Complication in 140 CAPD patients and their survival and technical success rate

의학과/석사[한글] 혈액투석 요법과 함께 만성신부전증 환자 치료의 기본이 되고 있는 지속성 외래 복막투석 (CAPDːcontinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis)이 소개된 이래 우리나라에서도 사용빈도가 증가하고 있으나 복막염등의 합병증이 문제되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 1983년 3월부터 1987년 8월까지 연세대학교 의과대학 부속 세브란스병원에서 시행한 지속성 외래 복막투석 151예중 추적관찰이 가능하였던 140예의 합병증 및 생존율에 관한 연구에서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 남녀비는 1.7ː1로 남자가 많았고 평균연령은 43.5세였다. 원인질환으로는 만성 사구체신염이 65.8%로 가장 많았고 당뇨성신증은 15.2%였다. 2. 합병증은 복막염이 91예 (65.0%)로 가장 많았고 발생빈도는 비당뇨 환자군에서는 1회/8.8 patient-months, 당뇨군 환자에서는 1회/9.4 patient-months 였다. 3. 233회 복막염 중 그람염색이나 배양결과로 원인균주가 확인된 예는 73회 (31.3%)였으며 Staphylococcus epidermidis가 26회 (35.6%)로 가장 많았고 그 외에 Staphylococcus aureus 10회 (13.7%), Acinetobacter 9회 (12.3%) 순이였다. 4. 투석액 차이에 따른 복막염의 발생빈도는 Dianeal**(R) 사용시 1회/11.2 patient-months, Peritosol**(R) 사용시 1회/7.0 patient-months 였다. 5. 연도별 복막염의 발생빈도는 1983년에 2.27회/환자/년, 1984년 0.98회/환자/년 1985년 1.01회/환자/년, 1986년 1.39회/환자/년 그리고 1987년에 1.32회/환자/년 였다. 6. 총 151예 중 3개월 이상 추적관찰이 가능했던 환자는 137예 (90.7%)였고 이 중 혈액투석으로 전환한 예는 10예 (7.3%), 신이식 시행에는 15예 (10.9%) 사망 15예 (10.9%)였다. 신이식을 제외한 합병증으로 인한 도관제거는 17예에서 시행하였으며, 원인으로는 항생제에 반응하지 않은 복막염으로 인한 경우가 11예 (64.7%)로 가장 많았고 진균감염으로 인한 복막염 2예 (11.8%), 도관폐쇄 2예 (11.8%) 등이었다. 7. 환자생존율과 도관생존율은 12개월에 93.3%와 90.7%이었고 24개월에는 각각 76.0%, 73.8% 였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면, 만성신부전증 환자의 치료방법으로서 혈액투석과 대등한 훌륭한 방법으로 부각되고 있는 지속성 외래 복막투석치료의 합병증으로 복막염의 발생빈도가 낮아지고는 있으나 아직도 해결되지 않고 있는 실정이며, 앞으로 이에 대한 예방을 위한 연구가 필요한 것으로 지적되고 있다. [영문] From March 1983 through August 1987, 140 patients with end stage renal disease of various causes were treated by continuous ambulatory pertioneal dialysis(CAPD). The following results were obtained. 1) Pertionitis was the commonest complication and the incidence was 1 espisode/8.9 patients-months. 2) The positive rate in gram strain or culture of peritoneal dialysate was 31.3%, of which 35.6% was Staphylococcus epidermidis. 3) Peritonits incidences according to the peritoneal dialysis solution used showed 1 episode/11.2 patient-months with Dianeal^^(R) and 1 episode/7.0 patient-months with Peritosol^^(R). 4) Catheter was removed in 12.4% of all patients. The commonest cause for the catheter removal was peritonitis, which accounted for 76.5%. 5) Patient survival and technical success rate at the end of first year were 93.3% and 90.7%, respectively. 6) Peritonitis incidences were 2.27 episode/patient/year in 1983, 0.98 episode/patient/year in 1984, 1.01 episode/patient/year in 1985 1.39 episode/patient/year in 1986, and 1.32 episode/patient/year in 1987. Peritonitis still remains the most frequent complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD). In order to reduce its incidence, further effort are required.restrictio

Expression of the human erythrocyte-type glucose transporter(GLUT1) in Escherichia coli

의학과/박사[한글]본 연구에서는 포유 동물의 중요한 대사 연료인 포도당을 세포 내로 이동시키는 포도당 운반체의 한가지인 적혈구형 포도당 운반체(GLUT1)를 유전자 재조합 기법을 이용하여 Escherichia coli JM109(DE3)에서 표현시켰다. 적혈구형 포도당 운반체(GLUT1)의 CDNA(1.8kb)를 제한효소 NcoI으로 처리하여 얻어진 GLUT1 cDNA의 open reading frame 전체를 포함하는 1,640bp 크기의 DNA fragment를 확인하고 분리한 후 prokaryotic expression vector인 pGEMEX-1의 T7 gene 10 내에 존재하는 multiple cloning sites의 EcoRI site에 결합시켰다. 이 DNA로 E. coli JM109(DE3) 세포를 형질전환 시켜 형질전환체를 얻었다. 형질전환체로 부터 재조합 plasmid DNA(pGLUT1)를 분리한 다음 제한효소 분석으로 GLUT1의 open reading frame이 단백질로 표현되는 방향으로 삽입되었다는 것을 확인하였고, Sanger의 dideoxy-mediated chain termination 방법에 의한 DNA sequencing을 시행하여 GLUT1 cDNA가 삽입되어 있는 부위의 염기배열 순서가 제한효소 분석과 정확하게 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. pGLUT1을 포함하는 형질전환체의 염색체 DNA 내에 삽입되어 lac premoter의 조절을 받는 phage T7 RNA polymerase 유전자의 표현을 isopropylthiogalactoside(IPTG)로 유도함으로써 T7 promoter에 연결되어 있는 T7 gene 10-GLUT1 fusion gene을 표현시켰다. 세포 lysate의 단백질을 SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) 및 GLUT1의 C-terminal peptide에 대한 항체를 이용한 western blot 분석을 시행하여 pGLUT1을 지닌 세포에서만 예상되는 분자량의 위치(MW85,000)에서 새로이 표현되는 T7 gene 10-GLUT1 fusion 단백질 band를 확인하였다. [영문]Although the human GLUT1 was partially purified from red blood cells, the characterization of this protein has been difficult because it is very hydrophobic and glycosylated. In this study, human erythrocyte-type glucose transporter(GLUT1) was expressed in E. coli JM109(DE3) to obtain non-glycosylated form of this protein. GLUT1 cDNA(1.8kb) was partially digested with a restriction enzyme, NcoI. A DNA fragment(1,640bp) of GLUT1 cDNA containing the entire open reading frame of GLUT1 was subcloned into the EcoRI site of T7 gene 10 in the prokaryotic expression plasmid vector, pGEMEX-1, in order to express GLUT1 as T7 gene 10-GLUT1 fusion protein. The ligated DNA was used to transform E. coli JM109(DE3) and transformants harboring a recombinant plasmid DNA(pGLUT1) was obtained. The restriction enzyme analysis of pGLUT1 showed that GLUT1 was inserted correctly into the EcoRI site in the T7 gene 10 to be expressed as a fusion protein, and DNA sequencing of pGLUT1 confirmed the orientation and reading frame of T7 gene 10-GLUT1 hybrid gene. The expression of T7 gene 10-GLUT1 fusion protein was induced by the addition of IPTG which would induce the T7 RNA polymerase gene in host chromosome and the resulting T7 RNA polymerase will drive the promoter located at the upstream of T7 gene 10-GLUT1 fusion gene. The Proteins within cell lysates were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis revealed a new protein band at MW 85,000 position, indicating the expression of T7 gene 10-GLUT1 fusion protein.restrictio

Seasonal and annual variations of particle fluxes in the northwestern Pacific

A moored time-series sediment trap was deployed at station FM 1 (13o31’N 136 o 03’E) of the northwestern Pacific from October 2007 to May 2011. Total mass fluxes varied from 2.35 to 31.1 mg m-2 day-1, showing a distinct seasonal variation with high fluxes in winter and low in summer. During the El Nino period, however, total mass fluxes were significantly reduced in winter, indicating that particle fluxes in the northwestern Pacific were considerably influenced by the El Nino. Organic carbon fluxes ranged from 0.13 to 4.61 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 9.7% of total mass fluxes. Organic carbon fluxes showed a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. CaCO3 fluxes varied from 1.47 to 23.4 mg m-2 day-1, comprising 65.7% of total mass fluxes. CaCO3 fluxes displayed little annual and seasonal variations. Biogenic Si fluxes ranged from 0.04 to 2.07 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 5.3% of total mass fluxes. Biogenic Si fluxes exhibited a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. Temporal variations of organic carbon fluxes were rather similar to those of biogenic Si fluxes, implying that the source of organic carbon is siliceous organisms. with high fluxes in winter and low in summer. During the El Nino period, however, total mass fluxes were significantly reduced in winter, indicating that particle fluxes in the northwestern Pacific were considerably influenced by the El Nino. Organic carbon fluxes ranged from 0.13 to 4.61 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 9.7% of total mass fluxes. Organic carbon fluxes showed a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. CaCO3 fluxes varied from 1.47 to 23.4 mg m-2 day-1, comprising 65.7% of total mass fluxes. CaCO3 fluxes displayed little annual and seasonal variations. Biogenic Si fluxes ranged from 0.04 to 2.07 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 5.3% of total mass fluxes. Biogenic Si fluxes exhibited a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. Temporal variations of organic carbon fluxes were rather similar to those of biogenic Si fluxes, implying that the source of organic carbon is siliceous organisms.1

Characteristics of Water Quality and Sediment Distributions on the Northeastern Coast of Jeju Island

Since the 1980s, the number of land-based fish farms on Jeju Island has increased rapidly. With increasing land-based fish farms, a large amount of nutrients from fish farm wastewater is discharged off the coast of Jeju. To understand the characteristics of coastal seawater and the ecological environment on the coast of Jeju, the effect of land-based fish farm effluent on coastal seawater should be evaluated. Temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a concentration were investigated on the northeastern coast of Jeju during June and July 2023. Nitrate, phosphate, and silicate concentrations in the surface waters were significantly higher in coastal stations than in the outer stations. Unlike the surface waters, nutrient concentrations in the bottom waters are distinctly higher in land-based fish farm effluent stations than in the outer stations. Total organic carbon content in surface sediment was significantly higher in land-based fish farm effluent stations than in the outer stations. This study may provide valuable information for evaluating the impact of land-based fish farm effluent on coastal ecosystems on Jeju Island.22Ykc

Annual and seasonal variations of particle fluxes in the northwestern Pacific

A moored time-series sediment trap was deployed at station FM 1 (13o31’N 136 o 03’E) of the northwestern Pacific from October 2007 to May 2011. Total mass fluxes varied from 2.35 to 31.1 mg m-2 day-1, showing a distinct seasonal variation with high fluxes in winter and low in summer. During the El Nino period, however, total mass fluxes were significantly reduced in winter, indicating that particle fluxes in the northwestern Pacific were considerably influenced by the El Nino. Organic carbon fluxes ranged from 0.13 to 4.61 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 9.7% of total mass fluxes. Organic carbon fluxes showed a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. CaCO3 fluxes varied from 1.47 to 23.4 mg m-2 day-1, comprising 65.7% of total mass fluxes. CaCO3 fluxes displayed little annual and seasonal variations. Biogenic Si fluxes ranged from 0.04 to 2.07 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 5.3% of total mass fluxes. Biogenic Si fluxes exhibited a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. Temporal variations of organic carbon fluxes were rather similar to those of biogenic Si fluxes, implying that the source of organic carbon is siliceous organisms.tion with high fluxes in winter and low in summer. During the El Nino period, however, total mass fluxes were significantly reduced in winter, indicating that particle fluxes in the northwestern Pacific were considerably influenced by the El Nino. Organic carbon fluxes ranged from 0.13 to 4.61 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 9.7% of total mass fluxes. Organic carbon fluxes showed a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. CaCO3 fluxes varied from 1.47 to 23.4 mg m-2 day-1, comprising 65.7% of total mass fluxes. CaCO3 fluxes displayed little annual and seasonal variations. Biogenic Si fluxes ranged from 0.04 to 2.07 mg m-2 day-1, comprising about 5.3% of total mass fluxes. Biogenic Si fluxes exhibited a large annual variation, with higher fluxes in 2008. Temporal variations of organic carbon fluxes were rather similar to those of biogenic Si fluxes, implying that the source of organic carbon is siliceous organisms.1

제주 연안에서 부유물질 농도의 시간적 변동에 관한 연구

한국해양환경관리공단은 제주연안에서 1997년부터 2021년까지 부유물질 농도를 측정하였다. 제주연안 부유물질 농도는 2010년대 이후 급격히 증가하였다. 특히 2021년에 측정된 부유물질 농도는 25—32 mg L-1의 범위를 보였으며, 이는 1997년에 측정된 값(2—4 mg L-1)의 6배 이상으로 높았다. 하지만 2021년에 증가된 부유물질 농도의 원인에 대한 연구는 아직까지 미미한 실정이다. 제주연안 부유물질 농도의 급격한 증가 원인을 규명하기 위해 한국해양과학기술원 제주연구소는 제주연안 조천 인근 해역에서 2022년 5월부터 9월까지 월별로 부유물질 농도를 측정하였다. 연구기간 동안 제주연안 부유물질 농도는 0.3—8.5 mg L-1의 범위를 보였으며, 시간적으로 뚜렷한 변동을 보였다. 부유물질 농도는 5월에 가장 높게 측정되었으며, 7월에 최소값을 보였다. 하지만, 부유물질 농도는 엽록소 농도와 뚜렷한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 이는 제주연안 신흥 인근해역에서 부유물질 농도는 해양생물의 생산성 변화 이외에 다른 요인에 의해 조절되는 것을 의미한다. 예를 들어, 연안의 특성을 고려하여 강한 수층 혼합에 따른 재부유 입자의 영향을 반영할 수 있다. 흥미롭게도 2021년 5월에 수층 내 수온과 염분 구조는 강한 수층혼합 특성을 반영한 반면, 6월과 7월은 수온약층이 강하게 발달한 특성을 보였다. 이러한 시간적인 부유물질 농도 변화 원인은 얕은 수심과 활발한 수층혼합에 기인하는 것으로 해석된다. 제주연안 인근에서 측정된 부유물질 농도의 장기변동과 비교하여 본 연구에서 측정된 부유물질 농도는 2021년에 인근해역에서 측정된 농도보다 낮았다. 제주연안 부유물질 농도의 변동과 그 원인을 규명하기 위해 지속적 모니터링과 부유물질 조성 분석이 필수적이다.2

남서태평양 통가열수해역에서 침강입자의 금속원소 특성

중앙해령이나 후열도확장대와 같은 해저 화산대를 따라 발생하는 열수순환은 지구 내부의 열에너지와 다량의 금속이온들을 해양으로 공급한다. 열수분출구에서 배출된 열수기원 입자의 원소조성은 열수활동환경의 특성을 평가하는데 유용하다. 열수기원 입자의 원소조성특성을 연구하기 위하여 남서태평양 통가해저열수광상 해역 내 두 정점에서 퇴적물 포집장치를 해저 면에 설치하여 약 10일 동안 침강입자 플럭스를 관측하였다. 정점 TA 26 #1와 TA 25 #3에서 측정된 열수기원 원소 플럭스와 원소 비는 정점 간 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 특히 정점 TA 25 #3에서 S, Cu, Zn, 플럭스는 비교적 높게 측정되었으며, 입자 내 S/Fe, Cu/Fe, Zn/Fe 몰 비도 정점 TA 26 #1보다 높게 측정되었다. 이는 열수분출환경의 차이를 반영한 것으로 해석된다. 정점 TA 25 #3 주변의 열수는 고온성 열수분출환경인 반면, 정점 TA 26 #1 주변의 열수는 저온성 열수분출환경을 지시하는 것으로 해석된다.의 원소조성특성을 연구하기 위하여 남서태평양 통가해저열수광상 해역 내 두 정점에서 퇴적물 포집장치를 해저 면에 설치하여 약 10일 동안 침강입자 플럭스를 관측하였다. 정점 TA 26 #1와 TA 25 #3에서 측정된 열수기원 원소 플럭스와 원소 비는 정점 간 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 특히 정점 TA 25 #3에서 S, Cu, Zn, 플럭스는 비교적 높게 측정되었으며, 입자 내 S/Fe, Cu/Fe, Zn/Fe 몰 비도 정점 TA 26 #1보다 높게 측정되었다. 이는 열수분출환경의 차이를 반영한 것으로 해석된다. 정점 TA 25 #3 주변의 열수는 고온성 열수분출환경인 반면, 정점 TA 26 #1 주변의 열수는 저온성 열수분출환경을 지시하는 것으로 해석된다.2

Studies of Geochemical Characteristics of Hydrothermal Particles: A new challenge in the Central Indian Ridge

KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) has been studying hydrothermal vent systems in the south Tonga arc and in the north Fiji basin, aiming to understand the nature of hydrothermal effluent, sinking particles, and the underlying mineral deposits. We plan to initiate a study of the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) that is less well studied. In this presentation, we briefly introduce the findings of our previous studies and our plan to study the CIR. In the south Tonga arc, we examined biogeochemical properties of sinking particles collected via short-term sediment trap deployments around a hydrothermal vent field. Contribution of non-biogenic materials was over 72 % with the concentrations of excess metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn being very high. The elemental ratios of sinking particles in the Tonga arc were similar to those of the divergent plate boundary in the East Pacific Rise. In the north Fiji basin, we collected sinking particles deployed at four locations of increasing distance from an active hydrothermal vent site. The particle flux decreased with increasing distance. This trend was consistent with the results reported in the East Pacific Rise. Compositionand other geochemical characteristics of the sinking particles are being examined at the moment. A poorly understood region of the global hydrothermal system is the CIR. We have carried out rudimentary explorations to understand the nature1

CO2 outgassing suppressed by enhanced biological pump in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Contractors are licensed by the International Seabed Authority to explore manganese nodule resources in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). Upwelling in the ETP reportedly contributes up to 50% of new biological production in the global oceans and thus plays a critical role in Earth's carbon cycle. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is the dominant source of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Pacific on low-frequency timescales (Newman et al., 2003) and influences the physical and biological conditions of the ETP (Peterson and Schwing, 2003). During the early 2000s, the PDO was linked to a warming ‘hiatus’ when the time-series of global average SSTs showed little increase or even a slightlynegative trend. It is important to understand how biological processes and CO2 outgassing in the ETP are influenced by the PDO. The biological response to natural climate variability in the ETP is poorly understood because of the paucity of long-term observations. The ETP underwent a switch from a positive PDO to a negative phase in the late 2000s (Litzow and Mueter, 2014) (Figure 1). Frequent La Ni1

Diatom voucher flora from time-series sediment trap in the Kuroshio Extension region of the northwestern Pacific

2