24 research outputs found
A study on methods for redressing a legitimate right holder of a patent modified by a misappropriate applicant
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : λ²κ³Όλν λ²νκ³Ό(μ§μμ¬μ°μ 곡), 2023. 8. μ μμ‘°.νΉνλ² μ 무κΆλ¦¬μμ λͺ¨μΈ μΆμ(εθͺεΊι‘)μ λνμ¬ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ 보νΈλ λ€κ°λλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§λ€. μ°μ , νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έ λ° νΉνλ² μ 62μ‘° μ 2νΈμ μνμ¬ λ¬΄κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμ κ±°μ μ¬μ μ ν΄λΉνλ©°, μ€μ¬ 무κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμ΄ λ±λ‘λμλλΌλ νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έ λ° νΉνλ² μ 133μ‘° μ 1ν μ 2νΈμ μνμ¬ μκΈμ λ¬΄ν¨ μ¬μ μ ν΄λΉνλ€. λν, 무κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμ΄ νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έμ μλ°μ μ΄μ λ‘ νλ νΉνλ² μ 62μ‘° μ 2νΈμ μνμ¬ κ±°μ λ κ²½μ°, 무κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμ΄ κ±°μ λ ν 30μΌ λ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμ 무κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμΌλ‘ μκΈ κ°μ£Όλλ€. 무κΆλ¦¬μμ λ±λ‘ νΉνμ λνμ¬ νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έμ μλ°μ μ΄μ λ‘ νλ νΉνλ² μ 133μ‘° μ 1ν μ 2νΈμ μν νΉν λ¬΄ν¨ μ¬κ²°μ΄ νμ λ κ²½μ°, 무κΆλ¦¬μμ νΉνμ λν λ¬΄ν¨ μ¬κ²° νμ ν 30μΌ λ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμ 무κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμΌλ‘ μκΈ κ°μ£Όλλ€.
κ·Έλ¬λ, μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μλ₯Ό 보νΈνκ³ μ νλ νΉνλ²μ μ·¨μ§μ λ¬λ¦¬, μ€λ¬΄μ λ§μ μμ 무κΆλ¦¬μλ λ΄λΆμ μ 보μ μν μ 보 μ·¨λ, λλ κΈ°ν λ€μν λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ μ§λ(η₯εΎ)ν μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ λ°λͺ
μ λνμ¬ λ³νμ κ°νμ¬ λμΌμ±μ λ²μ΄λ λ²μμ νΉνλ₯Ό μΆμνλ κ²½μ°κ° λ§λ€. νν μΌμ΄λλ κ²½μ°λ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ λ°λͺ
μ λνμ¬ κ΅¬μ± μμλ₯Ό λΆκ°νκ±°λ μΌλΆ κ΅¬μ± μμλ₯Ό μΉνν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ κ°λ λ°λͺ
μΌλ‘ λ³νλ λ°λͺ
μ νΉν μΆμμ νλ κ²½μ°μ΄λ€.
λ³νλ νμΈ νΉνμ λν μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ μ°μ μ μΈ κ΅¬μ λ°©λ²μ νμΈ νΉνμ λν κ±°μ λλ 무ν¨λ₯Ό ν΅ν μκΈ μλ©Έμ΄ λμ΄μΌ νλ€. νν νΉνλ² μ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μλ₯Ό λ°°μ νκ³ μΆμλ νμΈ νΉνμ λν κ±°μ λλ 무ν¨μ κ·Όκ±° κ·μ μΈ νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ νΉνμ¬νμ λ° λ²μμ μ§λμΉκ² λμΌμ± μ¬λΆμ νλ¨μ ν¨λͺ°λκ³ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ 보νΈλ₯Ό λμΈμνκ³ μμΌλ©°, λΆνμν λΆμμ μΌκΈ°νκ³ μλ€. νμΈ νΉνλ λκ° μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ λ°λͺ
μμ ν΅μ¬μ μΈ λΆλΆμ κ·Έλλ‘ λ³΄μ‘΄νλ©΄μ λΆμ°¨μ μΈ μ¬νμ λνμ¬ κ΅¬μ±μ λΆκ° λλ μΉνμ νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ¬ν λλ μμ‘ μ μ°¨μμ λμΌμ± μ¬λΆμ νλ¨μ ν΅μ¬μ μΈ λΆλΆμ κ΄μ¬μ΄ μκ³ λΆμ°¨μ μΈ μ¬νμ λν λ
Όμκ° μ£Όμν λ
Όμ λμμ΄ λλ€. λ λμκ°, μ΄λ¬ν λΆμ°¨μ μΈ μ¬νμ λνμ¬ μ κ·μ± λλ μ§λ³΄μ±μ΄ μΈμ λλ κ²½μ°, νμΈ νΉνμ λ°λͺ
νμμ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μκ° κ°μ
λμλμ§ μ¬λΆλ₯Ό λ€ν΄ νμλ μμ΄ μ¬ν λλ μμ‘ μ μ°¨κ° κ·Έλλ‘ μ’
κ²°λκ³ μλ κ²μ΄ λͺ¨μΈ μΆμκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨ν μ¬ν λλ μμ‘ μ μ°¨μ νμ€μ΄λ€.
νμΈμ΄ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ λ°λͺ
μΌλ‘λΆν° μ°©μμ μ»μ΄μ κΈ°μ μ νμ·¨νλ λͺ©μ μ νΉνλ₯Ό μΆμνμμμ΄ μ ν©μ λλ¬λ¨μλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ νν νΉνλ² μ λͺ¨μΈ μΆμ κ΄λ ¨ κ·μ μΈ νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έμ΄ λμΌμ± μ¬λΆμ νλ¨μ μ§λμΉκ² ν¨λͺ°λμ΄μ λ¬Έμ ν΄κ²°μ νμ§ λͺ»νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ λ²μ νλ¨μ ꡬνλ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ μ΄μ λνμ¬ κ²°μ μ λ΄λ¦¬λ νΉνμ¬νμ λ° λ²μμ νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έμ λμμΌλ‘ 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ λν 곡λ μΆμ κ·μ μΈ νΉνλ² μ 44μ‘°λ₯Ό μλΉν μ΄μ©νκ³ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ, λ³νλ νμΈ νΉνμ λν ν©μκ° λμμ 리 μλ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ νμΈ κ°μ μ€μ§μ μνΈ νλ ₯μ μΈμ νμ¬ κ³΅λ μΆμ μλ°μ΄λΌλ κ²°λ‘ μ μ΄λμ΄λ΄λ νΉνμ¬νμ λ° λ²μμ λ
Όλ¦¬λ λΆλͺ
λ¬Έμ κ° μλ€.
νΉνλ² μ 44μ‘°μ κΈ°λ°νμ¬ νμΈ νΉνλ₯Ό λ¬΄ν¨ μν¬ κ²½μ°, μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μ μ
μ₯μμλ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ λ°λͺ
μ΄ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ λμ μμ΄ μΆμλμλ€λ νλ¨μ λ°μΌλ©° λν νμΈ νΉνλ₯Ό 무ν¨ννμκΈ° λλ¬Έμ 1μ°¨μ μΈ λͺ©νλ λ¬μ±νμμ§λ§, νμΈ νΉνμ λ³Έμ§μ ꡬμ±μ λ³ΈμΈμ΄ μ μνμμμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ λΆμ°¨μ μΈ κ΅¬μ±μ λΆκ°ν¨μ λΆκ³Όν νμΈκ³Ό λλ±ν μ격μΌλ‘ κ· λ±ν μ§λΆμ 곡λ κΆλ¦¬λ₯Ό μΆμ λ°μμ λΆκ³ΌνκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μμ ν λ¬Έμ ν΄κ²°κ³Όλ κ±°λ¦¬κ° μλ€. λν, νμΈ νΉνμ λν κΈ°μ¬λμ λ°λ₯Έ 곡μ μ§λΆμ¨μ λνμ¬ μλ¬΄λ° νλ¨μ λ°μ§ λͺ»νμκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, 2016λ
μ μ€λ νΉνλ² μ 99μ‘°μ2μ λ°λ₯Έ μ§λΆ μ΄μ μ²κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν λμλ μ§λΆμ¨κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ μλ‘μ΄ μμ‘μ΄ μΌκΈ°λ μλ°μ μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν λ¬Έμ μ κ·Όλ³Έμ μμΈμ μ λΉμ΄ λͺ¨μΈ μΆμμμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ λͺ¨μΈ μΆμ κ·μ μ΄ ν΄κ²°μ νμ§ λͺ»ν κ²μ λνμ¬ λμμ λ
Όλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ§λ€κΈ° μν΄ λ³νλ νμΈ νΉνμ λν ν©μκ° λμμ 리 μλ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ νμΈ κ°μ μ€μ§μ μνΈ νλ ₯μ μΈμ νμ¬ κ³΅λ μΆμ μλ°μΌλ‘ ν΄κ²°νμκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€.
λ°λͺ
μ μ€μ€λ‘ λ°λͺ
μ μμ± ν λͺ¨μΈ μΆμμ΄ μκΈΈ μ¬μ§κ° μλ μ΄λ²€νΈ, μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, μμ ν μ μ μλ’° λλ μ°κ΅¬ νλ ₯ λ―Έν
λ±μ μλκ³ λ μμ μΆμ μ λλ₯Ό μ κ·Ή νμ©νμ¬ λ―Έλ¦¬ νΉν μΆμμ νλ λ¬Ένκ° μ리μ‘λλ‘ νλ κ²μ΄ μ€μνλ€. μμ μΆμ μ λλ λνλ―Όκ΅ νΉνμ²μ΄ 2020λ
λμ
ν μ λμ΄λ©°, λΉ λ₯Έ νΉν μΆμμΌ ν보λ₯Ό μν΄ λ―Έκ΅μ κ°μΆμ(provisional application)κ³Ό κ°μ΄ νμμ μ μ½μ΄ μλ λͺ
μΈμλ₯Ό μ μΆν μ μλ μ λμ΄λ€. λν, 곡κ°λμ§ μμ μ μΆμ, μ¦, μ λΉ κΆλ¦¬μμ μΆμμ κΈ°λ°νμ¬ νμΆμ, μ¦, νμΈ νΉνμ μΆμμ κ±°μ λλ λ±λ‘ ν 무ν¨νν¨κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ νν νΉνλ² μ 29μ‘° μ 3νμ λμΌμ± λ²μ νλ¨μ μ§λ³΄μ± λ²μ νλ¨μΌλ‘ νμ₯ν νμκ° μλ€. λ λμκ°, νΉνλ² μ 29μ‘° μ 1ν λ° μ 2νμμ μ κ·μ± λ° μ§λ³΄μ±μ μΈμ©λ°λͺ
μ§μμ λνμ¬ νν νΉνλ²μ νΉν μΆμ μ μ κ΅λ΄ λλ κ΅μΈμμ 곡μ§(ε
¬η₯)λμκ±°λ 곡μ°(ε
¬ηΆ)ν μ€μλ λ°λͺ
λ±μ νμ ν κ²μ΄ μλλΌ, λ―Έκ΅ νΉνλ² 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(2) λ° μ΄λ₯Ό μ€μ©νλ 35 U.S.C. 103μ μ μ¬νκ², κ·Έ νΉν μΆμμΌ μ μ μΆμλ νΉν μΆμμ μΆμμμ μ΅μ΄λ‘ 첨λΆλ λͺ
μΈμ λλ λλ©΄μ κΈ°μ¬λ λ°λͺ
μΌλ‘ νλν νμκ° μλ€.
λͺ¨μΈ μΆμμ νΉνλ² μ 33μ‘° μ 1ν λ³Έλ¬Έμ λν κ±°μ μ΄μ λ° λ¬΄ν¨ μ΄μ λ₯Ό κ·μ νκ³ μλ νΉνλ² μ 62μ‘° μ 2νΈ λ° μ 133μ‘° μ 1ν μ 2νΈμ λνμ¬ λ¨μν νΉνλ₯Ό λ°μ μ μλ κΆλ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°μ§μ§ μμ κ²½μ°λ‘ λ²μλ₯Ό μ’κ² νμ ν κ²μ΄ μλλΌ, λ
μΌ νΉνλ² μ 21μ‘° μ 1ν μ 3νΈμ μ μ¬νκ², νΉνμ λ³Έμ§μ λ΄μ©μ΄ νμΈμ λ°λͺ
μ μ€λͺ
, λλ©΄, λͺ¨ν, λꡬ, μ₯μΉλ‘λΆν°, λλ νμΈμ΄ μ΄λ₯Ό μ΄μ©νλ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘λΆν° ν΄λΉ νμΈμ λμ μμ΄ μ·¨λλμ΄ μλ κ²½μ°μ λνμ¬ κ±°μ μ΄μ λ° λ¬΄ν¨ μ΄μ λ‘ κ°μ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨, λͺ¨μΈ μΆμμ λν μ¬ν λ° μμ‘ μ μ°¨κ° νΉνμ λ³Έμ§μ λ΄μ©μ΄ 무μμΈμ§ λ° ν΄λΉ λ³Έμ§μ λ΄μ©μ΄ ν΄λΉ νΉνμ λ°λͺ
μλ‘λΆν° λΉλ‘―λ κ²μΈμ§ λλ νμΈμΌλ‘λΆν° νλ½ μμ΄ λΉλ‘―λ κ²μΈμ§μ λν μ¬λ¦¬λ‘ μ§μ€λμ΄μΌ νλ€.
νμΈ νΉνμ λ³νλ λ²μκ° μλΉνμ¬ μ΄μ© μ μμ΄ νΉνλ² μ 44μ‘°μ 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ κΈ°λ°νμ¬ νλ¨μ νλ κ²½μ°, νλ‘μ 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ νλ¨νκΈ° μν μ건μΌλ‘μ μ€μ§μ μνΈ νλ ₯ μ건과 κ΄λ ¨νμ¬, νμΈ νΉνκ° νμΈ νΉνμ μΆμ λΉμ λΉλ°μ μ§μ무λ₯Ό μ§μ§ μλ λΆνΉμ λ€μμκ² κ³΅κ°λμ§ μλ κΈ°μ μ κΈ°λ°νμ¬ κ°λ λ°λͺ
μ μνν κ²μ΄μλ€λ©΄ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μλ‘λΆν° λΉλ‘―λ κ΅¬μ± μμμ μν κΈ°μ μ μ¬μμ μ°½μνμμ μ€μ§μ μΌλ‘ κΈ°μ¬κ° μΈμ λλ κ²½μ°μ ννμ¬ κ³΅λ λ°λͺ
μΌλ‘ μΈμ ν¨μ΄ νλΉνλ€. λν, νΉνλ² μ 44μ‘°μ κΈ°λ°νλ λ¬΄ν¨ μ¬μ λ₯Ό μ¬λ¦¬νλ νΉνμ¬νμ λλ λ²μμμλ λ¨μν 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ¬λΆλ§μ νλ¨ν κ²μ΄ μλλ©°, νΉνλ² μ 44μ‘° μλ°μ΄ μΈμ λλ κ²½μ° μΆμμ 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ κ°μ 곡μ μ§λΆμ¨μ κ΄ν λ³λ μ½μ μ΄ μμ 리 μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, κ° λ°λͺ
μμ κΈ°μ¬λμ λ°λ₯Έ κΈ°μ¬μ¨μ ν¨κ» νλ¨ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μλ‘μ΄ μμ‘μ΄ λ°μνλ κ²μ μ¬μ μ μ°¨λ¨νλ κ²μ΄ λ°λμ§νλ€.
νν νΉνλ²μ λ§Ήμ μ μ
μ©νμ¬ λμΌ λ²μλ₯Ό λ²μ΄λλ λ³νλ§μ κ°ν νμΈ νΉνμ λν μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ ꡬμ λ₯Ό λμΈμνλ€λ©΄ νΉν μ λλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ°λͺ
μ μ₯λ €νκ³ μ°μ
λ°μ μ λλͺ¨νκΈ° μνμ¬ λΆμ¬λλ λ°°νμ λ
μ κΆμ 보μ₯νκΈ° μν κ΅κ°μ νμ λ ₯μ΄ μλ±ν μμ 보νΈμ μ¬μ©λκ² λλ€. νν νΉνλ² μ νκ³κ° μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ΄λ¬ν λ¬Έμ κ° λ°μνκ³ μμΌλ©°, μ
λ²λ‘ μ κ°μ μ΄ λ·λ°μΉ¨λμ΄μΌ λ³νλ νμΈ νΉνμ μΆμμ λ§μ μ μλ€. νΉνλ²μ κΈ°λ°ν λ μ λΉν κΆλ¦¬μμ λ°λͺ
κ³Ό νΉνμ λ³Έμ§μ λ΄μ©μ 곡μ νλ©΄μ μΌλΆ ꡬμ±μ λ³νμ΄ λ μΆμμΌλ‘λ κΆλ¦¬ νλμ΄ λΆκ°νλ€λ νλ¨μ΄ λͺ¨μΈ μΆμμμκ² μκΈΈ μ μμ΄μΌ λ³νλ νμΈ νΉνμ μΆμμ κ·Όλ³Έμ μΌλ‘ λ§μ μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.Under the Patent Act, the protection of legitimate right holders regarding applications filed by non-right holders carried out in various ways. First of all, according to the main sentence of Article 33 (1) and Article 62 (2) of the Patent Act, applications by non-right holders are grounds for refusal. Even if an application by a non-righteous person is registered, it falls under the grounds for retroactive invalidation according to the main sentence of Article 33 (1) of the Patent Act and Article 133 (1) 2 of the Patent Act. In addition, if an application by an unentitled person is rejected pursuant to Article 62 (2) on the grounds of violation of Article 33 (1) of the Patent Act, an application filed by a legitimate right holder within 30 days after the application by an unentitled person is rejected considered retroactive to the filing date. 30 days after the trial decision to invalidate the patent of the non-righteous person becomes final and conclusive in the case of a patent invalidation trial decision pursuant to Article 133 (1) 2 on the grounds of violation of the main sentence of Article 33 (1) of the Patent Act with respect to the registered patent of the non-righteous person Applications filed by the rightful holder within the period shall be considered retroactive to the filing date of the non-right holder.
However, contrary to the purpose of the Patent Act to protect legitimate right holders, in practice, many non-right holders often modify the inventions of legitimate right holders, which they have acquired through internal information or other means, to file patents that go beyond the scope of identity. Commonly occurring cases include filing a patent application for an improved invention by adding components or substituting some components for the invention of a legitimate right holder.
The primary remedy for the right holder of a modified patent of another person shall be retroactive lapse through rejection or invalidation of the patent of another person. Regarding the main sentence of Article 33 (1) of the Patent Act, which is the basis for refusal or invalidation of patents filed by others excluding legitimate right holders under the current Patent Act, because the Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board and the courts are too preoccupied with the judgment of identity, they neglect the protection of legitimate right holders and cause unnecessary disputes. Since other patents usually preserve the essential parts of the invention of the legitimate right holder and add or substitute sub-items, the determination of identity in the trial or litigation process is not interested in the essential parts, but on the sub-items. discussion is the main subject of discussion. Furthermore, if novelty or inventive step is recognized for these secondary matters, the reality of the trial or litigation process related to applications filed by non-right holders is that the trial or litigation process ends as it is without the need to dispute whether the legitimate right holder was involved in the invention of another patent.
Despite the circumstances revealing that another person has applied for a patent for the purpose of stealing technology by getting an idea from the invention of a legitimate right holder, since the text of Article 33, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Act, which is a provision related to applications filed by non-right holders under the current Patent Act, is too preoccupied with the determination of identity, it cannot solve the problem. As an alternative to the text of Article 33(1) of the Patent Act, the legitimate right holder seeking a judgment of the law and the Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board, which makes a decision on it, are making considerable use of Article 44 of the Patent Act, which is a provision related to joint application. However, the logic of the Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board and the courts, which recognizes substantial mutual cooperation between a legitimate right holder and another person who cannot have reached an agreement on a modified patent of another person, and draws a conclusion that it is a violation of a joint application, is clearly problematic.
In the case of invalidating another person's patent based on Article 44 of the Patent Act, from the viewpoint of the legitimate right holder, it is determined that the invention of the legitimate right holder was applied without the consent of the legitimate right holder, and the primary goal was achieved because the patent of another person was invalidated. Even though the essential composition is presented by the person himself, it is far from a complete solution to the problem because it is merely a presumption of joint rights of equal shares with others on an equal basis, which is merely adding a secondary composition. In addition, since no judgment has been made on the share ratio according to the contribution to others' patents, a new litigation in relation to the share inevitably arises even when a claim for share transfer is made in accordance with Article 99-2 of the Patent Act newly established in 2016. The fundamental cause of this problem is that, despite the fact that the application was initially grouped, it was resolved through a joint application violation that the regulations of the grouping applications failed to resolve.
It is important for inventors to actively utilize the provisional application system to establish a culture of filing patent applications in advance ahead of an event in which an application may be filed after the completion of the invention, for example, a request for prototype production or a meeting for research collaboration. do. The provisional application system is a system introduced by the Korean Intellectual Property Office in 2020, and is a system that allows the applicant to submit specifications without format restrictions, such as provisional applications in the United States, in order to secure a fast patent filing date. In addition, in relation to a later application based on an earlier unpublished application, that is, an application of a legitimate right holder, that is, an application for another person's patent is rejected or invalidated after registration, the scope of identity of Article 29, Paragraph 3 of the current Patent Act is determined in accordance with the scope of inventive step. need to be expanded to Furthermore, in Article 29, Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Patent Act, the status of cited inventions of novelty and inventive step cannot be limited to inventions that were publicly known or publicly practiced in Korea or abroad before a patent application under the current Patent Act. Rather, U.S. Patent Act 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(2) and 35 U.S.C. Similar to 103, it is necessary to extend to the invention described in the specification or drawings originally attached to the filing of a patent application filed prior to the filing date of that patent.
Regarding Article 62(2) and Article 133(1)(2) of the Patent Act, which stipulate the grounds for rejection and invalidation of the main sentence of Article 33(1) of the Patent Act for applications filed by non-right holders, rather than simply limiting the scope narrowly to the case of not having the right to obtain a patent, similar to Article 21(1)(3) of the German Patent Act, by revising the reasons for refusal and invalidity in the case where the essential content of the patent has been obtained without the consent of another person from the description, drawing, model, tool, or device of another person's invention, or from the method by which another person uses it, trial and litigation procedures for applications filed by non-right holders should focus on examining what the essential content of the patent is and whether the essential content originated from the inventor of the patent or from another person without permission.
If the scope of transformation of another person's patent is substantial and inevitably makes a judgment based on the joint invention of Article 44 of the Patent Act, regarding the requirement for substantive mutual cooperation as a requirement for determining co-invention in judicial precedent, if someone else's patent is an improved invention based on a technology that is not disclosed to an unspecified number of people who do not have a confidentiality obligation at the time of application for the patent, substantial contribution to the creation of a technical idea by a component derived from a legitimate right holder is recognized. If so, it is reasonable to recognize it as a joint invention. In addition, the Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board or the court, which examines the grounds for invalidation based on Article 44 of the Patent Act, does not simply judge whether or not there is a joint invention, if a violation of Article 44 of the Patent Act is recognized, since there is no separate agreement regarding the share of shares between co-inventors at the time of application, it is desirable to block the occurrence of new litigation in advance by determining the contribution rate according to the contribution of each inventor together.
If the remedy of the legitimate right holder for the patent of another person who exploited the blind spot of the current patent law and made only modifications outside the same scope is neglected, the administrative power of the state to guarantee the exclusive monopoly granted to promote invention and promote industrial development through the patent system is used to protect the wrong person. This problem arises because there are limitations in the current patent law, and the application of modified patents by others can be prevented only when legislative improvement is supported. Based on the patent law, a misappropriate applicant should be able to judge that it is impossible to obtain the right with an application that is partially transformed while sharing the essential content of the patent with the invention of the legitimate right holder, it will be possible to fundamentally block the application of patents modified by others.μ 1 μ₯ μ λ‘ 1
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λ. λμΌμ±μ λ°λ₯Έ λͺ¨μΈ μΆμ μ¬λΆ 36
μ 3 μ λ³νλ νμΈ νΉν μΆμμ 곡λ μΆμ μλ° μ¬λΆ 39
1. 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ μμ 39
2. 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ μ건 39
κ°. λνλ―Όκ΅ 39
λ. λ―Έκ΅ 44
λ€. μΌλ³Έ 50
λΌ. μκ²° 52
3. κ΅¬μ± μμμ λΆκ° λλ μΉνμΌλ‘ λ³νλ νμΈ νΉνμ 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ¬λΆ 53
κ°. λΆκ° λλ μΉνμΌλ‘ λ³νλ κ΅¬μ± μμμ νΉνμ±μ κΈ°λ°ν 곡λ λ°λͺ
μ¬λΆ 53
(1) λΆκ° λλ μΉνμΌλ‘ λ³νλ κ΅¬μ± μμμ μ κ·μ±μ΄ μλ κ²½μ° 53
(2) λΆκ° λλ μΉνμΌλ‘ λ³νλ κ΅¬μ± μμμ μ κ·μ±μ΄ μμΌλ μ§λ³΄μ±μ΄ μλ κ²½μ° 55
(3) λΆκ° λλ μΉνμΌλ‘ λ³νλ κ΅¬μ± μμμ μ§λ³΄μ±μ΄ μλ κ²½μ° 58
λ. μ€μ§μ μνΈ νλ ₯μ μ£Όκ΄μ μνΈ νλ ₯μ΄ λ°λμ νμνμ§ μ¬λΆ 60
(1) μ£Όκ΄μ μνΈ νλ ₯μ΄ νμνλ€λ κ²¬ν΄ 60
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λ€. 곡λ λ°λͺ
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(2) λ°λͺ
μ κΈ°μ¬μ μΆμ λ ₯ κΈ°λ° κ³΅λ λ°λͺ
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μ§λΆμ¨ μ°μ 76
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3. μΌλ³Έ 97
4. μκ²° 98
μ 4 μ₯ μ
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μ 1 μ μλ‘ 100
μ 2 μ λ³νλ νμΈ νΉνμ λν κ±°μ λλ λ¬΄ν¨ κ΄λ ¨ κ°μ μ 100
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μ 5 μ₯ κ²°λ‘ 114
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 119
Abstract 124μ
Empirical study on the location patterns of retail trade adjacent to large-scale discount store
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : 건μ€ν경곡νλΆ, 2011.2. μ 창무.Maste
A ν΄λμ€ μ€νΌμ€λΉλ© μμ₯μ κΈλ‘λ² κ²½μλ ₯ : λ€μ΄μλͺ¬λ λͺ¨λΈμ μ΄μ©ν μμΈ, λμΏ, ν콩, μ±κ°ν¬λ₯΄ μμ₯μ λΉκ΅λΆμ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) --μμΈλνκ΅ κ΅μ λνμ :κ΅μ νκ³Ό(κ΅μ ν΅μμ 곡),2009.8.Maste
Polarization Switching Kinetics in Ferroelastic BiFeO3 Films
Multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) has recently attracted plenty of interest due to the coexistence of robust room-temperature ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism. Understanding the effect of various disorders (e.g., strain and defects) is of great significance for device application of BFO thin films. In BFO, which has strong coupling between ferroelectic polarization and ferroelastic domain, the crystallographic structure is susceptible to strain. At the ferroelastic boundaries accompanying structural distortion, the presence of impurity phase or misfit dislocation has been reported. Additionally, point defects are easily created during the film deposition because of the volatility of Bi ion. There have been recent reports on how such disorders affect intriguing static material properties in BFO films. But, the detailed investigation of dynamic properties has been rare.
The control of domain walls in ferroic materials is currently an important issue for the potential application of domain wall motion to microelectronic devices. It has been recently proposed that the controlled movement of domain walls in magnetic nanowires can be utilized for nonvolatile racetrack memory of high performance. In addition, domain wall-induced conductivity modulation in a BFO thin film was reported, providing a basis for new device concepts using the ferroelectric domain walls. These domain wall devices require precise control of motion as well as location of the domain walls. We report on the directional growth of ferroelectric domains in a multiferroic BFO thin film, which was epitaxially grown on a vicinal (001) SrTiO3 (STO) substrate. A detailed structural analysis of the film shows that a strain gradient, which can cause a symmetry breaking in ferroelectric double-well potential, causes ferroelectric domains to grow with preferred directionality under an electric field. Our results reveal the possibility of controlling the direction of domain growth using an electric field by imposing constraints on ferroelectric films, such as a strain gradient.
In epitaxial BFO(111) capacitors with disordered top and well-ordered bottom interfaces, we report intriguing switching-polarity dependence in the polarization reversal. Ferroelectric coercive voltages and polarization switching behaviors in BFO(111) capacitors are quite different for the polarity of applied electric bias. Piezoresponse force microscopy revealed that the ferroelectric domain evolution is governed either by nucleation or by domain wall motion depending on the direction of external electric field. The polarity dependence of ferroelectric switching kinetics is attributed to asymmetric local internal fields near the film/electrode interfaces. It is probably due to differences in various disorders by structural relaxation such as defects, elastic strain, and surface roughness.
In Bi-deficient BFO films, we show a reversible change of ferroelectric hysteresis under voltage stress. Surprisingly, for negative voltage stress, pristine hysteresis loops were shrunk with the decrease of remnant polarization and coercive voltage. For positive recovery bias, the shrunk hysteresis loops in stressed states were recovered to the original those. Upward polarization switching under negative voltage stress is explained by defect-mediated domain nucleation and thermally-activated domain wall motion. It is highly likely that pinning of the switched upward domains is attributed to a charge trapping process of injected carrier at domain walls, resulting in hysteresis contraction. The charge-trapped domain walls might be responsible for the transient behavior of current density.
The better understanding of disorder effects in ferroelectric domain switching dynamics plays a crucial role for device application of BFO thin films.
Keywords: thin film, ferroelectric, ferroelastic, BiFeO3, polarization switching kinetics, domain wall, strain, defect, hysteresis.
Student number: 2006-20324μ΅κ·Ό BiFeO3 (BFO)λ μμ¨ κ°μ μ μ±κ³Ό λ°κ°μμ±μ 곡쑴μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ λ§μ κ΄μ¬μ λ°κ³ μλ λ€κ°μ²΄ λ¬Όμ§μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¬ν BFOμμ μλ ₯μ΄λ κ²°ν¨κ³Ό κ°μ 무μ§μ μμλ€μ΄ μ΄λ ν μν₯μ λΌμΉλ μ§λ₯Ό μ΄ν΄νλ κ²μ BFO λ°λ§μ μμ μμ©μ μν΄ λ§€μ° μ€μνλ€. μ€μ λ‘, BFO λ΄μ κ°μ μ μ± λΆκ·Ήκ³Ό κ°νμ± κ΅¬μ‘° μ¬μ΄μ κ°ν κ²°ν©μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ κ·Έ κ²°μ ꡬ쑰λ μλ ₯μ λ§€μ° λ―Όκ°νλ€. μ΄λ―Έ ꡬ쑰μ λΉλ€μ΄μ§μ λλ°νλ κ°νμ± κ²½κ³μμ λΆμλ¬Ό μμ΄λ 격μ μ΄κΈλ¨μ μ‘΄μ¬κ° λ³΄κ³ λμλ€. λν, BFO λ°λ§ μ¦μ°© μ€μλ λΉμ€λ¬΄μ€ μ΄μ¨μ νλ°μ± λλ¬Έμ μ κ²°ν¨λ€μ΄ μ½κ² μμ±λλ€. μ΅κ·Ό, μ΄λ¬ν 무μ§μ μμλ€μ΄ BFO λ°λ§ λ΄μ μ μ μΈ λ¬Όμ±μ μ΄λ»κ² μν₯μ λΌμΉλ μ§μ λν λ§μ λ³΄κ³ λ€μ΄ μμ΄μλ€. νμ§λ§, λμ μΈ νΉμ±μ λν μμΈν μ‘°μ¬λ λ§€μ° λλ¬Όμλ€.
κ°μ μ λλ κ°μμ± λ¬Όμ§λ€μμ ꡬμλ²½μ μ‘°μ νλ κ²μ ꡬμλ²½ μ΄λμ μ΄μ©ν μλ‘μ΄ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ μμ κ°λ°μ μν΄ λ§€μ° μ€μν μ΄μμ΄λ€. μ΅κ·Ό, μμ±μ²΄ λλ
Έμ μμ ꡬμλ²½ μ΄λμ μ‘°μ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μλ‘μ΄ ννμ κ³ μ±λ₯ λΉνλ°μ± μꡬ벽 λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬ (μ¦, racetrack λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬)κ° μ μλμλ€. λν, BFO λ°λ§μμλ ν₯λ―Έλ‘μ΄ κ΅¬μλ²½ μ λμ±μ΄ λ°κ²¬λμλ€. κ·Έλ¬ν ꡬμλ²½ μ λμ±μ κ°μ μ ꡬμλ²½μ μ΄μ©ν μ κ°λ
μμ κ°λ°μ μν κΈ°μ΄κ° λμλ€. μ΄λ¬ν ꡬμλ²½ μμμ κ°λ°μ μν΄μλ ꡬμλ²½μ μ΄λ λΏλ§ μλλΌ μμΉκΉμ§ μ νν μ‘°μ νλ κ²μ΄ λ§€μ° μ€μνλ€. μ¬κΈ°μ, μ°λ¦¬λ κ²½μ¬μ§ SrTiO3 (STO) κΈ°ν μμ μ¦μ°©λ BFO λ°λ§μμ κ°μ μ ꡬμμ΄ μ΄λ€ λ°©ν₯μ±μ κ°μ§κ³ μ±μ₯νλ κ²μ λ³΄κ³ νλ€. μμΈν ꡬ쑰μ μΈ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ μ°λ¦¬λ BFO λ°λ§ λ΄ μλ ₯ gradientκ° μ‘΄μ¬νλ κ²μ λ°κ²¬νμλ€. κ·Έλ¬ν μλ ₯ gradientλ κ°μ μ μμ°λ¬Ό ν¬ν
μ
μ λμΉμ±μ κΉ¨λ¨λ¦¬κ³ , κ°μ μ ꡬμλ€μ΄ μΈλΆ μ κΈ°μ₯ νμμ νΉμ λ°©ν₯μ μ νΈνλ©΄μ μ±μ₯νλλ‘ νλ€. μ΄ κ²°κ³Όλ κ°μ μ 체 λ°λ§μμ μλ ₯ gradientλ₯Ό ν΅ν ꡬμ μ±μ₯μ λ°©ν₯μ±μ μ κΈ°μ μΌλ‘ μ‘°μ κ°λ₯νλ€λ κ²μ 보μ¬μ€λ€.
무μ§μν μλΆ κ³λ©΄κ³Ό 무μ§μνμ§ μμ νλΆ κ³λ©΄μ κ°μ§ μΌμμ BFO(111) μΊν¨μν°μμ μ°λ¦¬λ κ°μ μ λΆκ·Ή λ°μ μ΄ κ·Ήμ± μμ‘΄μ±μ λ³΄κ³ νλ€. μ¬κΈ°μμλ, κ°μ μ coercivityμ λΆκ·Ή λ°μ μ΄ κ°ν΄μ€ λ°μ΄μ΄μ€μ κ·Ήμ±μ λ°λΌ λ§€μ° λ€λ₯΄λ€. μμ κ°μ ν νλ―Έκ²½μ κ°μ μ ꡬμ μ±μ₯μ΄ κ°ν΄μ€ μ κΈ°μ₯μ λ°©ν₯μ λ°λΌ ꡬμ ν΅ νμ± λλ ꡬμλ²½ μ΄λμ μν΄ μ§λ°°λλ κ²μ 보μ¬μ£Όμλ€. μ΄λ¬ν κ°μ μ ꡬμ λ°μ μ κ·Ήμ± μμ‘΄μ±μ λ°λ§/μ κ·Ή κ³λ©΄μμμ λ΄λΆ κ΅μ μ κΈ°μ₯μ λΉλμΉμ λΆν¬μ μν΄μ κΈ°μΈνλ€. ꡬ쑰μ νλ¦Όμ μν 무μ§μ μμ (κ²°ν¨, μλ ₯, νλ©΄ κ±°μΉ κΈ°)μμμ μ°¨μ΄κ° μ΄λ¬ν λΉλμΉ λ΄λΆ κ΅μ μ κΈ°μ₯μ μΌκΈ°νμ κ² κ°λ€.
λΉμ€λ¬΄μ€ μ΄μ¨μ΄ λΆμΆ©λΆν BFO λ°λ§μ λν΄, μ°λ¦¬λ μΈλΆ μ μ stressμ μν΄μ κ°μ μ 체 μ΄λ ₯곑μ μ΄ κ°μμ μΌλ‘ λ³ννλ κ²μ 보μ¬μ€λ€. λλκ²λ, μκ·Ή μ μ stressμ λν΄μ μ΄λ ₯곑μ μ μλ°λΆκ·Ήκ³Ό coercive μ μμ κ°μλ₯Ό λλ°νλ©΄μ μλ μνλ‘λΆν° μμΆλμλ€. ννΈ, μκ·Ή μ μ stressμ λν΄μ κ·Έ μμΆλ μ΄λ ₯곑μ μ μλ μνλ‘ ν볡λμλ€. μκ·Ή μ μ stress νμμμ μμͺ½ λΆκ·Ή μνλ‘μ λ°μ μ κ²°ν¨μ΄ 맀κ°λ ꡬμ ν΅ νμ±κ³Ό μ΄μ μΌλ‘ νμ±νλ ꡬμλ²½ μ΄λμ μν΄μ μ€λͺ
λ μ μλ€. λ°μ λ μμͺ½ ꡬμμ pinning νμμ μΈλΆμμ μ£Όμ
λ μ νμ ꡬμλ²½μμμ trapping κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ μΌμ΄λλ κ² κ°λ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ , μ΄λ¬ν pinning νμμ΄ μ΄λ ₯곑μ μ μμΆμ μΌκΈ°νλ€. κ·Έλ¬ν μ νκ° trapλ ꡬμλ²½μ΄ μ λ₯λ°λμμμ μΌμμ μΈ λ³νμ μ±
μμ΄ μλ κ² κ°λ€.
κ°μ μ ꡬμ λ°μ λμνμμμ 무μ§μ ν¨κ³Όμ λν κ·Έλ¬ν λ λμ μ΄ν΄λ BFO λ°λ§μ μμ μμ©μ μμ΄μ κ²°μ μ μΈ μν μ ν κ²μ΄λ€.
μ£Όμμ΄: λ°λ§, κ°μ μ 체, κ°νμ±μ²΄, λΉμ€λ¬΄μ€ νλΌμ΄νΈ, λΆκ·Ή λ°μ λμν, ꡬμλ²½, μλ ₯, κ²°ν¨, μ΄λ ₯νμ.
νλ² 2006-20324Docto
λ§μ± Cν κ°μΌμ λν μ΄κΈ° κ³ μ©λ μΈν°νλ‘ λ¦¬λ°λΉλ¦° λ³ν© μΉλ£ : κΈ°μ‘΄ μΈν°νλ‘ λ¦¬λ°λΉλ¦° λ³ν©μΉλ£μμ λΉκ΅
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνκ³Ό λ΄κ³Όνμ 곡,2002.Maste
Cνκ°μΌλ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ PKR κ²°ν©λΆμ λμ°λ³μ΄ λΆμ : νλ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μΉλ£μ λν λ°μκ³Όμ μ°κ΄μ±
Thesis (doctoral)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνκ³Ό λ΄κ³Όν μ 곡,2004.Docto
ν μΈλν°λ₯Ό μ μ©ν μκ³λͺ¨λꡬλ 컨λ²ν°μ λͺ¨λΈλ§ λ° λΆμ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μ κΈ°Β·μ»΄ν¨ν°κ³΅νλΆ,2004.Maste