The Minimum Percentage of Triolein Emulsion for Studying Cerebral Vascular Permeability with Least Brain Edema

BACKGROUND: Triolein emulsion infusion into the brain produces transiently increased vascular permeability. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to find the minimum percentage of triolein emulsion required for studying vascular permeability with minimal brain edema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty healthy cats were divided into six groups according to the concentration of emulsified triolein infused into the carotid artery: group 1, 0.125% (n = 10)group 2, 0.25% (n = 10)group 3, 0.5% (n = 10)group 4, 1% (n = 10)group 5, 2% (n = 10)and group 6, saline infusion (control group, n = 10). T2-, T1- and contrast enhanced T1-weighted MR images were obtained 2 hours after infusing triolein emulsion. Contrast enhancement ratios (CERs) and signal intensity ratios (SIRs) versus contralateral hemispheres were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test. P values of ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The lesion hemispheres showed mild hyperintensity due to edema on T2-weighted images, and contrast enhancement on post-contrast T1-weighted images in cats of group 1-5. CERs showed statistically significant differences between the control group and group 3 (P = 0.006), group 4 (P = 0.003), and group 5 (P < 0.001). However, SIRs were significantly different between the control group and group 5 only (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The minimum concentration of triolein emulsion required to increase vascular permeability adequately with minimal brain edema in a cat model was 0.5%

Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy After Implant Placement in Patients Taking Immunosuppressive Agents

Progressive hemifacial atrophy (PHA) is a rare disorder characterized by acquired unilateral facial atrophy. This disease mainly affects the skin and the craniofacial tissue below forehead. It also involves dermatomes of the fifth cranial nerve. Atrophy of subcutaneous tissue, fat, muscle and osseocartilaginous structures were seen. It resulted in a sunken hemifacial appearance. Although epidermal cutaneous tissue was minimally involved, the tongue, gingiva, teeth, and palate may also be affected. The purpose of this study is to report a case of progressive hemifacial atrophy in a patient taking immunosuppressive drugs after implant and sinus graft surgery.ope

Osteochondroma of the mandibular inferior border: an atypical case

An osteochondroma is an osseous protuberance with cartilaginous growth potential, usually arising in skeletal bone and relatively uncommon in the craniofacial bone. Osteochondroma of the craniofacial region usually occurs at the condyle or the tip of the coronoid process, and rarely arises in the mandibular body, symphysis, ramus, and similar areas. Excision of the lesion including the periosteum is curative, and recurrence or malignant change (usually to a chondrosarcoma) after treatment is rare. We present an atypical case of osteochondroma in the left mandibular inferior border with review of literatureope

Mouth opening limitation caused by coronoid hyperplasia: a report of four cases

Coronoid process hyperplasia is a rare condition that causes mouth opening limitation, otherwise known as trismus. The elongated coronoid processes impinge on the medial surfaces of the zygomatic arches when opening the mouth, which limits movement of the mandible and leads to trismus. Patients with trismus due to coronoid process hyperplasia do not have any definite symptoms such as temporomandibular joint pain or sounds upon clinical examination, and no significant abnormal signs are observed on panoramic radiographs or magnetic resonance images of the temporomandibular joint. Thus, the diagnosis of trismus is usually very difficult. However, computed tomography can help with the diagnosis, and the condition can be treated by surgery and postoperative physical therapy. This paper describes four cases of patients who visited our clinic for trismus and were subsequently diagnosed with coronoid process hyperplasia. Three were successfully treated with a coronoidectomy and postoperative physical therapy.ope

Positional symmetry of porion and external auditory meatus in facial asymmetry

BACKGROUND: The porion (Po) is used to construct the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane for cephalometrics, and the external auditory meatus (EAM) is to transfer and mount the dental model with facebow. The classical assumption is that EAM represents Po by the parallel positioning. However, we are sometimes questioning about the possible positional disparity between Po and EAM, when the occlusal cant or facial midline is different from our clinical understandings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the positional parallelism of Po and EAM in facial asymmetries, and also to investigate their relationship with the maxillary occlusal cant. METHODS: The 67 subjects were classified into three groups. Group I had normal subjects with facial symmetry (1.05 ± 0.52 mm of average chin deviation) with minimal occlusal cant (<1.5 mm). Asymmetry group II-A had no maxillary occlusal cant (average 0.60 ± 0.36), while asymmetry group II-B had occlusal cant (average 3.72 ± 1.47). The distances of bilateral Po, EAM, and mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary first molars (Mx) from the horizontal orbital plane (Orb) and the coronal plane were measured on the three-dimensional computed tomographic images. Their right and left side distance discrepancies were calculated and statistically compared. RESULTS: EAM was located 10.3 mm below and 2.3 mm anterior to Po in group I. The vertical distances from Po to EAM of both sides were significantly different in group II-B (p = 0.001), while other groups were not. Interside discrepancy of the vertical distances from EAM to Mx in group II-B also showed the significant differences, as compared with those from Po to Mx and from Orb to Mx. CONCLUSIONS: The subjects with facial asymmetry and prominent maxillary occlusal cant tend to have the symmetric position of Po but asymmetric EAM. Some caution or other measures will be helpful for them to be used during the clinical procedures.ope

CONSERVATIVE RESECTION OF OSTEOCHONDROMA ON MANDIBULAR CONDYLE : A CASE REPORT

Osteochondroma is one of the most common benign tumors of the axial skeleton, but is rarely found in the facial bones and extremely rare in mandibular condyle. The clinical signs and symptoms of osteochondroma of mandibular condyle may resemble those seen in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Condylectomy have been the first choice for treatment of osteochondroma, but it may be with some complicaitons, loss of condylar vertical height, etc. A 57 years old female patient who had an osteochondroma on left mandibular condyle visited to our clinic. We did surgically remove the mass with favorable result, so we present the case with review of literaturesope

Mandibular Vertical Growth Deficiency After Botulinum-Induced Hypotrophy of Masticatory Closing Muscles in Juvenile Nonhuman Primates

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between masticatory muscular hypotrophy and mandibular growth in juvenile nonhuman primates (cynolmolgus monkeys, Macaca fasicularis). We hypothesized that botulinum toxin (BTX)-induced neuro-muscular junctional block and its resultant hypotrophy of masticatory muscles would produce mandibular growth disturbances in size and shape. Ten male cynomolgus monkeys were divided into three groups: group I (control; n = 3), group II (unilateral BTX; n = 4), and group III (bilateral BTX; n = 3). The unilateral or bilateral muscular hypotrophy of major masticatory closing muscles was induced by synchronous BTX application to masseter, medial pterygoid, and temporal muscle. Mandibular growth was tracked by linear, angular, area and volume measurements using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography imaging before BTX treatment and after 3 and 6 months. After unilateral hypotrophy of masticatory muscles in group II, vertical growth deficiency was prominent on the BTX side, with compensatory overgrowth on the control side. The bilateral muscular hypotrophy in group III also showed smaller ramal height and width than that of control (group I) and control side (group II). Moreover, ramal sagittal angles (posterior tilt) increased on the BTX side of both groups II and III, but coronal angles (lateral tilt) did so on the BTX side of group II, resulting in asymmetry. The results confirmed our hypothesis that functional activity of masticatory closing muscles is closely related to mandibular growth in size and shape of juvenile nonhuman primates. In addition, the focused growth disturbances on the ramal height and posterior-lateral tilt suggested the possible role of masticatory closing muscles for ramal vertical and angular growth vector of the mandible.ope

CENTRAL ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA IN ANTERIOR MAXILLA - A CASE REPORT

Central odontogenic fibroma is an extremely rare benign tumor, accounting for less than 0.1% of all odontogenic tumors. The most recent literature review that only 69 cases have so far been reported. This tumor has a slow persistent growth that results in painless cortical expansion clinically, and well defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucent lesion. Root resorption of associated teeth is common, and lesions located between the teeth often cause root divergence. There is occurring tendency to female more than male, and occurring in the mandible and in the maxilla with equal frequency. The treatment is surgical excision with no tendency to undergo malignant transformation. We report a case of central odontogenic fibroma in the maxilla of a 27-year male with literatures review.ope

The Prophylactic Impact of Low Molecular Weight Heparin on Occurrence of Venous Thromboembolism after Colorectal Cancer Resection

Purpose: In western society, prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VIE) is the standard treatment under colorectal surgery for colorectal cancer. However, the incidence of VIE after colorectal surgery and the effect of prophylactic methods are not well known in Korea. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of VIE and assess the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) after major colorectal surgery in Korean patients with compression stockings. Methods: From Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2008, 1,727 consecutive patients underwent major colorectal surgery. Thirty-six were excluded due to the therapeutic use of enoxaparin. A final number of 1,691 patients were included. Graduated compression stockings were used in all patients and 654 were perioperatively given enoxaparin. Only compression stocking group (group A) and compression stocking with enoxaparin group (group B) were compared in terms of VTE. The event of VIE within 6 months after surgery was counted by clinical symptoms, then imaging findings were used for confirmation. Results: Total VIE developed in 10 patients (0.6%). Three with deep vein thrombosis had pulmonary embolism. Two had only pulmonary embolism. The rates of VTE were not different between group A and B (0.8% vs. 0.3%, P=0.333). Also, postoperative major bleeding was not significantly different. However, postoperative transfusion was higher in group B (P<0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of VTE was very low after colorectal surgery in Korean patients with compression stockings. The additional use of enoxaparin for colorectal cancer patients with compression stockings seems to have little benefit for VIE prophylaxis. 수술 후에 발생되는 정맥 혈전색전증은 임상적으로 중요하면서도 예방 가능한 합병증으로 알려져 왔다. 서양에서는 일반 수술의 경우 하지 심부 정맥혈전증 발생률이 20%정도이며 대장절제술의 경우는 30% 정도로 알려져 있다.(1)반면, 동양인들을 대상으로 한 연구들에서 수술 후 임상적으로 진단된 하지 심부 정맥혈전증은 0.27%의 환자에서 발생하였고, 폐동맥 색전증은 0.8% 이내로 서양에 비해 낮게 보고되었다.(2-5) 특히, 대장암 수술이 다른 일반 개복 수술에 비해서 정맥 혈전색전증 발생이 많은 것으로 보고되고 있고, 폐동맥 색전증의 빈도 또한 높다고 알려져 있다.(6)아시아에서 대장암 수술 후에 임상적으로 진단된 하지 심부 정맥혈전증의 빈도는 4.7%, 그리고 폐동맥 색전증은 1.7∼3.8%로 보고되었으며,(7,8) 서양에서는 수술 후 하지 심부정맥혈전증이 3.1∼51.7%에 이른다는 보고가 있다.(9-11)아직까지 국내에서는 대장절제술후의 정맥 혈전색전증의 발생률에 대한 연구가 거의 없었으며, 저분자량 헤파린(low molecular weight heparin)을 대장절제술을 시행하는 모든 환자에서 투여하는 것에 대한 의견도 정립되지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 대장암으로 대장절제술을 시행한 환자들을 대상으로 수술 시 압박스타킹(graduated compression stocking)만 사용한 군과 압박스타킹과 저분자량 헤파린을 같이 사용한 군으로 나누어서 정맥 혈전색전증의 발생 빈도와 저분자량 헤파린의 효용성 및 출혈 위험에 대해서 비교해 보았다.Cheung HYS, 2008, ASIAN J SURG, V31, P63Beekman R, 2006, CAN J SURG, V49, P197Bauduer F, 2005, MOL GENET METAB, V86, P91, DOI 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.04.002Almawi W, 2005, J THROMB THROMBOLYS, V19, P189, DOI 10.1007/s11239-005-1313-xCheuk BLY, 2004, BRIT J SURG, V91, P424, DOI 10.1002/bjs.4454Otten HMMB, 2004, ARCH INTERN MED, V164, P190Kim YH, 2003, J BONE JOINT SURG BR, V85B, P661, DOI 10.1302/0301-620X.85B5.14012ANDERSON FA, 2003, CIRCULATION, V107, P19WILLEJORGENSEN P, 2003, COCHRANE DB SYST REV, DOI DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001217CHUNG CC, 2003, COLORECTAL DIS, V5, P528GREENE FL, 2002, AJCC CANC STAGING MALee FY, 2001, ANZ J SURG, V71, P637McLeod RS, 2001, ANN SURG, V233, P438Marshall NJ, 2000, AUST NZ J SURG, V70, P6392000, DIS COLON RECTUM, V43, P1037Ho YH, 1999, DIS COLON RECTUM, V42, P196Schwenk W, 1998, SURG ENDOSC-ULTRAS, V12, P7Yoo MC, 1997, INT ORTHOP, V21, P399HO YH, 1996, DEEP VENOUS THROMBOS, P38REES DC, 1995, LANCET, V346, P1133IDO K, 1995, SURG ENDOSC-ULTRAS, V9, P310GREM JL, 1994, J CLIN ONCOL, V12, P560KUM CK, 1993, ANN ACAD MED SINGAP, V22, P895HUBER O, 1992, ARCH SURG-CHICAGO, V127, P310KIM YH, 1988, J BONE JOINT SURG AM, V70A, P878TORNGREN S, 1982, DIS COLON RECTUM, V25, P563TSAKOK FH, 1974, ANN AC AD MED SINGAP, V3, P399HWANG WS, 1968, SINGAPORE MED J, V9, P276TINCKLER LF, 1964, BRIT MED J, V1, P502

A Study on the Conscription and the Constitution in the Empire of Japan: In connection with expanding to the colony

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 법학과 헌법 전공, 2016. 2. 송석윤.근대국가의 형성 과정에서 폭력의 독점은 하나의 주요한 축을 이루고 있다. 폭력의 사용과 관련하여 군사기술, 사상, 양식 등의 발전은 지배방식과 권력관계 등의 변화를 요구하였고 이는 근대국가의 발전과 밀접하게 관련되어 있다. 국가가 폭력의 독점을 관철하는 과정에서는 이전에는 찾아보기 어려웠던 인적･물적 자원의 대규모의 동원(動員)과 같은 양상이 전개되었다. 그 과정에서 효과적인 자원의 동원과 유지를 위하여 통치 방식에도 변화가 나타났다. 통치자는 직접 피지배층과 접촉하게 되었고 보다 효율적인 통치를 위하여 중앙집권적 행정체계의 형성이라는 근대국가의 표징(標徵)이 나타나게 되었다. 그리고 자원의 동원을 요구하는 자와 요구받는 자 사이의 협상이 불가피해지면서 권력관계도 달라지게 되었다. 협상은 정치적인 권리의 획득과 이어지는 것이었고 전에는 없었던 제도 등을 창출하였다. 이 논문은 이러한 근대국가의 발전 과정이 유럽의 역사적 맥락에서 유효한 것이라고 한다면 우리나라를 포함한 동아시아의 경우에는 이를 어떻게 이해해야 하는가를 문제의 출발점으로 삼았다. 그리하여 동아시아에 영향을 미친 일본의 경험을 폭력의 독점 과정에 집중하여 먼저 살펴보고자 하였다. 일본에서 이러한 과정은 징병제에 바탕을 두고 있었으므로 본문에서의 논의는 징병제를 중심으로 하였다. 메이지 유신을 계기로 들어선 천황 정권, 즉 일본제국(일제)은 징병령을 통하여 국민개병(國民皆兵)의 징병제를 실시하였다. 그리고 패망할 때까지 징병제를 바탕으로 군비확장을 이어나갔다. 일제의 징병제와 이와 관련된 법제는 당시의 구조적인 모순을 그대로 드러내었다. 일제의 군대는 징병제를 기반으로 하는 군대였지만 국민의 군대는 아니었다. 이는 일제의 헌법이 권력관계의 변화와 그 의미를 제대로 포착하지 못한 채 근대국가를 설계하였다는 점에서, 그리고 권력의 통제에 취약하였다는 점에서 그 이유를 찾을 수 있다. 법제와 관련해서는 유럽으로부터 거의 이식에 가까운 영향을 받았지만 일제는 근대국가의 발전과 관련하여 유럽의 맥락에서 획득한 의미와는 다소 다른 결 위에서 이를 받아들인 것으로 보인다. 그리고 이러한 일제의 경험은 식민지에도 그대로 영향을 미쳤다. 일제의 징병제는 식민지 조선에도 확대되었으며 그 과정에서 또한 특유의 양상을 드러내었다.State monopoly on violence(Gewaltmonopol des Staates) is a key point of the formation of the modern state. With respect to the use of violence, the development of military technology, idea, style, etc. was demanding changes in ruling system and power relations, and it was closely related to the development of the modern state. In the process of state monopoly on violence, the massive mobilization/conscription like never before was developed, and the ruling system changed in order to mobilize and maintain resources effectively. The rulers became to have contact with the subjugated class directly, and the formation of centralized administrative systems for effective governance which is a sign of the modern state was appeared. In addition, the power relations became to change because of inevitable bargaining between rulers who demanded mobilization and subjects who were demanded. The bargaining was connected to acquisition of civil and political rights and created new systems. If the process of the development of the modern state is valid in the context of European history, it may be asked whether it is also in the East Asian. This dissertation takes this question as a point of departure and studies the Japanese experience which had influenced on the East Asia centering on the process of state monopoly on violence first. Additionally, the process in Japan was based on the conscription, the discussion therefore focuses on the conscription. With the Meiji Restoration as momentum, the Empire of Japan was established. After that, the government adopted the universal conscription system enforcing conscription ordinance(Chōheirei). The conscription and the related laws, however, had exposed the structural contradiction in the Empire of Japan as it was. Moreover, the military was not the nations, even though it was based on the conscription. It is because the constitution of the Empire of Japan tried to found the modern state without understanding the meaning of a change of power relations properly, and also had structural vulnerability on the control of the power. With respect to the laws, even though it had been exceedingly influenced by Europe, it seemed that the Empire of Japan accepted them on a little different context from the European. Furthermore, these experiences had just an effect on the colony. The conscription of the Empire of Japan was expanded to Chosen, the colony, and the characteristics were revealed in the expanding.제1장 서론 1 제1절 연구의 목적과 의의 1 제2절 논문의 구성 7 제2장 근대국가의 징병제 9 제1절 국민개병의 징병제 9 I . 징병제 등장 이전의 역사 9 1. 절대주의 국가의 상비군(常備軍) 9 2. 사상의 발전 11 II . 징병제의 등장 14 1. 프랑스의 경험 14 2. 프로이센의 경험 17 제2절 징병제의 의미 20 I . 징병제와 근대국가의 발전 20 1. 직접통치로의 이행 20 2. 권력관계의 변화 22 II . 징병제와 군의 전문직업화 25 1. 정치-군사관계와의 접점 25 2. 군의 통제 27 제3절 소결론 30 제3장 일제의 군대와 제국헌법의 성립 31 제1절 징병령에 의한 군대의 성립 31 I . 징병령의 포고 31 1. 사민개병(四民皆兵)의 징병령 31 2. 광범위한 면역 규정 34 3. 징병에 대한 반발 35 II . 징병령의 개정 38 1. 배경 38 2. 개정의 방향 41 3. 개정의 양상 41 4. 정리 45 III . 정치 관여 금지와 통수권의 독립 47 1. 정치 관여 금지의 강조와 제도화 47 2. 통수권의 독립 53 제2절 제국헌법과 군사 55 I . 제국헌법의 성립과 군사 관련 규정 55 1. 병역의 의무(제20조) 55 2. 통수 및 편제에 대한 권한(제11, 12조) 57 3. 소결론 63 II . 제국헌법 성립 이후의 징병령의 개정 65 1. 1895년 3월 13일의 개정 65 2. 1904년 9월 28일의 개정 66 3. 1918년 3월 30일의 개정 66 4. 정리 67 III . 제국헌법체제에서의 군부의 형성 70 1. 제국헌법의 구조와 그 체제 70 2. 정치-군사관계와 군부의 형성 74 제3절 소결론 77 제4장 병역법의 개정과 식민지로의 확대 79 제1절 병역법으로의 전환과 정치-군사관계 79 I . 병역법의 개정 79 1. 1927년 4월 1일의 병역법 80 2. 개전(開戰) 아래에서의 개정 81 3. 정리 83 II . 군부 파시즘 85 1. 정치 변동과 군부의 변질 86 2. 일제의 군부 파시즘과 법제 89 제2절 식민지로의 병역법 확대 93 I . 식민지의 법적 구조 93 1. 식민지의 개념 93 2. 식민지 법제 106 II . 식민지 조선에서의 징병제 실시 111 1. 조선인지원병제도 111 2. 1943년 3월 2일의 병역법 개정(법률 제4호) 115 3. 병역에 대한 인식 117 4. 참정권과의 문제 120 제3절 소결론 123 제5장 결론 127 참고문헌 135 부 록 147 Abstract 151 日文抄錄 153Maste