23 research outputs found
Gene identification and characterization of enzymes involved in alkaloid and sesquiterpenoids biosyntheses in Polygonum tinctorium L. and Piper nigrum L.
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ๋์๋ช
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2018. 2. ๊น์์ธ.PnNAT6 and 7). The genes were expressed in E. coli to obtain proteins for in-vitro assay. In addition, they were expressed in the engineered yeast and E. coli to directly produce the expected products or to effect bioconversion in-vivo. In particular, Part II fully describes sesqui-TPSs mentioned above. PnTPS1 produced caryophyllene as a major product and minor humulene, and thus was named caryophyllene synthase (PnCPS). Likewise, PnTPS2 and PnTPS3 were named cadinol/cadinene synthase (PnCO/CDS) and germacrene D synthase (PnGDS). PnGDS expression in yeast system yielded ฮฒ-cadinene and ฮฑ-copaene also found in pepper extract. They were verified as rearrangement products of germacrene D not found in pepper.
Part III describes transcriptome-based gene mining for elucidation of piperine biosynthesis. At first, P. nigrum 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid (MDCA) hydratase-lyase (PnMCHL) responsible for conversion of MDCA to piperonal, was identified and described. Piperonylic acid, possibly an oxidation product from piperonal inยฌ-planta, could undergo 2รC2 extension in the side chain to arrive at C6C5 carbon skeleton of piperic acid, as opposed to the common belief that piperic acid skeleton would be the results of one C2 extension from MDCA. Also described is 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-specific 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A ligase (Pn4CL3) which converted piperic acid into piperoyl-CoA. Finally, two clones coding enzymes for transfer of piperoyl-CoA to piperidine are described.This thesis presents enzymes involved in biosynthesis of plant alkaloids, indigo and piperine from Polygonum tinctorium L. and Piper nigrum L., respectively, and those in sesquiterpene synthesis in P. nigrum. The first chapter presents indole synthase from P. tinctorium. Indigo is an old natural blue dye produced by plants such as P. tinctorium. The first key step in plant indigoid biosynthesis is the production of indole by indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL). Two tryptophan synthase ฮฑ-subunit homologs, PtIGL-short and -long forms on genome of the plant contained two genes each coding for IGL. The short and the long forms respectively encoded 273 and 316 amino acid residue-long proteins. The short form complemented E. coli ฮtnaA ฮtrpA mutant on tryptophan-depleted agar plate, signifying the production of free indole, and thus was named indole synthase gene (PtINS). The long form, either intact or without the transit peptide sequence, did not complement the mutant. It was tentatively named PtTSA. PtTSA is transported to the chloroplast as predicted by 42 amino acid residues of targeting sequence, whereas PtINS is localized in cytosol. Genomic structure analysis suggested that a TSA duplicate acquired splicing sites during the course of evolution toward PtINS so that the targeting sequence-containing pre-mRNA segment was deleted as an intron. PtINS had about two to five-fold higher transcript level than that of PtTSA, and treatment of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole caused the relative transcript level of PtINS over PtTSA significantly enhanced in the plant.
The second and the third chapter respectively focuses on sesquiterpene synthesis imparting characteristic peppery bouquet and piperine alkaloid biogenesis responsible for pungent taste of black pepper. The unripe peppercorn was submitted to transcriptome analysis utilizing the Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS). Compared with gene cloning based on rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR, NGS technology offers more cost-effective and time-saving alternative to identify specific gene by collecting massive sequencing data. Using Local tBLASTn routine against query genes with similar biochemical functions, I have found three full-length of sesquiterpene synthase (sesqui-TPS) clones (PnTPS1 through 3) and four kinds of enzymes putatively involved in piperine biosynthesis (PnMCHLPnPKS1 and 2Pn4CL3Part I: Isolation and functional studies of indole synthase from Polygonum tinctorium L. 1
Introduction 2
Polygonum tinctorium L. 2
Indole biosynthetic pathway 2
Indole synthase 6
The purposes of research 10
Materials and Methods 11
Plant material and growth conditions 11
Bacterial strains and culture media 11
Plasmids 11
Enzyme and chemicals 12
Oligonucleotides 12
Genomic DNA, total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis 14
Isolation of IGL and UTR sequences 14
Complementation assay in E. coli ฮtrpA ฮtnaA 15
QRT-PCR 15
Determination of subcellular localization 15
Bioinformatics analyses 16
Results and Discussion 17
Cloning of IGLs 17
Analysis of UTR sequences 22
Complementation of E. coli ฮtnaA ฮtrpA by PtIGL-short 28
PtIGL transcript levels among plant organs 32
Change in IGL transcription upon BTH treatment 32
Intracellular localization of PtIGLs 38
Part II: Cloning and functional analysis of three sesquiterpene synthases identified by transcriptome sequencing of peppercorn 43
Introduction 44
Piper nigrum L. 44
Transcriptome sequencing 44
Black pepper sesquiterpenoids 44
The purposes of this study 45
Materials and Methods 46
Plant material and growth conditions 46
Bacterial, yeast strains and culture media 46
Enzyme and chemicals 47
Oligonucleotides 47
Total RNA isolation and cDNA preparation 49
Isolation of sesqui-TPSs 49
Yeast transformation and fermentation 50
Transient expression in N. benthamiana 50
Heterologous expression and in-vitro assay 50
Steady-state kinetics 51
GC-MS analysis 52
QRT-PCR 52
Bioinformatics analyses 53
Results and Discussion 54
Transcriptome analysis 54
Screening of sesqui-TPS 56
Analysis of sesquiterpenes in pepper fruit 62
Functional analyses of sesqui-TPSs 67
Kinetic parameters 74
Catalytic mechanism 74
Phylogenetic analysis 78
PnTPS transcript levels among pepper organs 82
Part III: Isolation of genes putatively involved in piperine biosynthesis in Piper nigrum L. 87
Introduction 88
The piperine 88
The purposes of this study 88
Materials and Methods 90
Bacterial, yeast strains and culture media 90
Enzyme and chemicals 90
Oligonucleotides 91
Isolation of genes putatively involved in piperine biosynthesis 94
Yeast PAD1, FDC1 disruption mutant 94
Heterologous expression and protein purification 95
In-vitro assay 96
In-vivo bioconversion assay by co-transformants 96
Analysis of metabolites 100
GC-MS analysis 100
LC-MS analysis 101
QRT-PCR 101
Bioinformatics analyses 102
Results and Discussion 103
Metabolites profiling 103
Search for genes involved in piperine biosynthesis 106
Side chain extension of phenylpropenate 108
PnMCHL, an enzyme for 3,4-MDCA-specific side chain cleavage 114
Piperate:Coenzyme A ligation by Pn4CL3 126
Piperidine-piperoyltransferase 130
Conclusion 134
Supplementary Data 138
References 154
Abstract in Korean 160
Curriculum Vitae 162
Publications and Patents 163Docto
A Study on the Design and Analysis for Electric Power System of Drilling Rig using ETAP
As electricity has been used in ship's propulsion, it is necessary to increase the system voltage and current for the electrical distribution system. So it is required to improve the system safety and efficiency, the power stability, the efficiency of the generation through various analysis of ship's electric power system. In this paper, the electrical service reliability of the power distribution system of Semi Submersible Drilling Rigs(SSDRs) has been analysed and discussed using Electrical Transient Analysis Program(ETAP).
In the case of Semi Submersible Drill Rigs that are being used in most of the deepwater drilling operations, it can move by thrusters with Dynamic Positioning System(DPS), and has equipped a drilling packages like pumps, pipes and drills.
The electrical distribution system of Drilling rigs is quite similar to typical redundancy system of electric propulsion ships made for transportation. However it is required the electrical distribution system of 2 to 4 split bus or more because of the severe marine environment, the hazards of fire and explosion, 24-hours operation, the standards and regulations related to oil and gas drilling. There are some more difficulties in design and engineering of the off-shore plants electric power system because it is required more severe and strict conditions.
In this paper, to verify the stability of designed power system, the power system of SSDRs is modeled at first and load flow is analysed on each operational mode and also analysed on transient characteristics due to start/stop action between generators and loads. On the basis of the analysis the voltage variation in the distribution feeder is discussed.
As a result, the load flow analysis shows the resonable result with appropriate load distribution and the capacity of generators and transformers are enough to feed the maximum load. The capacity of generators and transformers have an acceptable margin for future load and emergency load.1. ์ ๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ํฅ 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 1
2. ์์ ์์ถ์ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ๊ณํต 3
2.1 ์ ๋ ฅ๊ณํต์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 3
2.1.1 ์์ถ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ 5
2.2 ๋ถํ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 6
2.3 ์ด์ ๋ชจ๋ 6
2.3.1 ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ 7
2.3.2 ์์ถ ๋ชจ๋ 1 7
2.3.3 ์์ถ ๋ชจ๋ 2 8
2.3.4 ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ 8
3. ์ ๋ ฅ๊ณํต์ ํด์ 9
3.1 ์ ๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ๋ฐฉ์ ์ 9
3.2 ๋ดํด-๋ฉ์จ(Newton-Raphson)๋ฒ 15
3.3 ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 17
3.3.1 ์ฌ์๊ธฐ(Exciter) 20
3.3.2 ์กฐ์๊ธฐ(Governor) 23
3.3.3 ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋ณด 26
3.4 ๋ณ์๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 33
3.4.1 2๊ถ์ ๋ณ์๊ธฐ 34
3.4.2 3๊ถ์ ๋ณ์๊ธฐ 35
3.4.3 ๋ณ์๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋ณด 37
3.5 ์ ๋๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 41
3.5.1 ์ ๋์ ๋๊ธฐ 41
3.5.2 ์ ๋์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋ณด 45
3.6 Lumped load 47
4. ์ ๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49
4.1 ๋ถ์์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค 49
4.1.1 ๋ถ์์กฐ๊ฑด 49
4.1.2 ๋ถ์๊ธฐ์ค 49
4.2 ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 50
4.2.1 ๋ชจ์ ์ ์ด์ ์ ์ 50
4.2.2 ๋ณ์๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ ์จ 52
4.2.3 ์ด์ ๋ชจ๋๋ณ ์ ๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ 53
5. ๋น์์ ์ ๋ ฅ๊ณํตํด์ 58
5.1 ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถํ์ ํ๋ฝ 59
5.1.1 ์ถ์ง๋ถํ์ ํ๋ฝ 59
5.1.2 ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ 1๋์ ํ๋ฝ 69
5.1.3 ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ 2๋์ ํ๋ฝ 76
5.1.4 ๊ณ ์๋ชจ์ ์ 3์ ๋จ๋ฝ 80
5.2 ๋จ๋ฝ์ ๋ฅ๊ณ์ฐ 85
5.2.1 ๋จ๋ฝ์ ๋ฅ๊ณ์ฐ 85
5.2.2 ๊ณ ์ฅ์ ํ 88
6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 9
์ธ๋ ์กฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ํ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฑ
ํ๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊น๋ดํ.In Korea, the flexible working system was sent to a Public institutions by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs in 2010 as part of an innovation in the working method of employees in public institutions. However, until the mid-2010s, the performance was poor. Obstacles to the implementation of the flexible working system in public institutions include disadvantages in personnel and remuneration from adopting the flexible working system, restrictions due to rigid and collective organizational culture, transfer of work to colleagues, and inconvenience to customers and partner organizations, etc.
This problem has been pointed out. This situation has been changed because of the social demand for work-family balance, the change of perception according to the rapidly changing times such as the full-scale social advancement of the MZ generation, and the spread of COVID-19 in the private and public sectors.
The flexible working system, which allows workers to directly select working hours and places to perform work due to activation, etc., is expected to become the new normal. The flexible working system is receiving attention as an important alternative for improving the quality of life, such as improving productivity and working conditions, in terms of work labels for members of the organization. Many efforts are being made to improve productivity and improve quality of life.
In a changing environment where the flexible working system is important to both organizations and individuals, it was confirmed that a number of studies mainly deal with the antecedent factors of policies for work-life and work-family balance in a wide range. Several studies have shown that it provides opportunities for workers to improve their quality of life as well as develop their own abilities, and has positive effects on the overall organization, such as enhancing work efficiency, boosting employee morale, reducing turnover, and improving customer service. appearing in the paper.
In this study, the flexible working system shows various positive effects. A questionnaire was conducted to determine whether the degree of flexible working use had a positive effect on the job satisfaction of Corporation I employees or whether it had a significant effect on intergenerational job satisfaction according to the degree of use of flexible working. Let's take a look through it.
A brief summary of the survey results is as follows.
First, as a result of examining the main effect of the independent variable, it was found that the more telecommuting was used in the frequency of use by type of flexible work, which is an independent variable, the insignificant positive (+) effect on job satisfaction (working environment) was found. In the sense of being more satisfied with job satisfaction (work environment), it was confirmed that employees were more satisfied with the work environment at their home than at the office, which supported the existing research results on a number of flexible working systems.
Second, it was found that the 20s/30s among the generations strengthened the positive (+) effect on job satisfaction (work satisfaction) in the working time selection type and job satisfaction (working environment) in the childcare shortening type, than the 40s/50s. In other words, it was confirmed that the more the working hours selection and the shortening of child care were used, the more positively the job satisfaction of 20/30s was strengthened.
It was confirmed that employees in their 20s/30s were more active in using the system to invest in themselves, such as self-development by selecting working hours, and this had an effect on job satisfaction. It can be confirmed that the results show a result that further strengthens the positive (+) effect on job satisfaction.
The limitation of this study is that it is difficult to generalize the results of this study because it is a study targeting only the employees of Corporation I. It is necessary to increase external validity by broadening the scope of the target, such as other institutions and public officials.
Second, as a limitation of research through a survey, it has the disadvantage that the contents of the survey questions are limited. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to supplement the shortcomings caused by the survey by conducting additional in-depth research through the interview method.์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ๋๋ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด ์ข
์ฌ์๋ค์ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก 2010๋
ํ์ ์์น๋ถ์์ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ์ด์์ง์นจ์ ์ก๋ถํ์๊ณ 2011๋
๋ถํฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์ ํ์ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์ค์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ํ์ ๋
๋ คํด ์์์ผ๋ 2010๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ๊น์ง๋ ์ค์ ์ด ์ ์กฐํ ์ํฉ์ด์๋ค. ํนํ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์์์ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ํ๋ ์ํ์ ์ฅ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ๋ ์ค๋ ์ธ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์์ ๋ถ์ด์ต, ๊ฒฝ์ง์ ์ด๊ณ ์ง๋จ์ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ๋ก ์ธํ ์ ์ฝ, ๋๋ฃ์๊ฒ ์
๋ฌด ์ ๊ฐ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ถํธ ์ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์ด์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์ํฉ์ด ๋ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ผยท๊ฐ์ ์๋ฆฝ์ ๋ํ ์ฌํ์ ์๊ตฌ, MZ์ธ๋์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ฌํ์ง์ถ ๋ฑ ๊ธ๋ณํ๋ ์๋์ ํ๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์์ ๋ณํ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋ถ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ์ COVID-19 ํ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฌํ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ํ์ฑํ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌด์๊ฐ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ฅ์ ๋ฑ์ ๊ทผ๋ก์๊ฐ ์ง์ ์ ํํ์ฌ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ๋๋ ๋ด๋
ธ๋ฉ(New Normal)์ด ๋ ์ ๋ง์ด๋ค. ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ๋๋ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์์ฐ์ฑ ํฅ์, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ ์ถ์ ์ง ํฅ์์ ์ํ ์ค์ํ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ ๋ถ, ์ง์์ฒด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก ํ๋๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์์๋ ์์ฐ์ฑ ํฅ์๊ณผ ์ถ์ ์ง์ ๋์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ง์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ์ค์ํ๊ณ ๋ณํํ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ค์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ฒ์์์ ์ผ๊ณผ ์ถ, ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฆฝ์ ์ํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ํ์์ธ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๊ณ ๋ค์ํ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ํ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค์ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง ํฅ์์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์๊ธฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ ์
๋ฌด ํจ์จ์ฑ ์ ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง์, ์ด์ง์จ ๊ฐ์, ๊ณ ๊ฐ์๋น์ค ํฅ์ ๋ฑ ์กฐ์ง ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ๊ฐ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ํ์ฉ ์ ๋๊ฐ I๊ณต์ฌ ์ง์๋ค์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋์ง ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ์ ํ์ฉ ์ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๋๊ฐ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋์ง ์ค๋ฌธ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋จํ ์์ฝํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์์ ์ฃผํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์์ธ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ์ ํ๋ณ ํ์ฉ ํ์์์ ์ฌํ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ํ ์๋ก ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ(๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๊ฒฝ)์ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ ์ (+)์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ์ฌํ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ(๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๊ฒฝ)์ ๋์ฑ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ง์๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค๋ณด๋ค๋ ์๊ธฐ ์ง์์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ๋ค์์ ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ์๋ค.
๋์งธ, ์ธ๋ ์ค 20/30๋๊ฐ 40/50๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ทผ๋ฌด์๊ฐ ์ ํ ์ ํ์์๋ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ(์
๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ)์ ์๋
๋๋ด ๋จ์ถ ์ ํ์์๋ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ(๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ (+)์ ์ํฅ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฆ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์๊ฐ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ์๋
๋๋ด ๋จ์ถ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ํ ์๋ก 20/30๋์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ (+) ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ด๊ฒ์ 20/30๋ ์ง์๋ค์ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์๊ฐ ์ ํ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ฑ ์์ ์๊ฒ ํฌ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ๋ ํ์ฉ์ ๋์ฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๊ณ ์๋
๋๋ด ๋จ์ถ ์ ๋ ๋ํ 40/50๋ ๋ณด๋ค๋ 20/30๋์๊ฒ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ (+)์ ์ํฅ์ ๋์ฑ ๊ฐํ์ํค๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ๋ ์ฒซ์งธ I๊ณต์ฌ ์ง์๋ง์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ํ ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ ๋ฑ ๋์์ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๋ํ ์ธ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๋์ผ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋์งธ, ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ๋ก์จ ์ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํญ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ํ์ ๋์ด ์๋ค๋ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ฉด์ ๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ ํตํด ์ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ์ฌ ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฏธ๋น์ ์ ๋ณด์ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ์์ฑ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ 3
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 6
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋
ผ์์ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 8
์ 1 ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋
ผ์ 8
1. ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ 8
2. ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ 15
3. ์ธ๋ 20
์ 2 ์ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 24
1. ์ ์ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ ์ ๊ดํ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 24
2. ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 28
3. ์ธ๋์ ๊ดํ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 32
4. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ ๋นํ์ ๊ฒํ 35
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ค๊ณ 36
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ค์ 36
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ 36
2. ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ค์ 37
์ 2 ์ ๋ณ์์ ์กฐ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ 38
1. ๋ณ์์ ์กฐ์์ ์ ์ 38
2. ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ 40
์ 3 ์ ์๋ฃ์ ์์ง ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ 41
1. ์๋ฃ ์์ง 41
2. ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 41
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋
ผ์ 42
์ 1 ์ ์ธ๊ตฌํต๊ณํ์ ํน์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์๋ณ์ 42
1. ์ธ๊ตฌํต๊ณํ์ ํน์ฑ 42
2. ์ฃผ์๋ณ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ 43
์ 2 ์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ง์กฑ๋ ์์ธ ๋ถ์ 44
์ 3 ์ ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๋ถ์ 46
์ 4 ์ ์ฃผ์๋ณ์๊ฐ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ ๋ถ์ 47
์ 5 ์ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๊ฒ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ 49
1. ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์์ ์ฃผํจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ์ฆ(๊ฐ์ค1) 49
2. ์กฐ์ ๋ณ์์ ์ํธ์์ฉํจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ์ฆ(๊ฐ์ค2) 54
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ 68
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์์ฝ 68
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ 70
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ 71
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 72์
PET ํ๋ฆ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ข ๋ฐฉํฅ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ธฐ๊ณํญ๊ณต๊ณตํ๋ถ,2003.Docto
A study on figural pattern generalization -Focusing on microworld building blocks patterns-
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ํ๊ต์ก๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์กฐํํ.ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ๋ ๋์ ๋์
์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ก์ ๋์์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ ์์๋ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต์์ ๊ท์น์ฑ๊ณผ ํจ์ ์์ญ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํจํด์ ๊ท์น์ฑ์ ์ฐพ๋ ํ๋์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์ ์์ด ์์ญ์์ ์ ํจํด์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ์ ์ค์์ฑ์ ๋นํด ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต์์ ์คํ๊ต๋ก์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต์์๋ ์ผ๋ฐํ์ ๊ด์ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ท์น์ฑ์ ์ฐพ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ง์ถ์ด์ ธ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์์๋ ์ ํจํด์๋ง ์ง์ค๋์ด ์์ด ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์คํ๋ ค ํ์์ ์ธ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ํ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ธ ๊ณ์ฐ ์์ฃผ์ ํ์ต์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต์์๋ถํฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๊น์ง ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณํ์ฌ ์์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด๊ฐ ์ ์๋ ํจํด์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์์์์ ์ถ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด๋ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ํฌ ๋์ด ๋์์ผ๋ก์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ ํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต์์๋ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ์์ฌ๋ก์ ํ์ต์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋งค์ฐ ์น์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ํจํด์ ํ๋์ธ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ๊ทธ ์ค์์ฑ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์์ง ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ๊ณตํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ํ์์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ก ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด ํ๋ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์ต์์ ํ์ต ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋จผ์ ์ํ์ฌ์์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ธ ๋ํ์์์ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ์ป๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ผ๋ก ํํํ์ฌ ํจํด ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ์ด ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ด ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ด, ์ค, ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ด๋ ํ ์์ญ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ ์ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ํ์์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ์ ๋ต๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐํ ์์ค ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ํํธ, ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด ํ๋์ ๋ํ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ํ์์๊ฒ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ์ด, ์ค, ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ญ๊ณผ ์์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ณํ ์ ์์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ทธ ์์ญ ๋ด์์๋ ์ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ด๋ถํฐ ์ฌํ๊น์ง ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์ ์์์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ์์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ํ์๋ค์ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋๋ฐ ๋ค์ํ ์ผ๋ฐํ ์ ๋ต์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ผ๋ฐํ ์์ค์ ๋ถํฌ๋์ด ์์๊ณ ์์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํํธ, ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ํ์์๊ฒ ์ ์๋ฏธํ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋จ์ด ์๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํจ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ์ ๊ดํ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก์ ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ๋ํ ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ณผ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด ํ๋ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ํค๋๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.Pattern generalization is considered one of the prominent routes for introducing students to algebra and root of algebraic thinking. In elementary school curriculum, it suggests that students do a activity finding a rule of patterns focusing on 'regularity and function' domains. Also pattern generalization considers in 'number sequences' domain of high school curriculum. Nonetheless importance of pattern generalization, it isn't connected from elementary school to middle school and even focused just finding a rule of pattern rather than considering generalization in elementary school. Moreover it is focusing just number pattern in high school and so students learn patterns by algorithmic calculation. Therefore we have a critical mind that we need a development of pattern tasks to connect from elementary school to high school vertically. Building blocks is familiar playing tool for a child and it provide to elementary school learner as a teaching aid. So in this paper we study on building blocks pattern generalization as one of the figural patterns. Actually there is just a fewer study about building blocks pattern generalization even if its importance.
In this paper we develop a building blocks pattern tasks and make gifted and general students solve the problem as a pretest. Then we analyze it and design a building blocks pattern activity based on microworld environment. Finally we observe student's change through designed pattern activity. We purpose that improve student's learning environment of pattern generalization. To this, first we get a figurate number in math history as a subject matter of building blocks pattern. Plus we review all curriculum concerning building blocks patterns directly and indirectly. Then we pretest to gifted and general students and analyze their generalization strategies and generalization level. Finally through designing of microworld based building blocks pattern activity, we observe and explore their positive and negative change. As a result building blocks pattern connects many domains in elementary, middle, and high school curriculum vertically and horizontally. Also, gifted and general students use different generalization strategies to solve the given pattern tasks and distribute different generalization level. Lastly Microworld environment not only provides meaningful changes to gifted and general students but also works not means but purposes for building blocks patterns tasks.โ
. ์๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ 4
3. ์ฉ์ด ์ ์ 5
โ
ก. ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7
1. ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ 7
2. ํจํด๊ณผ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์๋ 21
3. ํจํด๊ณผ ๋ํ์ 31
โ
ข. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐจ 45
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ 45
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์ 46
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ์ฐจ 47
4. ๊ฒ์ฌ๋๊ตฌ 48
5. ์๋ฃ์ ์์ง ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ 54
โ
ฃ. ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํดํ๋ ์ค๊ณ 57
1. ์ค๊ณ ๋ด์ฉ 57
2. ์ค๊ณ ํน์ง 71
โ
ค. ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด๊ณผ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ 73
1. ํจํดํ๋๊ณผ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ 73
2. ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ ๊ฒํ 83
โ
ฅ. ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ์ ๋ต๊ณผ ์์ค ๋ถ์ 95
1. ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์์ ๋ํ๋ ์ค๋ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํฅ 95
2. ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ์ ๋ต 99
3. ์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌด ํจํด๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐํ ์์ค 108
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ฆ. ๊ต์์ค๊ณ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ์ 116
1. ์ผ๋ฐํ ์ ๋ต ์ธก๋ฉด 116
2. ์ผ๋ฐํ ์์ค ์ธก๋ฉด 129
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ง. ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 147
1. ์์ฝ 147
2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ์ ์ธ 150
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 154
๋ถ๋ก 160
Abstract 174Maste
Role of HGF/c-Met in invasion and metastasis of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ](์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ) ๊ฐ์ธํฌ์ฑ์ฅ์ธ์(Hepatocyte Growth Factor, ์ดํ HGF)๋ ๊ฐ์ธํฌ ๋ฟ์๋๋ผ ์ฒด๋ด ๋ค์ํ ์ธํฌ์ ์ข
์์์ ์ฆ์, ๋ถ์ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฐ ์นจ์ต์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ฉฐ ์ข
์์ฃผ์์ ์ ์ํ๊ด์ ์์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์ด์ ๊ดํ ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋๊ฒฝ๋ถ ์ข
์ ์ค ์ฃผ๋ณ์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ก์ ์นจ์ต๊ณผ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ ํ์ธ๋์์์ HGF์ c-Met์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์์์ ์ธ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ HGF๊ฐ ํ์ธ๋์์ ์ฆ์, ์ด๋๊ณผ ์นจ์ต์ ์์ด ์ด๋ ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
(๋์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ) ํ์ธ๋์์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋ฐ์ 40์์ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ HGF์ c-Met์ ๋ฉด์ญ์กฐ์งํํ์ ์ผ์์ ์ํํ์๊ณ 5์์ ํ์ธ๋ ์ ์๊ณผ ์์กฐ์ง์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ RT-PCR๊ณผ Western blotting์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ํ์ธ๋์ ์ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ FaDu(ATCC)์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ RT-PCR๊ณผ Western blotting์ ์ํํ์๋ค. HGF์ ๋๋(10, 30ng/ml)์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ข
์์ธํฌ์ ์ฆ์, ๋ถ์ฐ์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ wound healing assay์ Transwell chamber๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ข
์์ธํฌ์ ์ด๋๊ณผ ์นจ์ต์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ FaDu์์ MMP-2์ 9์ ๋ฐํ๊ณผ ํ์ฑ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ํด RT-PCR๊ณผ Zymogram๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๊ณ ํ์ธ๋์์์ ๋ถ๋น๋๋ HGF ๋ถ๋น์ ๋๋ฌผ์ง์ ์กด์ฌ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ๋์ ์ฌ์ ์์ธํฌ(MRC-5)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์๋ค./(๊ฒฐ๊ณผ) ๋ฉด์ญ์กฐ์งํํ์ ์ผ์์ HGF๋ 77.5%, c-Met๋ 70%์์ ์์ฑ์ ๋ณด์๊ณ HGF๋ ๋ฆผํ์ ์ ์ด์ ์ข
์์ ์์์ ๋ณ๊ธฐ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. c-Met์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์์ ๋ณ๊ธฐ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํ์ธ๋์ ์กฐ์ง์ RT-PCR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ HGF์ c-Met์ ๋ฐํ์ด ์ ์ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋นํด ์์กฐ์ง์์ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ FaDu์์๋ HGF์ ๋ฐํ์ ์์๊ณ c-Met์ ๋ฐํ๋ง ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. Western blotting์์๋ 1์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ 4์์์ ์ ์์์๋ c-Met์ ๋ฐํ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์์ผ๋ ํ์ธ๋์์์๋ c-Met์ ๋ฐํ์ด ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ FaDu์์๋ c-Met์ ๋ฐํ์ด ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ํ์ธ๋์ ์ธํฌ์ฃผ์ ์ฆ์, ๋ถ์ฐ, ์ด๋๊ณผ ์นจ์ค๊ฒ์ฌ์์ HGF๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์ฆ์, ๋ถ์ฐ, ์ด๋๊ณผ ์นจ์ค์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ์ด๋ HGF์ ๋๋์ ๋น๋กํ์๋ค. MMP-2, 9์ RT-PCR์์ MMP-2, 9์ ๋ฐํ์ด ํ์ธ๋์๊ณ 30ng/ml์ HGF๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ MMP-2์ ๋ฐํ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. Zymogram์ FaDu์์๋ MMP์ ํ์ฑ๋๊ฐ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์์ผ๋ FaDu์ ๋ฐฐ์์ก์์๋ MMP-2์ ๋ฐํ์ด ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋๋ฐ HGF๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ํ์ฑ๋๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. FaDu์ ๋ฐฐ์์ก์ MRC-5์ ๋ฃ์ด์ค ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ฃ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ HGF์ ๋ถ๋น๋ฅผ ELISA๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ FaDu์ ๋ฐฐ์์ก์ ๋ฃ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ HGF์ ๋ถ๋น๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
(๊ฒฐ๋ก ) HGF์ c-Met์ ๋ฐํ์ด ํ์ธ๋์์ ๋ฆผํ์ ์ ์ด์ ์งํ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ HGF๊ฐ ํ์ธ๋์์ ์ฆ์, ๋ถ์ฐ, ์ด๋๊ณผ ์นจ์ต์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๊ณ ํ์ธ๋์์ ์นจ์ต์ ์์ด MMP-2๊ฐ ์ญํ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ด์ HGF๊ฐ ์ผ๋ถ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ธ๋์์์ ๋ถ๋น๋๋ HGF ๋ถ๋น์ ๋๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ํด ์ฌ์ ์์ธํฌ์์์ HGF ๋ถ๋น๊ฐ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋จ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent stimulator of hepatocyte growth, stimulates motility, invasiveness, proliferation, and morphogenesis of epithelium, and it may be involved in physiologic and pathologic processes such as embryogenesis, wound healing, organ regeneration, inflammation, and tumor invasion. So we examined the role of the HGF/c-Met on invasion and metastasis of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).
We performed immunohistochemical stains on 40 normal mucosas and 40 SCCs of hypopharynx with HGF antibody and c-Met antibody. For RT-PCR and Western blot, fresh normal tissues and cancer tissues in hypopharynx obtained from five patients and hypopharyngeal cell line(FaDu) were used. To find proliferating effect of HGF, the number of viable cells was estimated by the proliferation assay according to the concentration of HGF(0, 10, 30 ng/ml). Tumor cell migration and invasiveness were assessed by wound healing assay and the membrane invasion assay(using Transwell chamber). To examine the role of the matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) and the relation between HGF and MMP in invasion of hypopharyngeal cancer, RT-PCR and zymography were performed in FaDu cells. And we examined enhancement of HGF production in human fibroblast(MRC-5) by putative inducer secreted from FaDu cells.
The positive rates of HGF and c-Met expression in hypopharyngeal SCC were 77.5% and 70%, respectively. HGF staining was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and pathologic stage (p<0.05). c-Met staining was only significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). The increased expresssion of c-Met mRNA(RT-PCR) and protein (Western Blot) were detected in hypopharyngeal cancer tissue and cancer cell line. Exogenous HGF significantly enhanced the growth of FaDu in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). HGF stimulated dispersion and markedly enhanced the migration and invasion of cancer cells in a Transwell invasion chamber in a dose-dependent manner(p<0.05). The expression of MMP was detected in hypopharyngeal cancer cells and exogenous HGF slightly enhanced the induction of MMP-2 activity in zymogram analysis. HGF produced by stromal fibroblast(MRC-5) was increased through certain inducer originated from FaDu cells (p<0.05)./These results suggest that HGF may plays an important role in progression of hypopharyngeal cancer through the enhancement of proliferation, migration and invasion.ope