9 research outputs found

    Clinicopathological Characteristics and Factors Affecting Recurrence of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ in Korean Women

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    Purpose: As breast cancer screening becomes more popular in Korea, incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of breast has increased to more than 10% of all breast cancer diagnosed. We aimed to show the clinicopathological characteristics and factors affecting recurrence of DCIS in Korean women. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 152 DCIS patients who underwent breast conserving surgery in Seoul National University Hospital between January 1995 and December 2005. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 46.7 years (24 to 66 years). Mean follow up duration of the patients was 73.82 months (0.80 to 168.43 months). Recurrence of disease occurred in 19 (12.5%) patients: 2 in contralateral breast, 15 in ipsilateral breast, and 2 in axilla. One patient showed ipsilateral breast recur after excision of axillary metastasis. Eight (42.11%) of all recurrence was infiltrating ductal carcinoma and one of them showed bone metastasis during follow up. In an multivariate analysis of factors affecting recurrence, younger age at diagnosis and omission of radiotherapy had significant association with recurrence (p=0.005 and p=0.002, respectively). However, tumor size (p=0.862), microinvasion (p=0.988), histologic grade (p=0.157), estrogen receptor status (p=0.401) and resection margin status (p=0.112) were not significantly correlated with recurrence. There was no breast cancer associated mortality. Conclusion: In this study, we found that the younger age at diagnosis and omission of adjuvant radiotherapy are independent predictors of recurrence in Korean DCIS patients.Pinder SE, 2010, BRIT J CANCER, V103, P94, DOI 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605718Bundred NJ, 2010, CLIN CANCER RES, V16, P1605, DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1623Virnig BA, 2010, J NATL CANCER I, V102, P170, DOI 10.1093/jnci/djp482Allegra CJ, 2010, J NATL CANCER I, V102, P161, DOI 10.1093/jnci/djp485Thomas J, 2010, BRIT J CANCER, V102, P285, DOI 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605513Collins LC, 2009, AM J SURG PATHOL, V33, P1802Hughes LL, 2009, J CLIN ONCOL, V27, P5319, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2009.21.8560Shah DN, 2009, BREAST J, V15, P649, DOI 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00838.xGoodwin A, 2009, BREAST, V18, P143, DOI 10.1016/j.breast.2009.04.003Chung YS, 2009, J BREAST CANCER, V12, P106, DOI 10.4048/jbc.2009.12.2.106Dunne C, 2009, J CLIN ONCOL, V27, P1615, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.5182Kuerer HM, 2009, J CLIN ONCOL, V27, P279, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.3103Luini A, 2009, BREAST CANCER RES TR, V113, P397, DOI 10.1007/s10549-008-9929-0von Smitten K, 2008, J SURG ONCOL, V98, P585, DOI 10.1002/jso.21038Ko SS, 2008, J SURG ONCOL, V98, P318, DOI 10.1002/jso.21110Sakorafas GH, 2008, CANCER TREAT REV, V34, P483, DOI 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.03.001Morrow M, 2008, ANN SURG ONCOL, V15, P2641, DOI 10.1245/s10434-008-0083-zIntra M, 2008, ANN SURG, V247, P315, DOI 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815b446bAllred DC, 2008, CLIN CANCER RES, V14, P370, DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1127RHEE J, 2008, BMC CANCER, V8, pNIL19, DOI DOI 10.1186/1471-2407-8-307Moore KH, 2007, ANN SURG ONCOL, V14, P2911, DOI 10.1245/s10434-007-9414-8Sontag L, 2005, J THEOR BIOL, V232, P179, DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.08.002Boland GP, 2003, BRIT J SURG, V90, P426, DOI 10.1002/bjs.4051Vicini FA, 2002, J CLIN ONCOL, V20, P2736, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2002.07.137Neuschatz AC, 2002, CANCER, V94, P1917, DOI 10.1002/cncr.10460Bartelink H, 2001, NEW ENGL J MED, V345, P1378Bijker N, 2001, J CLIN ONCOL, V19, P2263LEE HD, 2001, J KOREAN SURG SOC, V60, P495FRYKBERG ER, 1997, BREAST J, V3, P227

    Efficacy of Breast Ultrasonography for Detection of Local, Regional, and Contralateral Recurrence of Breast Cancer

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    Purpose: Breast uttrasonography (US) is not recommended for recurrence monitoring after breast cancer surgery due to the lack of evidence for its advantage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of US for detecting local recurrence (LR), regional recurrence (RR) and contralateral breast cancer (CBC) in breast cancer patients during follow-up. Methods: The medical records of 5,833 breast cancer patients who underwent breast cancer surgery between January 2003 and December 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Physical examination (PE), mammography (MMG), and US were done routinely to detect recurrences. Detection rate for locoregional and contralateral recurrence was compared between the three modalities. Results: During the follow-up period, 125 LR, 46 RR, 83 CBC, and 29 synchronous local and regional recurrences developed in 245 patients among the study population of 5,833 breast cancer patients. Median time to recurrence was 34.7 months. The recurrence detection rate was 51.9%, 43.5%, and 90.1% for PE, MMG, and US, respectively. Mean size of the recurrent lesions detected by US (1.57 cm) was smaller than that of PE (2.69 cm) and MMG (2.03 cm) (p=0.002). Conclusion: Breast US had higher recurrence detection rate for LA, RR, and CBC than PE or MMG after breast cancer surgery. ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์€ 2007๋…„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ  2์œ„(15.1%), ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š” 11,606๋ช…์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 6,6%์˜ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(1) ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์„ฑ์ ๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์–ด 5๋…„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ 77.9%์—์„œ 89.5%๋กœ 11.5% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1999๋…„ ์ดํ›„ 9๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๋ณ‘์ž ์ˆ˜๋„ 68,136๋ช…(11.2%)์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(1,2) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กด์ž์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ธก ์œ ๋ฐฉ ๋‚ด ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ตญ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธก ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project(NSABP) B-06์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 20๋…„์˜ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 14.3%์˜ ๋™์ธก ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์žฌ๋ฐœ(ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence)์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,(3) 10๋…„์˜ ์ถ”์  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹จ๋… ๊ตญ์†Œ-๊ตฌ์—ญ ์žฌ๋ฐœ(locoregional recurrence)์€ 12.4%, 4๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด ์ „์‹ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์†Œ-๊ตฌ์—ญ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์€ 19.8% ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.(4) ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธก ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”(contralateral breast cancer)์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 2-11%๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2-6๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.(5) 2008๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”ํ•™ํšŒ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ถŒ๊ณ ์•ˆ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ถŒ๊ณ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ, ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธก ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ 1๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ดฌ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์˜์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์€ ์•„์ง ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(6-11)์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ตญ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฐœ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ก์™€๋ถ€ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(12-15) ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ๊ตญ์†Œ, ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธก ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹จ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ฐ›์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2010๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„(2010-0004148).Kelly KM, 2010, EUR RADIOL, V20, P2557, DOI 10.1007/s00330-010-1844-1Kim HJ, 2010, ANN SURG ONCOL, V17, P2670, DOI 10.1245/s10434-010-1087-zJung KW, 2010, J KOREAN MED SCI, V25, P1113, DOI 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.8.1113Aebi S, 2010, ANN ONCOL, V21, pv9, DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdq159Lehman CD, 2009, J NATL COMPR CANC NE, V7, P1109Houssami N, 2009, ANN ONCOL, V20, P1505, DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdp037Moon HJ, 2009, RADIOLOGY, V252, P673, DOI 10.1148/radiol.2523081977Yarnold J, 2009, CLIN ONCOL-UK, V21, P159, DOI 10.1016/j.clon.2008.12.008Kim MJ, 2009, AM J ROENTGENOL, V192, P221, DOI 10.2214/AJR.07.4048Montgomery DA, 2007, BRIT J CANCER, V96, P1802, DOI 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603815Yilmaz MH, 2007, DIAGN INTERV RADIOL, V13, P13Khatcheressian JL, 2006, J CLIN ONCOL, V24, P5091, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8575Shin JH, 2005, J ULTRAS MED, V24, P643Taghian A, 2004, J CLIN ONCOL, V22, P4247, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2004.01.042Ciatto S, 2004, EUR J CANCER, V40, P1496, DOI 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.03.010Fisher B, 2002, NEW ENGL J MED, V347, P1233KIM SH, 2000, J KOREAN RADIOL SOC, V42, P1009Chen Y, 1999, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V8, P855GORDON PB, 1995, CANCER, V76, P626GIUSEPPETTI GM, 1989, RADIOL MED, V78, P339*NAT COMPR CANC NE, NCCN CLIN PRACT GUID*AM COLL RAD, ACR BREAST IM REP DA*NAT CANC INF CTR, CANC STAT*KOR BREAST CANC S, 3 BREAST CANC MAN RE

    A 3.2mW 10Gb/s Low-Power Decision Feedback Equalizer

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 2. ๊น€์žฌํ•˜.A 10Gb/s 3.2mW low-power decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is presented. The proposed DFE incorporates half-rate topology and it adopt direct feedback structure to cancel 1st post-cursor facilitating low-power design. Also, it exploits IIR filter to cancel the residue post-cursor efficiently. Because the DFE cannot cancel the ISI due to pre-cursor, adjustable sampling point is implemented for pre-cursor reduction. For channel that has 21dB loss at 5GHz, it recovers 10Gb/s PRBS7 data with a horizontal eye opening of 0.7UI on simulation. TSMC 65nm low-power technology is used and the DFE occurs 60um x 60um.10Gb/s ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ „์†ก ์†๋„์—์„œ 3.2mW ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์ €์ „๋ ฅ decision feedback equalizer(DFE) ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ DFE ๋Š” half-rate ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ post-cursor ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ดdirect feedback ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ post-cursor ๋“ค์€ IIR ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” linear equalizer ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ ๋Œ€์‹ , ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ง€์ ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ pre-cursor ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Nyquist ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ 21dB ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ฑ„๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 0.7UI eye-opening ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, TSMC 65nm low-power ๊ณต์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  60um x 60um ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Maste

    Influence of botulinum toxin A injection on the electromyographic activity of masseter muscle

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด 23 ๋ช…์˜ ์ง€์›์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ A, B, C, 3๊ฐœ ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ A ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๋Š” ์–‘์ธก ๊ต๊ทผ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ 25๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  B ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 35๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. C ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ „๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ 2์ฃผ, 4์ฃผ, 8์ฃผ, 12์ฃผ, 24์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ต๊ทผ์˜ ์ฒœ์ธต๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ธก๋‘๊ทผ์—์„œ ๊ทผ์ „๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋…์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. BTX-A๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๊ต๊ทผ์—์„œ ๊ทผ์ „๋„์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 2์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๊ต๊ทผ์˜ ๊ทผ์ „๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 8์ฃผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 24์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•œ ํ›„ ์—๋„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ „๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ 100%์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 3. 35๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด 25๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค 24์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•œ ํ›„ ํšŒ๊ท€๋Ÿ‰์€ 35๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋” ์ปธ๋‹ค. 4. ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๊ต๊ทผ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธก๋‘๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]23 applicants were randomly divided into 3 groups(A, B, C). In group A, 25 unit of BTX-A was unilaterally injected into masseter muscle(bilaterally 50 unit) and in group B, 35 unit was unilaterally injected(bilaterally 70 unit). In group C, controlled group, normal saline was injected. In each of them, EMG was examined before injection and 2weeks, 4weeks, 8weeks, 12weeks, 24 weeks after injection. The changes of EMG value was insighted by elapsed time in each group, and at each time, the differences of the change of EMG value was also investigated among the groups. Then these results were analysed statistically. The conclusions of this study were followings 1. In two groups with BTX-A injection, EMG activity of masseter muscles was reduced and it was suddenly reduced within 2weeks after injection. 2. From 8weeks after injection, EMG activity of masseter muscles began to rebound, but at 24 weeks after injection, was still lower than that of pre-injection. 3. More reduction was not occurred in the group B than in the group A and therapeutic effect also was not maintained longer in the group B than in the group A. In addition, rebound of EMG value was more in group B than in group A. 4. Even though EMG activity of masseter muscle was reduced, there was no change in the EMG activity of temporal muscle.ope

    Effect of polymorphisms in cytochromosome 2D6 on clinical outcomes of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2011.2. ๋…ธ๋™์˜.Maste

    Fabrication and characterization of sensor platform using Carbon Nanotubes

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ „๊ณต,2007.Maste

    ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋งˆ๊ตด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ์‹คํ—˜๋ชจ๋ธ ์ œ์‹œ

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    Dept. of Dentistry/๋ฐ•์‚ฌSinus floor elevation is implemented widely to overcome unfavorable anatomical conditions on which standard length implants could not be placed. There have been maxillary sinus models in various animals to evaluate the efficacy of surgical interventions. Dogs are widely used as experimental subjects. However, the canine maxillary sinus is difficult to be approached and too small to be manipulated for dental implant placement. The dog frontal sinus may represent an alternative candidate for surgical interventions pertaining to dental implants; its topographical resemblance to the maxillary sinus renders it a potentially favorable experimental environment. The aim of this study was thus to elucidate the anatomical configuration of the canine frontal sinus (e.g., its thickness at different locations) and histological characteristics, and to determine whether it could be a new canine experimental model for dental implant research.Twenty-four sides of canine frontal bones were harvested from 12 mongrel dogs. The specimens were scanned with a microcomputed tomography system. After three-dimensional reconstruction of the images, the distance from the nasion to the emerging point of the lateral frontal sinus was measured with the aid of Lucion software. The specimens were sectioned in a coronal plane from the emerging point of the lateral aspect of the canine frontal sinus, posteriorly at 1mm intervals, and named coronal sectioned image CS1 (the emerging point of the lateral frontal sinus) to CS16 (the 16th coronal section that was 16mm posterior to CS1). The thicknesses of the canine frontal sinus wall were measured at distances of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15mm from the midsagittal plane in sections CS1 to CS16. In two of the specimens, the samples were sectioned at a thickness of 7ใŽ› and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.The mean distance from the nasion to the emerging point of the lateral frontal sinus was 16.0mm (range, 10.2~23.0mm). The emerging point of the lateral aspect of the canine frontal sinus differed significantly according to the location of the septa within the frontal sinus. The mean thicknesses at 3, 6, 9, 12,and 15mm lateral to the midsagittal plane were 2.3mm (range, 2.0~2.7mm), 2.7mm (range, 2.5~3.4mm), 3.2mm (range, 2.9~3.9mm), 3.8mm (range, 3.1~4.2mm), and 3.7mm (range, 3.2~4.0mm), respectively. There was a tendency toward a greater thickness on proceeding laterally from the midsagittal plane and on proceeding posteriorly from the nasion. The canine frontal sinus was lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium comprising cilia and abundant single-layered cells in a manner suggestive of multiple cell layers comprising goblet cells.The thickest region was from the nasion at 7~8mm and 14~16mm posteriorly, and from the midsagittal plane 12mm laterally (range, 4.0~4.2mm), and from the nasion 6~8mm posteriorly and from the midsagittal plane 15mm laterally (4.0mm). The thinnest region was from the midsagittal plane 3mm laterally (range, 2.1~2.7mm). These data suggest that the canine frontal sinus is a suitable alternative to the canine maxillary sinus as a model for studying various sinus augmentation protocols.ope

    DC Grid์„ ๋ฐ•์—์„œ 4ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์—”์ง„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์†์šด์ „์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(IMO)๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œกํ•ด์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ 1997๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ MARPOL 73/78 ๋ถ€์†์„œ(Annex)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํšจ์œจ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„(EEDI, SEEMP & DCS) ์ œ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋†’์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ์•ž์žฅ์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค(GHG), ์งˆ์†Œ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ(NOX) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™ฉ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ(SOX)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ์•ž์žฅ์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž(Power Electronics), ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ ์ง„์  ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ „๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋” ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ(Giga Watt)๊ธ‰ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ „์•• ์ง๋ฅ˜์†ก์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์— ์„ค์น˜ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ AC Grid๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณ€์†ํ˜• ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ DC Grid์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ DC Grid์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด DC Grid๋Š” ์œกํ•ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ DC Grid์„ ๋ฐ•์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •์ด ๋œ ์ „์ž์‹ ๋””์ ค ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์†๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์—”์ง„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์บ  ๊ตฌ๋™ํ˜• ๋””์ ค ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ ๋œ 4ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์†Œ๋น„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์—”์ง„ ๊ฐ์† ์ „๋žต์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ DC Grid ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์†๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋œ DC Grid์ „์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์†๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์—”์ง„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์บ  ๊ตฌ๋™ํ˜• ๋””์ ค๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์—”์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์บ  ๊ตฌ๋™ํ˜• ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ DC Grid์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์œ ์ผ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ง„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€์ธ MASTC์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ 8๊ธฐํ†ต Vํ˜• 4ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ •๊ฒฉ์†๋„๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์—”์ง„์„ ์šด์ „ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋‚ด ์งˆ์†Œ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์—”์ง„์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—”์ง„ํšŒ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์งˆ์†Œ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ, ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—”์ง„ํšŒ์ „์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ฐจ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์†Œ๋น„๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ ์—”์ง„ํšŒ์ „์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์†Œ๋น„๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์บ  ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฐ์ € ๋””์ ค ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ ๋œ 4ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์—”์ง„์— ์—”์ง„ ํšŒ์ „์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Backgrounds 1 1.2 Research Objectives 3 2. Basic Theory 6 2.1 Electric Propulsion 6 2.1.1 Brief History of Electric Propulsion 6 2.1.2 Benefits of Electric Propulsion 8 2.1.3 AC & DC Grid 12 2.1.3.1 Trend of AC & DC Grid 12 2.1.3.2 Comparison of AC & DC Grid 13 2.1.4 Use of DC Grid 13 2.1.5 Components of DC Grid 14 2.1.5.1 Rectifier 15 2.1.5.2 Electronic Filter 17 2.1.5.3 Power Inverter 17 2.2 Emission 19 2.2.1 GHG / CO2 20 2.2.2 NOX 23 2.3 Specific Fuel Oil Consumption 25 3. Methodology 28 3.1 Overview of Methodology 28 3.2 Designing of DC-grid System for the MASTC Laboratory 28 3.3 Experimental Setup and Equipment 31 3.4 Experiment Conditions 33 4. Experiment Results 35 4.1 Effects of the Engine Load on Fuel Consumption and Emissions at the Rated Engine Speed 35 4.2 Effectiveness of the Engine Speed Reduction Strategy 38 4.2.1 Effectiveness of the Engine Speed Reduction Strategy on Exhaust Gas Emissions 39 4.2.2 Effectiveness of the Engine Speed Reduction Strategy on Fuel Oil Consumption 43 5. Conclusions 46 References 48 Nomenclature 52Maste

    Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Heat Exchanger of 1 kW PEMFC System for UAV

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    The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is regarded as the most promising alternative power sources for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) due to its high energy density and silent operation. Since there are many load changes during UAV flight, thermal management is one of the important factor for the performance of PEMFC. In order to reduce the UAV weight for the stable operation of UAV, thermal management system (TMS) studied in this work does not use the fan but use the air flowing into UAV by UAV flight. In order to develop the passive type heat exchanger (HEX) for 1kW PEMFC, four types of HEXs are fabricated and their cooling performances are compared. The parametric study on the cooling performance of HEXs has performed with the variation of operating parameters such as mass flow rates and inlet temperature of air and coolant. Type 4 has the best performance in every case. This study can be helpful to achieve the optimal design of HEX for PEMFC powered UAV.N
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