 3.736; p = 0.016, p = 0.026, p < 0.001, and p = 0.006, respectively). Higher N and cancer stage were the only other clinical factors associated with a shorter PFS (OR: 2.953 and 1.898, p = 0.011 and p = 0.034). Overexpression of CSC markers in PTC was associated with shorter PFS during follow-up. Immunohistochemical staining of CSC markers may provide useful information for predicting patient outcomes.ope

    Study of cell therapy for ALS using neuronal stem cells from iPSCs with ectopic SOX2 expression

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜κ³Όν•™κ³Ό(μ˜κ³Όν•™ 전곡), 2015. 8. μ„±μŠΉμš©.Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a regressive neuronal disease, results in the death of motor neurons. It is known as a deadly disease and most ALS patients die within five years of diagnosis due to its rapid progression, however, there are few treatments available for ALS. In order to attempt to develop a cell therapy system for the treatment of ALS, here, we use neuronal stem cells (NSCs) overexpressing the sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2). NSCs are differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in particular, SOX2 is related to the differentiation into a neuronal lineage. Therefore, we focus on the overexpression of SOX2 in relation to the potential of NSCs to differentiate into motor neurons, and their effect on ALS in a mouse model. NSCs contain an inducible system to overexpress SOX2, which can be controlled by the use of doxycycline, therefore we gauged the differentiation potential by the level of SOX2 expression. According to quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, motor neurons were more differentiated with increasing levels of doxycycline. To evaluate the functional activity of differentiated NSCs, they were transplanted into the ALS Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) G93A transgenic mouse model (SOD1 G93A TG). The NSCs were injected at the junction between the brain and spinal cord, engrafting and surviving successfully, and further treated with doxycycline. A greater differentiation into motor neurons was expected in the group of treated mice, however the NSCs were differentiated into various other subtypes of neurons and glial cells, including astrocytes, after migration from the injection site to other areas of the brain and spinal cord. For the functional analysis of transplanted NSCs, we tested the movement and life span of SOD1 G93A TG mice engrafted with NSCs. Compared with the untreated control mice, the motion of the mice transplanted with NSCs was not improved, and their life span was not significantly extended. However, the NSCs prolonged the disease onset point. As the number of remaining cells reduced until death, the effectiveness of the NSCs was not carried over to the end of disease progression. With further experiments, considering the number of injection times and cells, the lifespan and motor function will likely be improved. Therefore, the NSCs that overexpressed SOX2 were well differentiated into motor neurons, although the ALS mouse did show extensive neural differentiation of differing types. In addition, NSCs were effective in slowing the ALS disease onset.Introduction 2 Material and Methods 6 Results 14 Discussion 34 References 37 Abstract in Korean 45Maste

    Clinicopathological and Molecular Differences Between Gastric-type Mucinous Carcinoma and Usual-type Endocervical Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix

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    Background/aim: We investigated differences in the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics between gastric-type mucinous carcinoma (GMC) and usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma (UEA). Patients and methods: We collected the clinicopathological information and performed targeted genomic sequencing analysis. Results: GMCs exhibited significantly deeper invasion depth, larger horizontal spread, more advanced stage, more frequent distant metastasis, and more frequent parametrial and vaginal extension. Disease-free survival time of GMC patients was significantly shorter than that of UEA patients. GMCs displayed mutant p53 immunostaining pattern, whereas UEAs exhibited p16 block positivity. GMCs harbored mutations in KRAS, TP53, NF1, CDKN2A, STK11, and ARID1A. One GMC exhibited MDM2 amplification. In contrast, UEAs harbored mutations in HRAS, PIK3CA, and BRCA2. Two UEAs were found to have novel TP53 mutations. Conclusion: GMC is associated with more aggressive behavior than UEA. Distinctive p53 and p16 immunostaining patterns enable differential diagnosis. GMC and UEA exhibit genetic heterogeneity with potentially actionable molecular alterations.ope

    An Analysis of Travel Cost Equity for Commuters Using Public Transport in Seoul

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : ν™˜κ²½λŒ€ν•™μ› ν™˜κ²½κ³„νšν•™κ³Ό, 2018. 8. κΉ€μ„±μˆ˜.개인이 ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μ›μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μΌμƒμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œν™œλ™μ„ μ˜μœ„ν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆμ–΄ ꡐ톡은 ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ μš”μ†Œμ΄λ‹€. μΆœλ°œμ§€μ—μ„œ λͺ©μ μ§€κΉŒμ§€ μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ΅ν†΅μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν†΅ν–‰μžκ°€ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 이동성, μ ‘κ·Όμ„±, κ²½μ œμ„± λ“±κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜λŠ” λ”μš± κ°•μ‘°λœλ‹€. 졜근의 κ΅ν†΅ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λŠ” 주둜 이동성 및 μ ‘κ·Όμ„±μ˜ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 닀뀄지고 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ°œλ³„ ν†΅ν–‰μžκ°€ μ§€λΆˆν•˜λŠ” κ΅ν†΅λΉ„μš© λ“±μ˜ 경제적인 μΈ‘λ©΄ λ˜ν•œ 가ꡬ별 μ†Œλ“μ§€μΆœκ³Ό κ²½μ œλΆ€λ‹΄ λ¬Έμ œμ™€λ„ μ—°κ΄€λœλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ ν˜•ν‰μ„± λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ κ°„κ³Όν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ§€ν‘œμ΄λ‹€. λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅μ€ 톡근톡행을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” ν•„μˆ˜ν†΅ν–‰μ—μ„œ μžκ°€μš© 승용차λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” ν†΅ν–‰μžκ°€ μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ ν˜•ν‰μ„± μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μΈμ‹λ˜λŠ” κ΅ν†΅μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ„œμšΈμ‹œλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 2010 κ°€κ΅¬ν†΅ν–‰μ‹€νƒœμ‘°μ‚¬ 자료의 톡근톡행 정보λ₯Ό 기반으둜 톡행에 μ†Œμš”λœ μ‹œκ°„λΉ„μš©κ³Ό μš΄μž„μ„ μΆ”μΆœν•œ ν›„, μΌλ°˜ν™”λΉ„μš© κ΄€μ μ˜ ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©μ„ μ‚°μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„± 및 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ 뢄석을 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 2010λ…„ μš΄μž„μ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λ³Έμš΄μž„ 인상, 기본ꡬ간 μΆ•μ†Œ, μΆ”κ°€μš”κΈˆ 인상 및 κ· μΌμš”κΈˆμ œλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ 총 4κ°€μ§€μ˜ μš΄μž„ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 비ꡐ뢄석을 톡해 λŒ€μ•ˆλ³„ μš΄μž„μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ λ‘œλ ŒμΈ κ³‘μ„ κ³Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜ 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ ν˜•ν‰μ„± κ°œμ„  λ°©μ•ˆμ„ μ œμ•ˆν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ€ μ‹œκ°„λΉ„μš© 및 μš΄μž„μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λŠ” ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λ‹¨μœ„κ±°λ¦¬μš΄μž„μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ λΆˆν‰λ“± 정도λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ—μ„œλŠ” ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©, λ‹¨μœ„κ±°λ¦¬μš΄μž„κ³Ό μš΄μž„λΆ€λ‹΄λΉ„μœ¨ 뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ ν•˜μœ„μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμž 인ꡬ집단에 λŒ€ν•œ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ˜ λ³€ν™” 양상을 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš© 기반의 λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„±κ³Ό 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ‹¨μœ„κ±°λ¦¬μš΄μž„ λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œλŠ” μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„±κ³Ό 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„± λͺ¨λ‘ μΆ”κ°€μš”κΈˆ 인상 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€κ°€ κ°€μž₯ κ³΅ν‰ν•œ λŒ€μ•ˆμΈ 반면, κ· μΌμš”κΈˆμ œλŠ” κ°€μž₯ λΆˆκ³΅ν‰ν•œ λŒ€μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μš΄μž„λΆ€λ‹΄λΉ„μœ¨μ„ 톡해 ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ μ†Œλ“ λŒ€λΉ„ κ΅ν†΅λΉ„μš©μ˜ λΆ€λ‹΄ 정도λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ€‘μœ„μ†Œλ“μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ„ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜κ³  ν•˜μœ„μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 경계값을 μ‚°μ •ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μΆ”κ°€μš”κΈˆ 인상 λŒ€μ•ˆμ΄ 경계값과 λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λŠ” λˆ„μ  ν•˜μœ„μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅λΉ„μœ¨μ˜ 크기가 κ°€μž₯ μž‘κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” ν†΅κ·Όμžμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ†Œλ“κ³Ό νƒ‘μŠΉκ±°λ¦¬ κ°„μ˜ 관계가 영ν–₯을 미친 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀. μ„œμšΈμ‹œ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„± 문제λ₯Ό λ…Όμ˜ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λ‹¨μœ„κ±°λ¦¬μš΄μž„κ³Ό μš΄μž„λΆ€λ‹΄λΉ„μœ¨μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ” 톡합적 κ΄€μ μ˜ 접근이 μš”κ΅¬λœλ‹€. μš΄μž„ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 보면, μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ˜ ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš© 뢄석결과λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•˜λ©΄ κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”κ°€μš”κΈˆ 인상 λ°©μ•ˆμ΄ 전체 ν†΅κ·Όμž 집단 및 ν•˜μœ„μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ΄ μ§€λΆˆ λ˜λŠ” λΆ€λ‹΄ν•˜λŠ” μš΄μž„μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ κ°€μž₯ ν˜•ν‰ν•œ λŒ€μ•ˆμΈ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ μ—μ„œ μ„œμšΈμ‹œ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μΆ”κ°€μš”κΈˆ 인상에 λŒ€ν•œ κ³ λ €κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ„œμšΈμ‹œ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©μ„ μ‚°μ •ν•˜κ³ , μš΄μž„ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ„œμšΈμ‹œλ₯Ό 곡간적 λ²”μœ„λ‘œ ν•œμ •ν•˜μ—¬ 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ—μ„œ μš΄μž„ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ³„ λšœλ ·ν•œ 차이가 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. ν–₯ν›„ μˆ˜λ„κΆŒμœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•  경우 보닀 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 뢄석결과λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒλœλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 자료의 뢄석 μ‹œμ μ΄ 2010년이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ 졜근 ν˜„ν™©μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš°λ©°, μ†Œλ“ 및 ν†΅ν–‰μ‹œκ°„ λ“±μ˜ 산정이 κ°œλ³„ μ‘λ‹΅μžμ˜ 섀문에 κ·Όκ±°ν•œ μΆ”μ •μΉ˜λΌλŠ” μ μ—μ„œ μ •ν™•ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ μš©ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  보기 μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. ν–₯ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν•œκ³„μ μ„ 보완할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  νŒλ‹¨λœλ‹€.Transportation equity has been highlighted as transport service serves an essential role for members of society to travel to certain areas by transport modes. Transportation makes residents get their own primary right of mobility move to different regions to participate in socio-economic activities. The value of equity associated with mobility, accessibility, or economic efficiency has been considered one of the most fascinated research fields recently. Although recent discussions on transport equity seem to be mainly concentrated on mobility and accessibility matters, economic aspects involving travel cost would be also important in that they are related to household income expenditure and economic burden issues. Public transport is a basic and significant service for passengers who are not able to drive cars for their trips, including commuting. In this paper, commuters using public transport are observed to analyze transport equity. Time cost and fares extracted from the 2010 Household Travel Survey are examined to estimate travel costs. Based on 2010 fare system, four fare scenarios are establishedincrease in basic fare, reduction in distance of basic fare for long distance trip, increase in additional fare, and flat fare regardless of travel distance. Under these scenarios, fares charged for individuals are compared with Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient respectively. Equity analyses for travel cost show the extent of inequality over commuters. Thus, the concept of charge per distance is applied to measure fairness of fare payment. In addition, affordability analyses are conducted to gauge practical household burden of fare expenditure, especially in the viewpoint of vertical equity. For that, household income information is extracted to calculate the median income, which is utilized to set the income threshold for low-income group. The results of travel cost composed of time cost and fare indicate the opposite features of horizontal equity and vertical equity. The former represents the flat fare system is the best, while the latter turns up the additional fare increase is good one. Nevertheless, increase in additional fare option is the most equitable commonly both charge per distance vertical equity fare scenarios. These trends imply that the weak relationship between income level and travel distance in the study area could have an effect on the equity analyses process. An integrated approach with charge per distance and affordability is required when equity issues are under discussion for commuters. Among fare scenarios, except for travel cost in horizontal equity, the additional fare increase explains that it is the most advisable way to resolve equity problems for not only the entire commuters but also lower income bracket. Hence, rather than just focusing on basic fare option, the increase in additional fare should be considered in order to ease inequality and improve transport equity for public transport users in Seoul. Fare scenarios based on travel cost are evaluated to analyze transport equity and to proposes the best scenario to improve equity level for public transport commuters. However, there are several limitations due to spatial and data characteristics. Scenarios in vertical equity did not demonstrate critical differences. However, more significant analyses would be possible if the research will be expanded to the Seoul metropolitan area, including Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. Last but not least, it is difficult to reflect the current status of commuters since the data used in this study is surveyed in 2010. There is inaccuracy in the survey data, such as household income and travel time, as they were dependent on individual respondents estimation. Thus, the parameters used are not enough to reflect commuters behaviors and their own features. In the future, further equity-related studies should be conducted to overcome the limits of this study.제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제 1 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 및 λͺ©μ  1 제 2 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 3 제 2 μž₯ κ΄€λ ¨ 이둠 및 μ„ ν–‰μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ³ μ°° 5 제 1 절 κ΄€λ ¨ 이둠 5 1. κ΅ν†΅ν˜•ν‰μ„± 5 (1) μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„± 5 (2) 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„± 6 2. λ‘œλ ŒμΈ κ³‘μ„  및 μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜ 7 제 2 절 κ΄€λ ¨ 선행연ꡬ 8 1. ν˜•ν‰μ„± 이둠 및 적용 8 2. κ΅ν†΅ν˜•ν‰μ„± 뢄석 10 (1) μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„± 10 (2) 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„± 12 (3) μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„± 및 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„± 14 (4) μš΄μž„λΆ€λ‹΄λΉ„μœ¨ 15 제 3 절 μ‹œμ‚¬μ  16 제 3 μž₯ μ—°κ΅¬λ°©λ²•λ‘ μ˜ 정립 19 제 1 절 λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©μ˜ μΆ”μ • 19 제 2 절 λ‘œλ ŒμΈ κ³‘μ„  및 μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜ 21 1. ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš© 21 2. λ‹¨μœ„κ±°λ¦¬μš΄μž„ 24 3. μš΄μž„λΆ€λ‹΄λΉ„μœ¨ 26 제 4 μž₯ 자료의 ꡬ좕 29 제 1 절 ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©μ˜ μ‚°μ • 29 1. μ„œμšΈμ‹œ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμž 29 2. ν†΅ν–‰μ‹œκ°„μ˜ ꡬ뢄 및 계산 31 (1) μ°¨λ‚΄μ‹œκ°„, μ°¨μ™Έμ‹œκ°„ 31 (2) μ‹œκ°„λΉ„μš© 및 μš΄μž„ 33 3. λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ μš΄μž„ κΈ°μ€€ 35 제 2 절 자료의 νŠΉμ„± 뢄석 36 1. 톡근톡행 νŠΉμ„± 36 2. ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œμ  νŠΉμ„± 39 제 5 μž₯ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©μ˜ 뢄석결과 44 제 1 절 μš΄μž„ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ˜ μ„€μ • 44 제 2 절 μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν˜•ν‰μ„± 48 1. ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©, μ‹œκ°„λΉ„μš© 및 μš΄μž„ 48 2. νƒ‘μŠΉκ±°λ¦¬λ³„ λ‹¨μœ„κ±°λ¦¬μš΄μž„ 50 제 3 절 수직적 ν˜•ν‰μ„± 52 1. μ†Œλ“μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš©, μ‹œκ°„λΉ„μš© 및 μš΄μž„ 52 2. μ†Œλ“μˆ˜μ€€λ³„ λ‹¨μœ„κ±°λ¦¬μš΄μž„ 54 3. μš΄μž„λΆ€λ‹΄λΉ„μœ¨ 57 제 6 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  62 제 1 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μš”μ•½ 62 제 2 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•œκ³„ 및 ν–₯ν›„ 과제 64 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 65 뢀둝 70 λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ μ°¨λ‚΄μ‹œκ°„ 뢄포 70 λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ νƒ‘μŠΉκ±°λ¦¬ 뢄포 70 λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ ν†΅κ·ΌλΉ„μš© 뢄포 71 λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ ν†΅κ·Όμžμ˜ μ‹œκ°„λΉ„μš© 뢄포 71 ν•˜μœ„μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ˜ νƒ‘μŠΉκ±°λ¦¬ 72 μ€‘μœ„μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ˜ νƒ‘μŠΉκ±°λ¦¬ 72 μƒμœ„μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ˜ νƒ‘μŠΉκ±°λ¦¬ 72 μš΄μž„ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ³„ μš΄μž„λΆ€λ‹΄λΉ„μœ¨ 73 Abstract 74Maste
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