10 research outputs found

    ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ์—์„œ sharp wave-ripple์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์นผ์Š˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊น€์ƒ์ •.Various experiences occur in our daily life in diverse context, and among them, some experiences become a life-long memory while some are easily forgotten. Not only encoding of experiences, this phenomenon of memory selection is heavily dependent on the consolidation of memory. In the investigation of long-term memory formation, hippocampal SWR signal and its neuronal contents have been extensively studied using neuronal decoding analysis of electrophysiological signal to recognize SWRs in the neuronal signals. However, as this signal has low spatial resolution and hard to track neurons across time, it has been difficult to analyze the individual contribution of neurons to task-specific SWRs. In this work, I focused on the investigation of the hippocampal SWRs in spatial aspect not only in temporal aspect, and identification of cellular ensembles consisting of the activity to improve contents of consolidated memory by SWRs. To understand the composition of SWRs and its change by the environment in detail, I divided the research process into two parts. In the first part, to investigate individual hippocampal neuronal activity participating in SWRs activity, I developed a Microdrive array with tetrodes, that combines with UCLA miniscope, a 1-p calcium imaging device. This method enables us to observe SWRs activity not only populational electrophysiological manner, as well as individual cellular activity using calcium indicators from freely behaving animals. The acquired data show that a group of hippocampal neurons was identified to have increased activity on the onset of SWRs, while activities were found to be decreased when SWRs are disrupted. This result implies the potential contribution of individual neuronal activity in the memory consolidation process. In the second part, the calcium transient signals acquired from hippocampal neurons was compared by the environment of the animal. While animals are exploring two different environments, SWRs were detected in real-time and hippocampal neuronal activities were observed simultaneously. From the result, we found that different subsets of neurons are firing during SWRs depending on the environment of the animals, suggesting that SWR signals are collective signals of multiple neurons but their compositions are different by the contents of experience. This result has a potential to improve decoding accuracy when investigating replay contents and neuronal composition. Overall, this thesis covers comprehensive strides from the development of tools to analysis of scientific findings in search of neuronal constitution of memory engraved in the hippocampus.์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์žŠํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์ €์žฅ์—๋Š”, ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ณผ์ •(encoding) ๋ฟ ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” (consolidation) ๊ณผ์ •๋„ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) ์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํŠน์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” SWRs์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ SWRs์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฟ ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ, SWRs๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SWRs์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” SWRs์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ์†Œํ˜• ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ด‘์ž ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ SWRs์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์นผ์Š˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด SWRs์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, SWRs์ด ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋งˆ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”, SWRs์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š”, ํ•ด๋งˆ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์นผ์Š˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ํ•ด๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” SWRs ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๋งˆ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์ด SWRs์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ SWRs๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ (replay)๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ•ด๋…(decoding) ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ด๋งˆ์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.Abstract 4 Table of contents 7 List of figures and tables 8 Chapter 1. Introduction 10 Chapter 2. Simultaneous cellular imaging, electrical recording and stimulation of hippocampal activity in freely behaving mice 39 Summary 39 Introduction 41 Materials and Methods 43 Results 53 Discussion 58 Chapter 3. Simultaneous cellular imaging and electrical recording for dissecting neuronal ensemble activity of SWRs in multiple environments 76 Summary 76 Introduction 77 Materials and Methods 78 Results 79 Discussion 81 Chapter 4. Conclusion and future perspective 88 References 92 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์š”์•ฝ 113๋ฐ•

    ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ๊น€์„œ๋ น.์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ, ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ํ•™๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋‘์„ธ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ์€ ๊ณ ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์šด์˜๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”, ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ต๊ณผ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ํ•™๊ธ‰ ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๋ช…์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ช…์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช…์€ ์ถ”๋ก ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฆ๋ช… ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋„ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ €, ์ฆ๋ช… ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰ ํ•™์Šต๋‚ด์šฉ ์ดํ•ด ์ •๋„์™€ ๋ฌธ์ž ์ดํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™์Šต์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์œ ๋„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•™์Šต์ง€ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์—… ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์ง€ ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข€ ๋” ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋งž๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ง€ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 3 2.1 ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—… 3 2.1.1 ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 2.1.2 ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 7 2.1.3 ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—… 9 2.2 ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช… 11 2.2.1 ์ฆ๋ช… ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด๋ก  13 2.2.2 ๋ฌธ์ž ์ดํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ค€ 19 โ…ข. ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ง€๋„ 25 3.1 ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ง€๋„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 25 3.2 ํ˜•์‹์  ์ฆ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 26 3.2.1 ๋‹จ์› ์„ ์ • 26 3.2.2 ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ค€๋น„๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์—… ์„ค๊ณ„ 28 3.2.3 ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 33 โ…ฃ. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  42 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 47Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์˜์–ด์ „๊ณต,1998.Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2013. 2. ๋ฌต์ธํฌ.์„œ๋ก : Alzheimers disease (AD)์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” Aฮฒ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ tau์˜ ๊ณผ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” (hyperphosphorylation)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ‘์ธ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” glucose metabolism๊ณผ axonal transport์˜ ์ €ํ•ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Glucose metabolism์˜ ์ €ํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ O-GlcNAc์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด tau์˜ ๊ณผ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ , Aฮฒ๋Š” GSK3ฮฒ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด HDAC6์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ acetylation์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด axonal transport๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”, acetylation, O-GlcNAc๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ™” (post-translation modificationPTM)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, AD์—์„œ๋Š” PTM์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ €ํ•ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” AD์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ O-GlcNAc๊ณผ acetylation์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ค€ ํ›„, O-GlcNAc๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Aฮฒ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, acetylation ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ axonal transport์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: (1) O-GlcNAc์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ O-GlcNAcase ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ธ NButGT๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, AD ๋ณ‘์ธ๊ธฐ์ „์—์„œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” AD ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ธ 5XFAD mice๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, 5XFAD mice์— NButGT๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ Aฮฒ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ Aฮฒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (2) ฮฑ-tubulin์˜ acetylation์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” HADC6์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ธ Tubastatin A (TBA)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, primary hippocampal neuron์— Aฮฒ์™€ TBA๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ axonal transport๋ฅผ microfluidic chamber system์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: (1) NButGT๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ 5XFAD mice๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ 5XFAD mice ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, Aฮฒ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์—ผ์ฆ (neuroinflammation)๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜ (memory impairment)๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๋งˆ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์•„์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ NCT์˜ Ser 708์— O-GlcNAc ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, NButGT์— ์˜ํ•ด NCT์˜ O-GlcNAc์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์•„์ œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. (2) 5XFAD mice์˜ ๋‡Œ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ฮฑ-tubulin์˜ acetylation์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Aฮฒ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ axonal transport๋Š” anterograde์™€ retrograde ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ €ํ•ด๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ TBA๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด Aฮฒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ์šด๋™์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Aฮฒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์งง์•„์ง„ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋„ TBA์— ์˜ํ•ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : AD์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ PTM์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ AD์˜ ๋ณ‘์ธ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ Aฮฒ์˜ ์ถ•์ , ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์—ผ์ฆ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ axonal transport์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋„ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ PTM์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด AD ๋ณ‘์ธ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.์ดˆ ๋ก i ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ v ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ๋ก vi ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 27 ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 62 ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  75 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 76 ์ดˆ ๋ก (์˜ ๋ฌธ) 91Docto

    A Study on the Establishment of Busan Port-Based Fulfillment Center for E-Commerce between Countries

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    ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ง์ ‘โ€ข์—ญ์ง๊ตฌ์•ก์€ 2014๋…„ 7000์–ต ์›์—์„œ 2019๋…„ 6์กฐ5000์–ต ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2014๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 55%์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๊ตํ†ตโ€ข๋ณด๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋น„ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ „์ž ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด, ํ’€ํ•„๋จผํŠธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. IT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ COVID-19์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ด๋™์ œํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋กœ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒํ•„ํ’ˆ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„ ํ™”๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ™”๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์—…ํ•ญ ๊ฑด์„ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ „๋ง์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์ „์ž ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์„ ๋ฐ• ๊ธฐ์ง€(์ธ์ฒœโ€ขํ‰ํƒโ€ข๋ถ€์‚ฐ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋„ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์—…ํ•ญ ์ด์šฉ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์šฉ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ˜„์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  COVID-19์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ „์ž ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž… ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•ด, ์†Œํ˜•โ€ข๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ’ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์šด์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๋Œ€ํ˜•โ€ข์ค‘ํ˜•ํ’ˆโ€ข์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ˆ˜์†ก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, Amazon, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋ฐ” ๋“ฑ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…์€, ์œ ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, ์˜ํ†  ํŒŒ๊ดด์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ’€ํ•„๋จผํŠธ์„ผํ„ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ๋’ค์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์‹ค ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 5 2. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ทœ๋ชจ 7 3. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์‹คํƒœ 8 4. ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค 14 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ/ํ•ด์šด ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 17 1. ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 17 2. ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ƒ์—…ํ•ญ 21 ์ œ3์žฅ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์š”ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๋ถ„์„ 24 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋ถ€์ง€ ์ด์šฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 24 1. ์ธ์ฒœํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 24 2. ํ‰ํƒํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 24 3. ๊ด‘์–‘ํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 25 4. ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 25 5. ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์ด์šฉ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  28 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•ด์ƒํŠน์†ก์žฅ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 31 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ํ†ต๊ด€์ œ๋„ 31 2. ์ธ์ฒœ ํ•ด์ƒํŠน์†ก์žฅ 32 3. ํ‰ํƒ ํ•ด์ƒํŠน์†ก์žฅ 32 4. ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ํ•ด์ƒํŠน์†ก์žฅ 33 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 35 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐœ์š” 35 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก ์ „ํ™˜์ˆ˜์š” ๋ถ„์„ 37 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜์ˆ˜์š” ์ถ”์ • 39 1. ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40 2. ์ „ํ™˜์ˆ˜์š” 43 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  46 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 46 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 47 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 48Maste

    Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydroalkoxylation of tertiary alcohol

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    MasterMono- and oligosaccharides, containing tertiary alcohol at anomeric center, are core moieties of many naturally-occurring compounds exhibiting biological activity as antitumor agents. The synthesis of these oligosaccharides through classical glycosylation method has been a difficult task because of steric bulk arising from tertiary moiety and hence not a suitable candidates as glycosyl acceptors. Moreover, the stereoselective synthesis of ฮฒ-anomer is thermodynamically unfavorable because of inherent preference for ฮฑ-anomer due to anomeric effect. Therefore, the development of an efficient stereoselective synthetic route of oligosaccharides containing tertiary alcohol at anomeric position is important. In this thesis, we have demonstrated a novel stereoselective method to synthesize these sugars having tertiary alcohol at anomeric position by using strong base with the previously optimized palladium-catalyzed hydroalkoxylation conditions developed by Rheeโ€™s group. Surprisingly, we observed the inversion of anomeric stereocenter of newly formed O,O-acetal bond, which is in contrast to results reported by Rheeโ€™s group. Our initial goal is to synthesize Amicenomycin B, an antibiotic and antimicrobial agent, containing a trisaccharide attached via ฮฒ-linked tertiary alcohol. Despite a number of useful biological applications, there are no reports on the synthesis of Amicenomycin B. The model studies towards the synthesis of Amicenomycin B is demonstrated in this thesis. We anticipate that this new protocol will inspire future endeavors in synthesizing and finding new bioactive oligosaccharides that contain tertiary alcohol at the anomeric center

    Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ DNA ๋ฐฑ์‹  (HB-110)์˜ ์ „์ž„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ƒ๋ฌผํ™”ํ•™๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2014. 8. ๊น€๋ณ‘๊ธฐl.ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” Hepatitis B virus (HBV) ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ธ Interferon-ฮฑ๏€ ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์ œ์ธ Lamivudine, Adefovir, Entecarvir ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Interferon-ฮฑ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์ œ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ฆ์‹์–ต์ œ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ™˜์ž์— ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ๋…์„ฑ, ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ถœํ˜„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์ค‘๋‹จ์‹œ HBV์˜ recurrence๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ HBV ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ดHBV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ DNA ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋จผ์ € ์„ ๋„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ HB-100์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌํˆฌ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ „์ž„์ƒ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  HB-100๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๋Šฅ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ HB-110์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” HB-110์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๋…์„ฑ, ์—ญ๋™๋ ฅํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ž„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HB-110์€ HBV ํ•ญ์›์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด IL-12 ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” 3์ข…์˜ naked plasmid๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ DNA ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ, E. coli DH5๏ก์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ plasmid๋ฅผ ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ bank๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ bank๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•, ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ค‘ glycerol ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •์ œ๊ณต์ •๋‹จ๊ณ„์— thiophilic/aromatic adsorption ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ supercoiled monomer ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ 90% ์ด์ƒ ์ˆœ๋„์˜ plasmid ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ HB-110์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ์ „์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ HB-110์ด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…์„ฑ์‹œํ—˜์€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ HB-110์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ๋ฐ Ina(์ผ๋ณธ)์—์„œ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์›์ˆญ์ด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, HB-110์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž„์„ (NOAEL โ‰ฅ 4mg/kg) ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋™๋ ฅํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋งฅ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๊ณผ half-life๊ฐ€ 1.9๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ AUC๊ฐ€ 103 ug min/ml๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ธ ๊ทผ์œก๋‚ด ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ๊ทผ์œก๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•ฝ 11์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ HB-110์ด ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒ€์žฅ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„(0.01pg/mg tissue) ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ์ „์ž„์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ1์ƒ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์„œ(IND)๋ฅผ KFDA์— ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋“ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นดํ†ก๋ฆญ์˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ชจ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ HBV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 1์ƒ์ž„์ƒ์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” HB-110์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ฒœ๊ณต๋ฒ•(electroporation) ์ ์šฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, Sํ•ญ์› ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋Œ€ํญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ํ•ญ์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ฝ 1.7โˆผ3๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ mouse ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ 2์ƒ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ฒœ๊ณต๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ฉฐ, HB-110์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค.Interferon-a๏ก immunotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents including Lamivudine, Adefovir and Entecarvir have been developed so far for the treatment of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and are widely used. Interferon-a is associated with serious side effects, while chemotherapeutic agents, although being generally safe and effective at inhibiting virus proliferation, also show toxicities after long-term use. Importantly, chronic administration of chemotherapeutic agents is often associated with occurrence of resistant virus in patients. Also, recurrence of HBV is common once these agents are discontinued. With the purpose of providing an HBV therapy with efficacy and safety superior to existing therapies, in the present study a therapeutic DNA vaccine was developed for the treatment of patients with HBV infection. Safety and efficacy of the lead compound, HB-100, was demonstrated in a pilot clinical study conducted in Ukraine and Lithuania. Later, an optimized compound, HB-110, with higher efficacy and economic productivity compared to HB-100 was developed. A production process for HB-110 was developed, and preclinical studies were conducted including physicochemical/biological characterization, stability, toxicity and pharmacokinetics (PK). HB-110 is a DNA vaccine comprised of 3 different naked plasmid vectors, which express HBV antigens and a mutant IL-12. Escherichia. coli DH5a cells were transfected with the plasmids to produce production cell lines for each plasmid. Production cell banks of each cell line were established and characterized for genotype, phenotype and adventitious contamination. Production processes using the cell lines were established for each plasmid, and plasmid material with purity higher than 90% supercoiled monomer could be obtained by a combination of a glycerol-based feeding strategy during the culture process and incorporation of TAA chromatography in the purification process. In accordance with regulatory guidelines for gene therapy products, physicochemical and biological characterizations were performed for HB-110 produced using the established production process, and quality test methods were established for the quality control and release testing of clinical-grade material. Toxicity evaluation of HB-110, conducted in rats and monkeys at KIT (Korea) and Ina (Japan), demonstrated that HB-110 was safe, with a NOAEL โ‰ฅ 4 mg/kg. A PK study conducted in a mouse model showed a half-life of 1.9 minutes and AUC of 103 ug min/ml after IV administration. Residual HB-110 was detected in the muscle at the site of administration until approximately 11 days after IM administration, whereas in other organs HB-110 levels fell below the limit of detection (0.01 pg/mg tissue) after 8 hours post-administration. Based on the data obtained from the preclinical studies, an investigational new drug application (IND) was submitted to and approved by the KFDA, and a phase 1 clinical study involving subjects with HBV infection was conducted and completed at The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Maryโ€™s Hospital. With the purpose of further enhancing the efficacy of HB-110, electroporation studies in mice were conducted which showed a sharp increase of S antigen gene expression and enhancement of cellular immune response by a factor of about 1.7 to 3 times depending on the antigen. The electroporation method is planned to be incorporated in future phase 2 clinical study protocols to further enhance the clinical efficacy of HB-110.ABSTRACTS ............................................................................................................... i CONTENTS .................................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................... xiii I. INTRODUCTIONโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 1.1 Hepatitis B Virusโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 1.1.1 HBV Structureโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.1 1.1.2 Life cycleโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.3 1.1.3 Transmissionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ3 1.1.4 Epidemiologyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...4 1.1.5 Disease progressionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..7 1.2 Therapeutic DNA Vaccine ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...7 1.2.1 Why is Therapeutic DNA Vaccine Needed ?.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ... โ€ฆโ€ฆ.7 1.2.2 Possibility for the Development of Therapeutic Vaccineโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ........9 1.2.3 Antigen Gene Selection โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.11 1.3 Current Development Status of Therapeutic Vaccine ....โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ12 1.4 Preliminary Study: HB-100 (Lead) Studyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ......12 1.5 Selection and Development System of Therapeutic DNA Vaccine Candidate (HB-110)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ16 1.5.1 Candidate (HB-110) Selectionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ16 1.5.2 Development Systemโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.20 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS .....................................................................22 2.1 Establishment of the Production Process for HB-110 Sample โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆ22 2.1.1 Selection of Host Cell and Cell Line Manufacturingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ22 2.1.2 Fermentation Process โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..23 2.1.3 Purification Processโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.23 2. 2 CMC (chemistry, manufacturing & control) Studyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....24 2.2.1 Physicochemical Characterizationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ24 2.2.2 Biological Characterizationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..24 2. 3 Specifications and Test Proceduresโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...25 2.3.1 Quality Control Items and Specifications for Plasmid DNAโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..25 2.3.2 Establishment and Validation of HBcAg Quantificationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ25 2.3.3 Identification of the Expression of L and Polymerase Proteins. โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ25 2.4 Selection of Dosage Form and Stability Testโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.26 2.4.1 Dosage Form Design and Long-term Testโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ26 2.5 Safety Evaluationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..29 2.5.1 HB-110 Sample Production for Safety Evaluationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ29 2.5.2 Safety Assessment in Small Animalsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ29 2.5.2.1 Acute Toxicity Test for Single Intramuscular Injection in Ratsโ€ฆโ€ฆ30 2.5.2.2 Acute Toxicity Test for Single Intravenous Injection in Rats โ€ฆโ€ฆ..30 2.5.2.3 26-Week Chronic Toxicity Test for intravenous Injection in Ratsโ€ฆ30 2.5.2.4 Genetic and Reproductive Toxicity Test for HB-110 in Rats...โ€ฆโ€ฆ30 2.4.2.5 Immunotoxicity Test for HB-110 in Miceโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆ30 2.4.3 Safety Evaluation in Monkeysโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ30 2.6 Pharmacokinetic Studyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ31 2.6.1 HB-110 Preparationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ31 2.6.2 Intravenous Administration of HB-110โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ31 2.6.3 Intramuscular Administration of HB-110โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.33 2.6.4 Analysis of HB-110 in Blood Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..33 2.6.5 Analysis of HB-110 in Tissue Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..34 2.6.6 Evaluation of Biodistribution using RT-PCRโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ34 2.7 HB-110 Manufacturing for Phase 1 Clinical Trialโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.35 2.8 Phase 1 Clinical Trial on HB-110โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..35 2.9 Efficacy Enhancement Studyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ35 2.9.1 HB-110 Preparationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.37 2.9.2 Experimental Animals and Immunization โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ37 2.9.3 Measurement of Expressed S Antigen โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.37 2.9.4 Measurement of Antibody Responses โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..38 2.9.5 IFN-r ELISPOT Assay โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ38 2.9.6 HBsAg Seroconversion Analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ38 ฮ™ฮ™ฮ™. RESULTS .. ...........................................................................................................40 3.1. Establishment of HB-110 Production Processโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ40 3.1.1 Cell Line Preparationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...40 3.1.2 Fermentation Processโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...40 3.1.3 Purification Processโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..45 3.1.3.1 Thiophilic/aromatic adsorption (TAA) chromatographyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ45 3.1.3.2 Flowchart of Overall Manufacturing Processโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ45 3.1.3.3 Yield per Purification Step and In-process Testโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..48 3.2 CMC Studyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.48 3.2.1 Physicochemical Characterizationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆ..48 3.2.2 Biological Characterizationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.51 3.3. Quality Assessment Specificationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....51 3.3.1 Quality Assessment Items and Specifications for HB-110 plasmid DNA โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ51 3.3.2 Establishment and Validation of HBcAg Quantificationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...56 3.3.3 Identification of the Expression of L and Polymerase Proteinsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..56 3.4 Stability Testsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...56 3.4.1 HB-110 Long-term Stability Test โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.....56 3.5 Safety Evaluationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ......60 3.5.1 Material for Safety Evaluationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..60 3.5.2 Safety Assessment in Small Animals and Monkeysโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..60 3.6 Pharmacokinetic Studyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.62 3.6.1 In Vivo Kinetics of HB-110 after Intravenous Administrationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...62 3.6.2 In Vivo Kinetics of HB-110 after Intramuscular Administrationโ€ฆโ€ฆ....62 3.6.3 Tissue Distribution of HB-110 after Intramuscular Administrationโ€ฆ....67 3.6.4 Evaluation of Biodistribution using RT-PCRโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ67 3.6.4.1 Pharmacokinetics after a Single Doseโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....67 3.6.4.2 Pharmacokinetics after a Repeated Doseโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ70 3.7 HB-110 manufacturing for Phase 1 Clinical Trialโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..72 3.8 Phase 1 Clinical Trialโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ74 3.9 Study of Electroporation Applicationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..74 3.9.1 HBs Antigen Expressionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..74 3.9.2 Antibody Responsesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.....77 3.9.3 Cellular Immune Responseโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..81 3.9.4 HBsAg Seroconversion Analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.85 3.9.5 Conclusion of Electroporation Studyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....85 ฮ™V. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................87 V. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................91 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก..................................................................................................... โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.96 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 98 Appendix 1. Safety assessment in small animalsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ98 Appendix 2. Identification of anti-HBs Ab after 6 month repeated HB-110 dose in monkeysโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ99 Appendix 3. Safety results of HB-110 phase 1 clinical trialโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..100 Appendix 4. HBe Ag seroconversion rate of HB-110 phase 1 clinical trial....101 Appendix 5. Publicationsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.....102Docto
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