23 research outputs found

    Gene identification and characterization of enzymes involved in alkaloid and sesquiterpenoids biosyntheses in Polygonum tinctorium L. and Piper nigrum L.

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ๊น€์ˆ˜์–ธ.PnNAT6 and 7). The genes were expressed in E. coli to obtain proteins for in-vitro assay. In addition, they were expressed in the engineered yeast and E. coli to directly produce the expected products or to effect bioconversion in-vivo. In particular, Part II fully describes sesqui-TPSs mentioned above. PnTPS1 produced caryophyllene as a major product and minor humulene, and thus was named caryophyllene synthase (PnCPS). Likewise, PnTPS2 and PnTPS3 were named cadinol/cadinene synthase (PnCO/CDS) and germacrene D synthase (PnGDS). PnGDS expression in yeast system yielded ฮฒ-cadinene and ฮฑ-copaene also found in pepper extract. They were verified as rearrangement products of germacrene D not found in pepper. Part III describes transcriptome-based gene mining for elucidation of piperine biosynthesis. At first, P. nigrum 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid (MDCA) hydratase-lyase (PnMCHL) responsible for conversion of MDCA to piperonal, was identified and described. Piperonylic acid, possibly an oxidation product from piperonal inยฌ-planta, could undergo 2ร—C2 extension in the side chain to arrive at C6C5 carbon skeleton of piperic acid, as opposed to the common belief that piperic acid skeleton would be the results of one C2 extension from MDCA. Also described is 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-specific 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A ligase (Pn4CL3) which converted piperic acid into piperoyl-CoA. Finally, two clones coding enzymes for transfer of piperoyl-CoA to piperidine are described.This thesis presents enzymes involved in biosynthesis of plant alkaloids, indigo and piperine from Polygonum tinctorium L. and Piper nigrum L., respectively, and those in sesquiterpene synthesis in P. nigrum. The first chapter presents indole synthase from P. tinctorium. Indigo is an old natural blue dye produced by plants such as P. tinctorium. The first key step in plant indigoid biosynthesis is the production of indole by indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL). Two tryptophan synthase ฮฑ-subunit homologs, PtIGL-short and -long forms on genome of the plant contained two genes each coding for IGL. The short and the long forms respectively encoded 273 and 316 amino acid residue-long proteins. The short form complemented E. coli ฮ”tnaA ฮ”trpA mutant on tryptophan-depleted agar plate, signifying the production of free indole, and thus was named indole synthase gene (PtINS). The long form, either intact or without the transit peptide sequence, did not complement the mutant. It was tentatively named PtTSA. PtTSA is transported to the chloroplast as predicted by 42 amino acid residues of targeting sequence, whereas PtINS is localized in cytosol. Genomic structure analysis suggested that a TSA duplicate acquired splicing sites during the course of evolution toward PtINS so that the targeting sequence-containing pre-mRNA segment was deleted as an intron. PtINS had about two to five-fold higher transcript level than that of PtTSA, and treatment of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole caused the relative transcript level of PtINS over PtTSA significantly enhanced in the plant. The second and the third chapter respectively focuses on sesquiterpene synthesis imparting characteristic peppery bouquet and piperine alkaloid biogenesis responsible for pungent taste of black pepper. The unripe peppercorn was submitted to transcriptome analysis utilizing the Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS). Compared with gene cloning based on rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR, NGS technology offers more cost-effective and time-saving alternative to identify specific gene by collecting massive sequencing data. Using Local tBLASTn routine against query genes with similar biochemical functions, I have found three full-length of sesquiterpene synthase (sesqui-TPS) clones (PnTPS1 through 3) and four kinds of enzymes putatively involved in piperine biosynthesis (PnMCHLPnPKS1 and 2Pn4CL3Part I: Isolation and functional studies of indole synthase from Polygonum tinctorium L. 1 Introduction 2 Polygonum tinctorium L. 2 Indole biosynthetic pathway 2 Indole synthase 6 The purposes of research 10 Materials and Methods 11 Plant material and growth conditions 11 Bacterial strains and culture media 11 Plasmids 11 Enzyme and chemicals 12 Oligonucleotides 12 Genomic DNA, total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis 14 Isolation of IGL and UTR sequences 14 Complementation assay in E. coli ฮ”trpA ฮ”tnaA 15 QRT-PCR 15 Determination of subcellular localization 15 Bioinformatics analyses 16 Results and Discussion 17 Cloning of IGLs 17 Analysis of UTR sequences 22 Complementation of E. coli ฮ”tnaA ฮ”trpA by PtIGL-short 28 PtIGL transcript levels among plant organs 32 Change in IGL transcription upon BTH treatment 32 Intracellular localization of PtIGLs 38 Part II: Cloning and functional analysis of three sesquiterpene synthases identified by transcriptome sequencing of peppercorn 43 Introduction 44 Piper nigrum L. 44 Transcriptome sequencing 44 Black pepper sesquiterpenoids 44 The purposes of this study 45 Materials and Methods 46 Plant material and growth conditions 46 Bacterial, yeast strains and culture media 46 Enzyme and chemicals 47 Oligonucleotides 47 Total RNA isolation and cDNA preparation 49 Isolation of sesqui-TPSs 49 Yeast transformation and fermentation 50 Transient expression in N. benthamiana 50 Heterologous expression and in-vitro assay 50 Steady-state kinetics 51 GC-MS analysis 52 QRT-PCR 52 Bioinformatics analyses 53 Results and Discussion 54 Transcriptome analysis 54 Screening of sesqui-TPS 56 Analysis of sesquiterpenes in pepper fruit 62 Functional analyses of sesqui-TPSs 67 Kinetic parameters 74 Catalytic mechanism 74 Phylogenetic analysis 78 PnTPS transcript levels among pepper organs 82 Part III: Isolation of genes putatively involved in piperine biosynthesis in Piper nigrum L. 87 Introduction 88 The piperine 88 The purposes of this study 88 Materials and Methods 90 Bacterial, yeast strains and culture media 90 Enzyme and chemicals 90 Oligonucleotides 91 Isolation of genes putatively involved in piperine biosynthesis 94 Yeast PAD1, FDC1 disruption mutant 94 Heterologous expression and protein purification 95 In-vitro assay 96 In-vivo bioconversion assay by co-transformants 96 Analysis of metabolites 100 GC-MS analysis 100 LC-MS analysis 101 QRT-PCR 101 Bioinformatics analyses 102 Results and Discussion 103 Metabolites profiling 103 Search for genes involved in piperine biosynthesis 106 Side chain extension of phenylpropenate 108 PnMCHL, an enzyme for 3,4-MDCA-specific side chain cleavage 114 Piperate:Coenzyme A ligation by Pn4CL3 126 Piperidine-piperoyltransferase 130 Conclusion 134 Supplementary Data 138 References 154 Abstract in Korean 160 Curriculum Vitae 162 Publications and Patents 163Docto

    A Study on the Design and Analysis for Electric Power System of Drilling Rig using ETAP

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    As electricity has been used in ship's propulsion, it is necessary to increase the system voltage and current for the electrical distribution system. So it is required to improve the system safety and efficiency, the power stability, the efficiency of the generation through various analysis of ship's electric power system. In this paper, the electrical service reliability of the power distribution system of Semi Submersible Drilling Rigs(SSDRs) has been analysed and discussed using Electrical Transient Analysis Program(ETAP). In the case of Semi Submersible Drill Rigs that are being used in most of the deepwater drilling operations, it can move by thrusters with Dynamic Positioning System(DPS), and has equipped a drilling packages like pumps, pipes and drills. The electrical distribution system of Drilling rigs is quite similar to typical redundancy system of electric propulsion ships made for transportation. However it is required the electrical distribution system of 2 to 4 split bus or more because of the severe marine environment, the hazards of fire and explosion, 24-hours operation, the standards and regulations related to oil and gas drilling. There are some more difficulties in design and engineering of the off-shore plants electric power system because it is required more severe and strict conditions. In this paper, to verify the stability of designed power system, the power system of SSDRs is modeled at first and load flow is analysed on each operational mode and also analysed on transient characteristics due to start/stop action between generators and loads. On the basis of the analysis the voltage variation in the distribution feeder is discussed. As a result, the load flow analysis shows the resonable result with appropriate load distribution and the capacity of generators and transformers are enough to feed the maximum load. The capacity of generators and transformers have an acceptable margin for future load and emergency load.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋™ํ–ฅ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 1 2. ์„์œ ์‹œ์ถ”์„ ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต 3 2.1 ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 2.1.1 ์‹œ์ถ”์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ชจ๋ธ 5 2.2 ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 2.3 ์šด์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ 6 2.3.1 ์ด๋™ ๋ชจ๋“œ 7 2.3.2 ์‹œ์ถ” ๋ชจ๋“œ 1 7 2.3.3 ์‹œ์ถ” ๋ชจ๋“œ 2 8 2.3.4 ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋“œ 8 3. ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํ•ด์„ 9 3.1 ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 9 3.2 ๋‰ดํ„ด-๋žฉ์Šจ(Newton-Raphson)๋ฒ• 15 3.3 ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 17 3.3.1 ์—ฌ์ž๊ธฐ(Exciter) 20 3.3.2 ์กฐ์†๊ธฐ(Governor) 23 3.3.3 ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์šด์ „์ •๋ณด 26 3.4 ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 33 3.4.1 2๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 34 3.4.2 3๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 35 3.4.3 ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šด์ „์ •๋ณด 37 3.5 ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 41 3.5.1 ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ 41 3.5.2 ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์šด์ „์ •๋ณด 45 3.6 Lumped load 47 4. ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49 4.1 ๋ถ„์„์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 49 4.1.1 ๋ถ„์„์กฐ๊ฑด 49 4.1.2 ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์ค€ 49 4.2 ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 50 4.2.1 ๋ชจ์„ ์˜ ์šด์ „์ „์•• 50 4.2.2 ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์œ ์œจ 52 4.2.3 ์šด์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ 53 5. ๋น„์ƒ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ตํ•ด์„ 58 5.1 ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒˆ๋ฝ 59 5.1.1 ์ถ”์ง„๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํƒˆ๋ฝ 59 5.1.2 ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ 1๋Œ€์˜ ํƒˆ๋ฝ 69 5.1.3 ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ 2๋Œ€์˜ ํƒˆ๋ฝ 76 5.1.4 ๊ณ ์••๋ชจ์„ ์˜ 3์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฝ 80 5.2 ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ 85 5.2.1 ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ 85 5.2.2 ๊ณ ์žฅ์œ ํ˜• 88 6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  9

    ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊น€๋ด‰ํ™˜.In Korea, the flexible working system was sent to a Public institutions by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs in 2010 as part of an innovation in the working method of employees in public institutions. However, until the mid-2010s, the performance was poor. Obstacles to the implementation of the flexible working system in public institutions include disadvantages in personnel and remuneration from adopting the flexible working system, restrictions due to rigid and collective organizational culture, transfer of work to colleagues, and inconvenience to customers and partner organizations, etc. This problem has been pointed out. This situation has been changed because of the social demand for work-family balance, the change of perception according to the rapidly changing times such as the full-scale social advancement of the MZ generation, and the spread of COVID-19 in the private and public sectors. The flexible working system, which allows workers to directly select working hours and places to perform work due to activation, etc., is expected to become the new normal. The flexible working system is receiving attention as an important alternative for improving the quality of life, such as improving productivity and working conditions, in terms of work labels for members of the organization. Many efforts are being made to improve productivity and improve quality of life. In a changing environment where the flexible working system is important to both organizations and individuals, it was confirmed that a number of studies mainly deal with the antecedent factors of policies for work-life and work-family balance in a wide range. Several studies have shown that it provides opportunities for workers to improve their quality of life as well as develop their own abilities, and has positive effects on the overall organization, such as enhancing work efficiency, boosting employee morale, reducing turnover, and improving customer service. appearing in the paper. In this study, the flexible working system shows various positive effects. A questionnaire was conducted to determine whether the degree of flexible working use had a positive effect on the job satisfaction of Corporation I employees or whether it had a significant effect on intergenerational job satisfaction according to the degree of use of flexible working. Let's take a look through it. A brief summary of the survey results is as follows. First, as a result of examining the main effect of the independent variable, it was found that the more telecommuting was used in the frequency of use by type of flexible work, which is an independent variable, the insignificant positive (+) effect on job satisfaction (working environment) was found. In the sense of being more satisfied with job satisfaction (work environment), it was confirmed that employees were more satisfied with the work environment at their home than at the office, which supported the existing research results on a number of flexible working systems. Second, it was found that the 20s/30s among the generations strengthened the positive (+) effect on job satisfaction (work satisfaction) in the working time selection type and job satisfaction (working environment) in the childcare shortening type, than the 40s/50s. In other words, it was confirmed that the more the working hours selection and the shortening of child care were used, the more positively the job satisfaction of 20/30s was strengthened. It was confirmed that employees in their 20s/30s were more active in using the system to invest in themselves, such as self-development by selecting working hours, and this had an effect on job satisfaction. It can be confirmed that the results show a result that further strengthens the positive (+) effect on job satisfaction. The limitation of this study is that it is difficult to generalize the results of this study because it is a study targeting only the employees of Corporation I. It is necessary to increase external validity by broadening the scope of the target, such as other institutions and public officials. Second, as a limitation of research through a survey, it has the disadvantage that the contents of the survey questions are limited. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to supplement the shortcomings caused by the survey by conducting additional in-depth research through the interview method.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฐฉ์‹ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ 2010๋…„ ํ–‰์ •์ž์น˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ ์šด์˜์ง€์นจ์„ ์†ก๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ค€์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰์„ ๋…๋ คํ•ด ์™”์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์ ์ด ์ €์กฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์‹œํ–‰์˜ ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต, ๊ฒฝ์ง์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ, ๋™๋ฃŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์—…๋ฌด ์ „๊ฐ€, ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ถˆํŽธ ์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผยท๊ฐ€์ • ์–‘๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ, MZ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง„์ถœ ๋“ฑ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ COVID-19 ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฌํƒ๊ทผ๋ฌด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์žฅ์†Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋‰ด๋…ธ๋ฉ€(New Normal)์ด ๋  ์ „๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ๋„๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์›Œ๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์—ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์„  ๋“ฑ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํ•„๋‘๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€, ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ผ๊ณผ ์‚ถ, ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ • ์–‘๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์š”์ธ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ ํ™œ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง„์ž‘, ์ด์ง์œจ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์ง ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ I๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ„ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃผํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํ™œ์šฉ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์žฌํƒ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ(๊ทผ๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ)์— ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์žฌํƒ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ(๊ทผ๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ)์— ๋”์šฑ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋” ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ค‘ 20/30๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 40/50๋Œ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์„ ํƒ ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ(์—…๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ)์„ ์ž๋…€๋Œ๋ด„ ๋‹จ์ถ• ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ(๊ทผ๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ)์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์„ ํƒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋…€๋Œ๋ด„ ๋‹จ์ถ• ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก 20/30๋Œ€์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์ •(+) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 20/30๋Œ€ ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ๋”์šฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ž๋…€ ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋‹จ์ถ• ์ œ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ 40/50๋Œ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” 20/30๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ I๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ง์›๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€ ์™ธ์ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ์จ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉด์ ‘๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋น„์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 8 1. ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ 8 2. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ 15 3. ์„ธ๋Œ€ 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 24 1. ์œ ์—ฐ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 24 2. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 28 3. ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 32 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  35 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 36 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 36 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 37 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ 38 1. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 38 2. ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 40 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 41 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 41 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 41 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋…ผ์˜ 42 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 42 1. ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 42 2. ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 43 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 44 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 46 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 47 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 49 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃผํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ(๊ฐ€์„ค1) 49 2. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ(๊ฐ€์„ค2) 54 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  68 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 68 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  70 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 71 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 72์„

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    A study on figural pattern generalization -Focusing on microworld building blocks patterns-

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์กฐํ•œํ˜.ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋„์ž…์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์˜ ๊ด€์  ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ์ˆ˜ ํŒจํ„ด์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ํฌ ๋†€์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์ง ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜์žฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›”๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด ํ™œ๋™ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์ˆ˜ํ•™์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ๋„ํ˜•์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ด ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ดˆ, ์ค‘, ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜์žฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›”๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜์žฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ดˆ, ์ค‘, ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ฌํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์žฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜์žฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›”๋“œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์˜์žฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›”๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด ํ™œ๋™ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Pattern generalization is considered one of the prominent routes for introducing students to algebra and root of algebraic thinking. In elementary school curriculum, it suggests that students do a activity finding a rule of patterns focusing on 'regularity and function' domains. Also pattern generalization considers in 'number sequences' domain of high school curriculum. Nonetheless importance of pattern generalization, it isn't connected from elementary school to middle school and even focused just finding a rule of pattern rather than considering generalization in elementary school. Moreover it is focusing just number pattern in high school and so students learn patterns by algorithmic calculation. Therefore we have a critical mind that we need a development of pattern tasks to connect from elementary school to high school vertically. Building blocks is familiar playing tool for a child and it provide to elementary school learner as a teaching aid. So in this paper we study on building blocks pattern generalization as one of the figural patterns. Actually there is just a fewer study about building blocks pattern generalization even if its importance. In this paper we develop a building blocks pattern tasks and make gifted and general students solve the problem as a pretest. Then we analyze it and design a building blocks pattern activity based on microworld environment. Finally we observe student's change through designed pattern activity. We purpose that improve student's learning environment of pattern generalization. To this, first we get a figurate number in math history as a subject matter of building blocks pattern. Plus we review all curriculum concerning building blocks patterns directly and indirectly. Then we pretest to gifted and general students and analyze their generalization strategies and generalization level. Finally through designing of microworld based building blocks pattern activity, we observe and explore their positive and negative change. As a result building blocks pattern connects many domains in elementary, middle, and high school curriculum vertically and horizontally. Also, gifted and general students use different generalization strategies to solve the given pattern tasks and distribute different generalization level. Lastly Microworld environment not only provides meaningful changes to gifted and general students but also works not means but purposes for building blocks patterns tasks.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 3. ์šฉ์–ด ์ •์˜ 5 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 1. ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” 7 2. ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›”๋“œ 21 3. ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๋„ํ˜•์ˆ˜ 31 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 45 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 45 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 46 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 47 4. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ 48 5. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 54 โ…ฃ. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›”๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ดํ™œ๋™ ์„ค๊ณ„ 57 1. ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์šฉ 57 2. ์„ค๊ณ„ ํŠน์ง• 71 โ…ค. ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 73 1. ํŒจํ„ดํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • 73 2. ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ฒ€ํ†  83 โ…ฅ. ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„ 95 1. ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 95 2. ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ „๋žต 99 3. ์Œ“๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€ 108 โ…ฆ. ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ 116 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ „๋žต ์ธก๋ฉด 116 2. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ธก๋ฉด 129 โ…ง. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  147 1. ์š”์•ฝ 147 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 150 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 154 ๋ถ€๋ก 160 Abstract 174Maste

    Role of HGF/c-Met in invasion and metastasis of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€](์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ) ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž(Hepatocyte Growth Factor, ์ดํ•˜ HGF)๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ ์ฆ์‹, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์นจ์Šต์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ข…์–‘์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ์ข…์–‘ ์ค‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์นจ์Šต๊ณผ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์—์„œ HGF์™€ c-Met์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  HGF๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์˜ ์ฆ์‹, ์ด๋™๊ณผ ์นจ์Šต์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•) ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐ›์€ 40์˜ˆ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ HGF์™€ c-Met์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  5์˜ˆ์˜ ํ•˜์ธ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ๊ณผ ์•”์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ RT-PCR๊ณผ Western blotting์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ FaDu(ATCC)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ RT-PCR๊ณผ Western blotting์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HGF์˜ ๋†๋„(10, 30ng/ml)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  wound healing assay์™€ Transwell chamber๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๊ณผ ์นจ์Šต์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ FaDu์—์„œ MMP-2์™€ 9์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด RT-PCR๊ณผ Zymogram๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” HGF ๋ถ„๋น„์œ ๋„๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ(MRC-5)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค./(๊ฒฐ๊ณผ) ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ HGF๋Š” 77.5%, c-Met๋Š” 70%์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  HGF๋Š” ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด์™€ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. c-Met์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•” ์กฐ์ง์˜ RT-PCR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ HGF์™€ c-Met์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ •์ƒ ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•”์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ FaDu์—์„œ๋Š” HGF์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  c-Met์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋งŒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Western blotting์—์„œ๋Š” 1์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  4์˜ˆ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” c-Met์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์—์„œ๋Š” c-Met์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ FaDu์—์„œ๋„ c-Met์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฆ์‹, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ์ด๋™๊ณผ ์นจ์œค๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ HGF๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฆ์‹, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ์ด๋™๊ณผ ์นจ์œค์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” HGF์˜ ๋†๋„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MMP-2, 9์˜ RT-PCR์—์„œ MMP-2, 9์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  30ng/ml์˜ HGF๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— MMP-2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Zymogram์ƒ FaDu์—์„œ๋Š” MMP์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ FaDu์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์—์„œ๋Š” MMP-2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ HGF๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. FaDu์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„ MRC-5์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์ค€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋„ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— HGF์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ELISA๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ FaDu์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„ ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ HGF์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ฒฐ๋ก ) HGF์™€ c-Met์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด์™€ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ HGF๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์˜ ์ฆ์‹, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ์ด๋™๊ณผ ์นจ์Šต์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์˜ ์นจ์Šต์— ์žˆ์–ด MMP-2๊ฐ€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— HGF๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•˜์ธ๋‘์•”์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” HGF ๋ถ„๋น„์œ ๋„๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ HGF ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent stimulator of hepatocyte growth, stimulates motility, invasiveness, proliferation, and morphogenesis of epithelium, and it may be involved in physiologic and pathologic processes such as embryogenesis, wound healing, organ regeneration, inflammation, and tumor invasion. So we examined the role of the HGF/c-Met on invasion and metastasis of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC). We performed immunohistochemical stains on 40 normal mucosas and 40 SCCs of hypopharynx with HGF antibody and c-Met antibody. For RT-PCR and Western blot, fresh normal tissues and cancer tissues in hypopharynx obtained from five patients and hypopharyngeal cell line(FaDu) were used. To find proliferating effect of HGF, the number of viable cells was estimated by the proliferation assay according to the concentration of HGF(0, 10, 30 ng/ml). Tumor cell migration and invasiveness were assessed by wound healing assay and the membrane invasion assay(using Transwell chamber). To examine the role of the matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) and the relation between HGF and MMP in invasion of hypopharyngeal cancer, RT-PCR and zymography were performed in FaDu cells. And we examined enhancement of HGF production in human fibroblast(MRC-5) by putative inducer secreted from FaDu cells. The positive rates of HGF and c-Met expression in hypopharyngeal SCC were 77.5% and 70%, respectively. HGF staining was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and pathologic stage (p<0.05). c-Met staining was only significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). The increased expresssion of c-Met mRNA(RT-PCR) and protein (Western Blot) were detected in hypopharyngeal cancer tissue and cancer cell line. Exogenous HGF significantly enhanced the growth of FaDu in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). HGF stimulated dispersion and markedly enhanced the migration and invasion of cancer cells in a Transwell invasion chamber in a dose-dependent manner(p<0.05). The expression of MMP was detected in hypopharyngeal cancer cells and exogenous HGF slightly enhanced the induction of MMP-2 activity in zymogram analysis. HGF produced by stromal fibroblast(MRC-5) was increased through certain inducer originated from FaDu cells (p<0.05)./These results suggest that HGF may plays an important role in progression of hypopharyngeal cancer through the enhancement of proliferation, migration and invasion.ope
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