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    마이크둜RNA μƒν•©μ„±μ˜ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œμ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μžμ—°κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€, 2021.8. 김빛내리.마이크둜RNAλŠ” μœ μ „μžλ“€μ˜ λ°œν˜„μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 생물학적 및 병리학적 ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•œλ‹€. 세포 μœ ν˜•λ³„λ‘œ 마이크둜RNA의 양이 μƒμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€λ₯Έλ°, μ΄λŠ” 전사 쑰절과 전사 ν›„ μ‘°μ ˆμ„ ν†΅ν•œ 생합성 μ‘°μ ˆμ— κΈ°μΈν•œλ‹€. 마이크둜RNA 생합성 κ²½λ‘œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 과정을 걸쳐 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”λ°, κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό 머리핀 λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λ‹€λž€ 1μ°¨ 전ꡬ체 RNAλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 단일 κ°€λ‹₯의 짧은 마이크둜RNAκ°€ μƒμ„±λœλ‹€. 특히, 마이크둜RNA μƒν•©μ„±μ—λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œλ“€μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°, 그둜 인해 λ™μΌν•œ 전ꡬ체 RNAλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 마이크둜RNA듀이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œλ“€μ€ 마이크둜RNA의 닀양성을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€κ³  κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν™•λŒ€ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ˜μ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ 마이크둜RNAκ°€ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œμ— μ˜ν•΄ μƒμ„±λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 전사체학 μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ λ°”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€. 또 λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œλ“€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 쑰절이 잘 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  경둜인 β€˜λŒ€μ•ˆμ  μ ˆλ‹¨β€™κ³Ό β€˜μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™” ν˜„μƒβ€™μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 두 ν˜„μƒμ€ 마이크둜RNA의 5β€² 및 3β€² 말단에 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€ν•˜λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” 마이크둜RNA의 κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ°”κΎΈκ±°λ‚˜ 양을 μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 마이크둜RNA μ„œμ—΄ 뢄석법은 사전 정보 없이도 마이크둜RNA와 κ·Έ λ™ν˜•μ²΄λ“€μ„ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄ 전사체학 μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ 마이크둜RNAλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° 널리 μ΄μš©λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 기쑴의 방법은 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 편ν–₯성을 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 마이크둜RNA의 λŒ€μ•ˆμ  경둜λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” λΆ€μ μ ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ·Έ 편ν–₯성을 μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„μ  μ„œμ—΄μ„ μ§€λ‹Œ μ–΄λŒ‘ν„°μ™€ ν΄λ¦¬μ—ν‹Έλ ŒκΈ€λ¦¬μ½œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 쑰건을 μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό AQ-seqμ΄λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 마이크둜RNA μ„œμ—΄ 뢄석법을 κ°œλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. AQ-seq은 κ°€λ‹₯ λΉ„μœ¨μ„ μ •ν™•νžˆ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 기쑴에 잘λͺ» μ•Œλ €μ§„ 5β€² 말단을 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ 탐지할 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이점 덕뢄에 AQ-seq은 세포 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λŒ€μ•ˆμ  μ ˆλ‹¨ 과정이 기쑴에 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 것보닀 더 λΉˆλ²ˆν•˜κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 밝힐 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, AQ-seq을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 높은 λΉ„μœ¨λ‘œ μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™”λ˜λŠ” 마이크둜RNA듀을 동정할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°, λͺ¨λ‘ 3p κ°€λ‹₯μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 점을 λΉ„μΆ”μ–΄ λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™” ν˜„μƒμ€ TUT4와 TUT7 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€μ— μ˜ν•΄ 2μ°¨ 전ꡬ체 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ 주둜 μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” 점을 확인할 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 결과듀을 톡해 세포 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 마이크둜RNAκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 있고, λ”°λΌμ„œ 마이크둜RNA μƒν•©μ„±μ˜ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해도λ₯Ό 높일 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  경둜인 κ°€λ‹₯ λ³€ν™˜μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ°€λ‹₯ 선택 과정은 마이크둜RNA μ΄μ€‘μ²΄μ˜ 두 κ°€λ‹₯ 쀑 μ–΄λŠ 것이 μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 단계이닀. ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„, 세포 νŠΉμ„±μ— 따라 μ„ νƒλ˜λŠ” κ°€λ‹₯이 크게 λ’€λ°”λ€” 수 μžˆλŠ”λ° 이λ₯Ό β€˜κ°€λ‹₯ λ³€ν™˜β€™μ΄λΌ μΌμ»«λŠ”λ‹€. κ°€λ‹₯ λ³€ν™˜μ€ ν•΄λ‹Ή 마이크둜RNA μœ μ „μžμ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 그것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘°μ ˆλ˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ 생리학적 μ˜λ―Έλ„ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€μž₯ λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€κ²Œ κ°€λ‹₯ λ³€ν™˜μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 마이크둜RNA 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ miR-324λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ miR-324의 κ°€λ‹₯ λ³€ν™˜μ€ μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™” νš¨μ†Œλ“€μΈ TUT4와 TUT7이 μ‘°μ ˆν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 규λͺ…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. TUT4/7에 μ˜ν•΄ miR-324의 2μ°¨ 전ꡬ체가 μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™”λ˜λ©΄ λ‹€μ΄μ„œ νš¨μ†Œμ˜ μ ˆλ‹¨ μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ λ°”λ€Œκ²Œ λœλ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 마이크둜RNA μ΄μ€‘μ²΄λŠ” 3p κ°€λ‹₯을 μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ” 반면, μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ΄μ€‘μ²΄λŠ” λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ 5p κ°€λ‹₯을 μƒμ„±ν•œλ‹€. ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„, ꡐλͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ’…μ—μ„œλŠ” TUT4/7의 양이 μ¦κ°€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ° 그둜 인해 miR-324의 3p κ°€λ‹₯ λ˜ν•œ μ¦κ°€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μ‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬, μ—­μœΌλ‘œ miR-324의 5p κ°€λ‹₯을 λŠ˜λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ 3p κ°€λ‹₯을 μ–΅μ œν•˜λ©΄ ꡐλͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ’…μ˜ 세포 뢄열을 μ €ν•΄ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ°€λ‹₯ λ³€ν™˜ ν˜„μƒμ΄ μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™”μ— μ˜ν•΄ 쑰절될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°ν˜”κ³  이λ₯Ό ꡐλͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ’…μ˜ 진단 및 치료 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘μš©λ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보여쀀닀. μ’…ν•©ν•˜λ©΄ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œμ— μ˜ν•΄ μƒμ„±λ˜λŠ” 마이크둜RNA듀을 보닀 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 톡해 λŒ€μ•ˆμ  κ²½λ‘œλ“€μ΄ 세포 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•˜κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ 마이크둜RNAλ“€μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ‘°μ ˆν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  μ ˆλ‹¨, μœ λ¦¬λ”˜ν™” ν˜„μƒ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ°€λ‹₯ λ³€ν™˜ λ˜ν•œ 쑰절될 수 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μƒμž„μ„ λ°ν˜”λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λŒ€μ•ˆμ  과정에 μ˜ν•΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 마이크둜RNA듀이 μ •κ΅ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•΄ κ·Έ λΆ„μžμ  κΈ°μ „κ³Ό μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ μ‘°λͺ…ν•œλ‹€.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate diverse biological and pathological processes via post-transcriptional gene silencing. The repertoire of functional miRNAs substantially varies depending on the cell types due to the regulations of miRNA biogenesis at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. miRNA biogenesis involves serial maturation steps to produce single-stranded miRNAs from a hairpin-containing primary transcript. Notably, there are alternative pathways along the miRNA biogenesis, which lead to generation of multiple miRNAs from a single miRNA gene. Alternative miRNA biogenesis increases miRNA diversity and hence expands their regulatory capacity. Despite its profound effect on gene regulation, it is largely unknown which set of miRNAs undergoes alternative miRNA biogenesis and how alternative biogenesis is achieved. First, this study investigates two alternative pathways, alternative processing and 3β€² end modification of miRNAs, which produce miRNA isoforms with varying 5β€² and 3β€² ends. Alteration of miRNA termini affects abundance and targeting capacity of miRNAs. High-throughput small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) has been widely adopted to detect miRNAs and their isoforms (isomiRs) de novo. However, the severe ligation bias inherent to conventional sRNA-seq methods hampers their accurate quantification and hence reliable profiling of the alternative pathways. I here developed an improved sRNA-seq protocol, termed AQ-seq (accurate quantification by sequencing), by utilizing adapters with terminal degenerate sequences and a high concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which minimize the ligation bias during library preparation. Measurement using AQ-seq allows us to correct the previously misannotated 5β€² end usage as well as strand preference in public databases. Importantly, the analysis of 5β€² terminal heterogeneity reveals widespread alternative processing events which have been underestimated. It also identifies highly uridylated miRNAs originating from the 3p strands, indicating regulations mediated by terminal uridylyl transferases at the pre-miRNA stage. These results reveal the complexity of the miRNA isoform landscape, allowing us to refine miRNA annotation and to advance our understanding of miRNA biogenesis. Next, this study examines another alternative pathway, context-dependent strand selection of miRNAs. Strand selection is the last step of miRNA biogenesis, which determines the functional strand. Intriguingly, the dominant strand of some miRNAs changes depending on cellular contexts. However, the molecular mechanism and physiological significance of such alternative strand selection (or β€œarm switching”) remain elusive. Here, I find miR-324 to be one of the strongly regulated miRNAs by arm switching, and identify terminal uridylyl transferases TUT4 and TUT7 to be the key regulators. Uridylation of pre-miR-324 by TUT4/7 re-positions DICER on pre-miRNA and shifts the cleavage site. This alternative processing produces a duplex with a different terminus, from which the 3β€² strand (3p) is selected instead of the 5β€² strand (5p). In glioblastoma, the TUT4/7 and 3p levels are upregulated while the 5p level is reduced. Manipulation of the strand ratio is sufficient to impair glioblastoma cell proliferation. These results uncover a role of uridylation as a molecular switch in alternative strand selection and implicate its therapeutic potential. Taken together, this study unveils miRNAs that are generated by alternative miRNA biogenesis at a transcriptome-wide scale. Notably, my extensive investigation reveals that the alternative pathways are widespread and hence significantly affect the functionality of miRNAs. It also shows that not only alternative processing and 3β€² modification but also arm switching can be a regulated cellular process. Therefore, this study sheds light on the mechanism and significance of alternative miRNA biogenesis.1 Introduction 1 1.1 MicroRNA, a class of small silencing RNAs 1 1.2 Metazoan microRNA biogenesis 2 1.3 Alternative microRNA biogenesis 5 1.3.1 Alternative processing by RNase III enzymes, DROSHA and DICER 5 1.3.2 Non-templated 3β€² nucleotidyl addition by terminal uridylyl transferases, TUT4 and TUT7 7 1.3.3 Alternative strand selection (or β€œarm switching”) by AGO 9 2 Discovery of widespread alternative microRNA processing and 3β€² end modification by bias-minimized small RNA-seq 11 2.1 Background 11 2.2 Results 14 2.2.1 Small RNA sequencing optimization using spike-ins 14 2.2.2 miRNA and isomiR profiles uncovered by AQ-seq 17 2.2.3 Re-assessment of strand preference 22 2.2.4 Correction of the 5β€² end annotation 27 2.2.5 Widespread alternative processing 29 2.2.6 Highly uridylated miRNAs 31 2.3 Discussion 40 2.4 Methods 43 3 A mechanism for microRNA arm switching regulated by uridylation 51 3.1 Background 51 3.2 Results 54 3.2.1 Arm switching of miR-324 54 3.2.2 miR-324 arm switching is controlled by TUT4 and TUT7 58 3.2.3 Uridylation leads to alternative DICER processing of pre-miR-324 66 3.2.4 Alternative DICER processing is facilitated by the double-stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD) 69 3.2.5 Alternative DICER processing leads to arm switching 75 3.2.6 Alteration of the miR-324 strand ratio affects cell cycle progression 77 3.3 Discussion 87 3.4 Methods 91 4 Conclusion 101 Summary (in Korean) 103 Bibliography 105λ°•

    ν•œκ΅­μΈμ˜ μ£Όκ±°μ£ΌκΈ°

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    이 글은 1977년도 ν•„μžμ˜ μ „κ΅­μ˜ μ£Όνƒμœ νš¨μˆ˜μš”μΆ”μ •μ—°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ Surveyμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 자료λ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬μ„œ μž‘μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 주된 λͺ©μ μ€ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ κ΅­λ―Όλ“€μ˜ μƒν™œμ£ΌκΈ°μ™€ μžκ°€μ†Œμœ κ³Όμ •μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ£Όκ±°μ£ΌκΈ°λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. 즉 μ£Όκ±°μ£ΌκΈ°λΌλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ°œλ…ν™”μ˜ μ‹œλ„μ™€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ°œλ…μ„ ν†΅ν•œ 주거의 ν•œ 질적인 츑면에 λŒ€ν•œ 사싀적 연ꡬ(descriptive study) 이닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ 이것은 μ£Όνƒμ •μ±…μˆ˜λ¦½μ‹œ κ³ λ €λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  μ£Όνƒμ˜ 질적인 츑면에 κ΄€ν•œ μΌκ³ μ°°μž„μ„ μ§€μ ν•˜μ—¬ λ‘”λ‹€.(단, μ£Όνƒμœ νš¨μˆ˜μš”μΆ”μ •μ—°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ SurveyλŠ” μ•½μΌλ§Œ μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό λŒ€λ„μ‹œ, μ€‘μ†Œλ„μ‹œ, μ‚°μ—…λ„μ‹œ, λ†μ–΄μ΄ŒμœΌλ‘œ μΈ΅ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ 4 : 4 : 1 : 1의 λΉ„μœ¨λ‘œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ ν‘œλ³Έμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 여기에 λ‚˜μ™€μžˆλŠ” 각쒅 λΉ„μœ¨μ€ 그것이 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œμΉ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹˜μ„ λ°ν˜€λ‘”λ‹€.

    μ •μ±…λ¬Έμ œμ—°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 쑰사섀계

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    μ •μ±…λ¬Έμ œλ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 쑰사방법을 많이 ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°, μ΄λ•Œ 쑰사λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 주어진 λͺ©μ μ„ 효과적으둜 λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ¨Όμ € 쑰사섀계가 κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져야 ν•œλ‹€. μ‘°μ‚¬μ„€κ³„λž€ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ‹€μ œμƒν™©μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° 전에 κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 상황 μ†μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 행동을 ν•  것인가λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ • 즉, μ‘°μ‚¬λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³„νšμ΄λΌκ³  ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ μ‘°μ‚¬μ„€κ³„μ˜ κ³Όν•™μ„±μ—¬λΆ€κ°€ μ‘°μ‚¬ν™œλ™μ „λ°˜μ— 결정적인 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆλ‹€. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ‘°μ‚¬ν™œλ™μ˜ λͺ©μ μ΄λ‚˜ λ‚΄μš©μ΄ 아무리 ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜λ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν™œλ™μžμ²΄κ°€ 자의적이고 λ°˜λ³΅μ‹€ν—˜λ  수 μ—†λŠ” 것이라면 μ‘°μ‚¬μ„€κ³„λŠ” 신뒰성이 λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ 마련이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. 이런 μ μ—μ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬μ„€κ³„λŠ” μ‘°μ‚¬μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μžκΈ°ν†΅μ œμ μΈ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ œκ³΅ν•΄ μ£Όμ–΄ μ‘°μ‚¬μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 정당성을 μ œκ³ μ‹œμΌœ μ€€λ‹€. 이글은 이와 같은 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ—μ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬μ„€κ³„μ˜ 성격, μ‘°μ‚¬μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ •λ‹Ήν™”, μ—°κ΅¬λ¬Έμ œμ˜ 연역적 κ³ μ°°, κ°œλ…ν‹€ λ§Œλ“€κΈ°, 쑰사λͺ©ν‘œμ˜ μ§„μˆ μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€

    각ꡭ의 λΆ€νŒ¨ν†΅μ œ -법과 기ꡬ-

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    μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 경우 졜근 λ“€μ–΄μ™€μ„œ κ³΅μ§μžμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 각쒅 λΉ„λ¦¬Β·λΆ€μ •λΆ€νŒ¨κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‚˜, 이듀을 μ–΅μ œ λ‚΄μ§€λŠ” ν†΅μ œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ œλ„μ  μˆ˜λ‹¨μ€ 극히 λ―ΈλΉ„ν•œ 싀정이닀. λ¬Όλ‘  μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ œλ„λ“€λ§Œ κ°–μΆ”μ–΄μ Έ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ λΆ€νŒ¨κ°€ ν†΅μ œλ˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€. 즉 μ •μΉ˜λ°œμ „μ˜ μ„ ν–‰ λ“± λ§Žμ€ 외적 쑰건의 μΆ©μ‘±ν•˜μ—μ„œλ§Œ 적절히 운영될 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έκ³ μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ·¨μ§€μ—μ„œ 동남아 각ꡭ 즉 λŒ€λ§Œ, 싱가포λ₯΄, μžμœ μ€‘κ΅­ λ“±μ˜ κ΄€λ£ŒλΆ€νŒ¨ν†΅μ œμ œλ„λ“€μ„ κ³ μ°°ν•˜κ³ , λ―Έκ΅­, μ„œλ… λ“± μ„ μ§„κ΅­μ˜ 직무감찰기ꡬλ₯Ό κ³ μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ™Έκ΅­μ˜ 예λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ„ λΆ€νŒ¨ν†΅μ œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μƒμ„€κΈ°κ΅¬λ‚˜ 법을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° μ–΄λŠ 정도 μ‹œμ‚¬μ μ„ 얻을 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 1991년도 μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™λ°œμ „κΈ°κΈˆμ˜ 연ꡬ비 지원에 μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŒ

    μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œμ˜ μΈ‘μ •κ³Ό 이에 μˆ˜λ°˜λ˜λŠ” λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 문제점

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    μ•„μ£Ό 넓은 μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μΈ‘μ •μ΄λž€ μ–΄λ–€ 사싀을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ λ˜λŠ” κΈ°μˆ ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λΌκ³  말할 수 μžˆλ‹€. 과학은 이 우주의 μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 사싀을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ—…μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€. μΈ‘μ • μ§€μ—­μ˜ 인ꡬ가 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 되고 κ°€κ΅¬μˆ˜κ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 되고 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 직업은 무엇이며, μˆ˜μž…μ€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 그리고 μ§μ—…μ΄μ™Έμ˜ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ ν™œλ™λ“€μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€, 그리고 그듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ§μ—…μ΄λ‚˜ μƒν™œμ— λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 면이 덜 만쑱슀러운 것인지, λ˜ν•œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄λ‚˜ 행사, λ˜λŠ” μ œλ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ€ 일반적으둜 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 것이며 κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” 무엇인지 등에 κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ κΈ°μˆ ν•˜κ³  이것을 μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ˜λ―Έμ²΄κ³„λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜κ³ , 이와같이 λΆ„λ₯˜λœ 각 μΉ΄ν…Œκ³ λ¦¬μ˜ ν¬κΈ°λ‚˜ μ œλ„λ₯Ό λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  λ˜ν•œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ‚¬μƒμ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯μ΄λ‚˜ μ„±μ§ˆ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€μ„œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 사싀과 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 사싀 λ˜λŠ” μ–΄λ– ν•œ 속성과 μ†μ„±κ°„μ˜ 관계가 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 것인지 λ°ν˜€μ„œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬˜μ‚¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„λŠ” 극히 λ―Έμ„Έν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있고 λ¬΄ν•œνžˆ ν΄μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€. λ¬Έμ œλŠ” κ·Έ λ²”μœ„κ°€ μ–΄λ– λ“  간에 κ·Έ λ¬˜μ‚¬μ˜ 방법이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ μ ˆν•œκ°€κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것이닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬˜μ‚¬λ°©λ²•μ˜ μ μ ˆμ„±μ€ λ¬Όλ‘ , 그것을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λ˜λŠ” μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©μ μ— λ‹¬λ €μžˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ– ν•œ 관광지에 관광객을 μœ μΉ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 선전이 λͺ©μ μΈ 경우 κ·Έ μ‚°μˆ˜μ˜ μˆ˜λ €ν•¨μ„ μˆ˜μžμ— μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œλ‹€λ“ κ°€ μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬μΈμ—κ²Œ 자기의 심정을 수자둜 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒ λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ „μžλŠ” κ·Έ 풍경을 κ·Έλ¦° κ·Έλ¦Όμ΄λ‚˜ μ‚¬μ§„μœΌλ‘œ ν›„μžλŠ” νŽΈμ§€λ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이 보닀더 효과적일 것이닀

    λΆ€νŒ¨μ™€ μž‘μš©

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    μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλŠ” λΆ€νŒ¨μ˜ κ°œλ…κ·œμ •μ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³ , λΆ€νŒ¨λ₯Ό μ‘°μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 쑰건듀을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 그리고 λΆ€νŒ¨ ν†΅μ œμ‹œ κ³ μ•ˆλ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  점듀은 κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ μ—­κΈ°λŠ₯적 μΈ‘λ©΄κ³Ό 그리고 λΆ€νŒ¨κ°€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œμ˜ λΆ€νŒ¨μ˜ μž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€

    졜근 μ²­λ…„μΈ΅ μ‹€μ—… λ¬Έμ œμ™€ μΈμ μžμ›κ°œλ°œ λ°©ν–₯(Youth unemployment and policy of human resource development in Korea)

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    The IMF crisis which started late in 1997 caused massive unemployment in Korea. The crisis placed a high toll on young workers, especially on those at age between 25 and 29. However, even after the crisis, the high unemployment rate of young workers persisted. This study addresses the issue of high unemployment of younf workers in Kora. It argues that the Human capital theory(Becker, 1975) and Institutional Theory(Coase, 1965North, 1996) based on the Neo-classical economic perspective can offer only limited explanations on the unemployment of young workers in Korea. But, the New institutionalism Analysis(Granovetter, 1985Kim Hae-dong, 1995) perpective which focuses on the socio-cultural and institutional aspects provides a better explanation for high unemployment of young workers in Korea. The recently observed high unemployment of young workers is not a cyclical unemployment, which should wither away if the economy picks up. But, it is a long-trem phenomenon, which should be systematically dealt with. As a solution to deal with the current high unemployment of young workers, the study suggests improvement of the current vocational education and training system. Improving the current vocational education and training system for the young workers is very important in this knowledge based-economy. In particular, we need to improve the according to their skill levels and updated education and training according to the technological changesso that young workers can choose education and training programs according to their skill levels, starting from education and training programs for low-level skilled workers and moving to those for highly skilled workers

    κ°€μ„€ ꡬ성과 이에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 문제점

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    μ‘°μ‚¬λ¬Έμ œλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•¨μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ°°λ €μ‚¬ν•­μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ‹œν—˜μ— κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ„λ‘(testable)ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό 함은 μ—¬λŸ¬κ³³μ—μ„œ μ§€μ ν•œλ°”μ™€ κ°™κ±°λ‹ˆμ™€ 이말은 κ²°κ΅­ κ²½ν—˜μ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ 사싀여뢀λ₯Ό 확인할 수 μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ κ°œμ—°μ„±μ˜ 정도(degree of probalility)λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν• μˆ˜ μžˆλ„λ‘ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이닀. λ˜ν•œ κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ—¬λΆ€λ‚˜ κ°œμ—°μ„±μ˜ 정도λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 말은 κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€λ‹΅μ΄λ‚˜ 해결을 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ” κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이 λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€. 그러기 μœ„ν•˜μ—¬λŠ” μš°μ„  κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 정책이라고 μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” λ°”μ˜ 것을 μ œμ‹œν•  것은 과학적방법은 μš”κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€. κ·Έλ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ 정책이라고 μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” λ°”μ˜ 것을 μ‹œν—˜(test)ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΄μ•„μ„œ κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ 타당성이 ν™•μΈλ˜λ©΄μ€ 정책이라고 μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” λ°”μ˜ 것이 κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 정책이 λ˜λŠ” 것이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 정책이라고 μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” λ°”μ˜ 것이 μ‹œν—˜μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ νƒ€λ‹Ήν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨λ  보μž₯은 λ¬Όλ‘ μ—†λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과학적 λ°©λ²•μ˜ μ ˆμ°¨λŠ” κ·Έ κ·Όλ³Έμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ‹€λΆ„νžˆ μ‹œν–‰μ°©μ˜€μ μΈ 일면이 μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 것이라고 ν• μˆ˜ μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬μžλŠ” 그의 지식과 κ²½ν—˜μ„ μ΄λ™μ›ν•˜μ—¬ κ°€μž₯ 정책에 가깝닀고 μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” λ°”μ˜ 것이 μ œμ‹œλ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό 함은 말할 λ‚˜μœ„λ„ μ—†λ‹€. λ¬Όλ‘  μ΄λ•Œ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ •μ±…(μž μ •μ )은 κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ 타당성여뢀λ₯Ό κ°€λ¦΄μˆ˜ μžˆλ„λ‘ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ κΉŒλ‹­μ— μ‘°μ‚¬λ¬Έμ œλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λ§μ—λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž μ •μ  μ •μ±…κΉŒμ§€λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§ν• μˆ˜ μžˆλ‹€
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